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Alomar SY, M Barakat B, Eldosoky M, Atef H, Mohamed AS, Elhawary R, El-Shafey M, Youssef AM, Elkazaz AY, Gabr AM, Elaskary AA, Salih MAK, Alolayan SO, Zaitone SA. Protective effect of metformin on rat diabetic retinopathy involves suppression of toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-k B expression and glutamate excitotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107193. [PMID: 33246827 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus are progressively significant reasons for mortality. Metformin (MET) is considered as the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes patients, and may be especially beneficial in cases of diabetic retinopathy although the precise mechanisms of MET action are not fully elucidated. The current study was designed to inspect the antioxidant and modulatory actions of MET on DRET in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effect of MET on the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR4/NFkB), inflammatory burden and glutamate excitotoxicity was assessed. Twenty-four male rats were assigned to four experimental groups: (1) Vehicle group, (2) Diabetic control: developed diabetes by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.). (3&4) Diabetic + MET group: diabetic rats were left for 9 weeks without treatment and then received oral MET 100 and 200 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Retinal samples were utilized in biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies. MET administration significantly decreased retinal level of insulin growth factor and significantly suppressed the diabetic induced increase of malondialdehyde, glutamate, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Further, MET decreased the retinal mRNA expression of NFkB, tumor necrosis factor-α and TLR4 in diabetic rats. The current findings shed the light on MET's efficacy as an adjuvant therapy to hinder the development of diabetic retinopathy, at least partly, via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced NFkB/TLR4 pathway and suppression of glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Y Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bassant M Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eldosoky
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Sciences, Jubail Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoda Atef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaty Shawky Mohamed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda Elhawary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shafey
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Physiological Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Youssef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany Y Elkazaz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Portsaid University, Portsaid, Egypt
| | - Attia M Gabr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed A K Salih
- Ophthalmology Department, Al-Azher Asyut Faculty of Medicine for Men, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Sultan Othman Alolayan
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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Epoxygenated Fatty Acids Inhibit Retinal Vascular Inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39211. [PMID: 27966642 PMCID: PMC5155241 DOI: 10.1038/srep39211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of elevating epoxygenated fatty acids on retinal vascular inflammation. To stimulate inflammation we utilized TNFα, a potent pro-inflammatory mediator that is elevated in the serum and vitreous of diabetic patients. In TNFα-stimulated primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells, total levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), but not epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs), were significantly decreased. Exogenous addition of 11,12-EET or 19,20-EDP when combined with 12-(3-adamantane-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), an inhibitor of epoxide hydrolysis, inhibited VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression and protein levels; conversely the diol product of 19,20-EDP hydrolysis, 19,20-DHDP, induced VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression. 11,12-EET and 19,20-EDP also inhibited leukocyte adherence to human retinal microvascular endothelial cell monolayers and leukostasis in an acute mouse model of retinal inflammation. Our results indicate that this inhibition may be mediated through an indirect effect on NFκB activation. This is the first study demonstrating a direct comparison of EET and EDP on vascular inflammatory endpoints, and we have confirmed a comparable efficacy from each isomer, suggesting a similar mechanism of action. Taken together, these data establish that epoxygenated fatty acid elevation will inhibit early pathology related to TNFα-induced inflammation in retinal vascular diseases.
