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Contreras EG, Kautzmann S, Klämbt C. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier invades the nervous system in a GPCR-dependent manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1397627. [PMID: 38846639 PMCID: PMC11153769 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1397627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a crucial interface between the circulatory system and the brain. In Drosophila melanogaster, the BBB is composed of perineurial and subperineurial glial cells. The perineurial glial cells are small mitotically active cells forming the outermost layer of the nervous system and are engaged in nutrient uptake. The subperineurial glial cells form occluding septate junctions to prevent paracellular diffusion of macromolecules into the nervous system. To address whether the subperineurial glia just form a simple barrier or whether they establish specific contacts with both the perineurial glial cells and inner central nervous system (CNS) cells, we undertook a detailed morphological analysis. Using genetically encoded markers alongside with high-resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we identified thin cell processes extending into the perineurial layer and into the CNS cortex. Interestingly, long cell processes were observed reaching the glia ensheathing the neuropil of the central brain. GFP reconstitution experiments highlighted multiple regions of membrane contacts between subperineurial and ensheathing glia. Furthermore, we identify the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Moody as negative regulator of the growth of subperineurial cell processes. Loss of moody triggered a massive overgrowth of subperineurial cell processes into the CNS cortex and, moreover, affected the polarized localization of the xenobiotic transporter Mdr65. Finally, we found that GPCR signaling, but not septate junction formation, is responsible for controlling membrane overgrowth. Our findings support the notion that the Drosophila BBB is able to bridge the communication gap between circulation and synaptic regions of the brain by long cell processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Klämbt
- Multiscale Imaging Center, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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2
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Styfhals R, Zolotarov G, Hulselmans G, Spanier KI, Poovathingal S, Elagoz AM, De Winter S, Deryckere A, Rajewsky N, Ponte G, Fiorito G, Aerts S, Seuntjens E. Cell type diversity in a developing octopus brain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7392. [PMID: 36450803 PMCID: PMC9712504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Octopuses are mollusks that have evolved intricate neural systems comparable with vertebrates in terms of cell number, complexity and size. The brain cell types that control their sophisticated behavioral repertoire are still unknown. Here, we profile the cell diversity of the paralarval Octopus vulgaris brain to build a cell