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Ortiz G, Salica JP, Chuluyan EH, Gallo JE. Diabetic retinopathy: could the alpha-1 antitrypsin be a therapeutic option? Biol Res 2014; 47:58. [PMID: 25723058 PMCID: PMC4335423 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most important causes of blindness. The underlying mechanisms of this disease include inflammatory changes and remodeling processes of the extracellular-matrix (ECM) leading to pericyte and vascular endothelial cell damage that affects the retinal circulation. In turn, this causes hypoxia leading to release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to induce the angiogenesis process. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is the most important circulating inhibitor of serine proteases (SERPIN). Its targets include elastase, plasmin, thrombin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, proteinase 3 (PR-3) and plasminogen activator (PAI). AAT modulates the effect of protease-activated receptors (PARs) during inflammatory responses. Plasma levels of AAT can increase 4-fold during acute inflammation then is so-called acute phase protein (APPs). Individuals with low serum levels of AAT could develop disease in lung, liver and pancreas. AAT is involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and inflammation, particularly migration and chemotaxis of neutrophils. It can also suppress nitric oxide (NO) by nitric oxide sintase (NOS) inhibition. AAT binds their targets in an irreversible way resulting in product degradation. The aim of this review is to focus on the points of contact between multiple factors involved in diabetic retinopathy and AAT resembling pleiotropic effects that might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ortiz
- Nanomedicine and Vision Group, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires Pilar, Argentina. .,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan P Salica
- Nanomedicine and Vision Group, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires Pilar, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo H Chuluyan
- Departamento de Farmacología,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan E Gallo
- Nanomedicine and Vision Group, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires Pilar, Argentina. .,Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis in diabetes mellitus. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:792393. [PMID: 20634940 PMCID: PMC2903979 DOI: 10.1155/2010/792393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an important factor in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in obesity-related type 2 diabetes. The imbalance in repair and injury (hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia) results in microvascular changes, including apoptosis of microvascular cells, ultimately leading to diabetes related complications. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which the interplay between endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis may cause (micro)vascular damage in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Shurtz-Swirski R, Sela S, Herskovits AT, Shasha SM, Shapiro G, Nasser L, Kristal B. Involvement of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:104-10. [PMID: 11194213 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.24.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the extent to which peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) contributed to oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS PMNs and plasma were separated from blood withdrawn from 18 type 2 diabetic patients and 16 age- and sex-matched normal control subjects. The rate of superoxide release from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated PMNs and the plasma glutathione (GSH) levels served as measures of OS. Inflammation was assessed by PMN recruitment, expressed by peripheral blood PMN counts, and the in vitro survival of PMNs, which reflects cell necrosis. RESULTS PMA-stimulated PMNs from diabetes released superoxide significantly faster, and plasma-reduced GSH was lower in diabetic patients than in normal control subjects. The rate of superoxide release from diabetic PMNs showed no correlation with the plasma glucose concentrations, whereas a positive linear correlation with HbA1c was found. The in vitro survival of diabetic PMNs was lower than normal control PMNs when each was incubated in its own serum. The in vitro survival of normal control PMNs was reduced when incubated with diabetic serum, whereas normal control sera promoted the survival of diabetic PMNs. Peripheral PMN counts were higher in diabetic patients than in normal control patients. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes is accompanied by a priming of PMNs, resulting in OS and increased self-necrosis. Necrosis starts a chain of inflammatory reactions that result in cell recruitment and in the long run, with OS, may result in endothelial dysfunction. Understanding the contribution of PMNs to OS and inflammation in diabetes may illuminate new mechanisms through which endothelial dysfunction evolves and causes angiopathy and atherosclerosis.
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Ohmori M, Harada K, Kitoh Y, Nagasaka S, Saito T, Fujimura A. The functions of circulatory polymorphonuclear leukocytes in diabetic patients with and without diabetic triopathy. Life Sci 2000; 66:1861-70. [PMID: 10809183 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined circulatory polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) functions of superoxide anion production, adhesion and aggregation in 38 type 2 diabetic patients with and without diabetic triopathy. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-stimulated superoxide production and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-stimulated aggregation in diabetic patients with triopathy were significantly greater than those in diabetics without triopathy. The more diabetic complications existed, the more TNF-alpha-stimulated superoxide was produced by PMN. These results suggest that the activated PMN contributes to a progression of diabetic triopathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohmori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Abu el-Asrar AM, Soliman RT, al-Amro SA, al-Shammary FJ. Production of superoxide anion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 1995; 91:243-54. [PMID: 8886588 DOI: 10.1007/bf01204175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. The production of superoxide anion (O2-.) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from 45 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients in the resting state and in response to a soluble stimulus (phorbol myristate acetate) was measured spectrophotometrically and compared with that of 15 age and sex matched controls. The resting superoxide anion production by PMNs from diabetic patients was significantly higher than that of controls (2.17 +/- 1.32 and 1.35 +/- 0.6 nmol/10(5) cells/60 min respectively; p = 0.037). In contrast, PMNs from diabetic patients released significantly lower levels of superoxide anion compared to controls in response to phorbol myristate acetate stimulation (2.33 +/- 2.04 and 3.55 +/- 0.98 nmol/10(5) cells/60 min respectively; p = 0.044). The stimulated superoxide anion production was significantly higher in diabetic patients with retinopathy compared to diabetic patients without retinopathy (2.7 +/- 2.08 and 1.3 +/- 1.6 nmol/10(5) cells/60 min respectively; p = 0.02). Furthermore, stimulated PMNs from diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy generated superoxide anion at significantly higher rates than did those from diabetics with nonproliferative retinopathy or without retinopathy (3.8 +/- 1.5, 2.08 +/- 2.1 and 1.3 +/- 1.6 nmol/10(5) cells/60 min respectively; p = 0.005). These results suggest that reactive oxygen species produced by PMNs may play a role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Abu el-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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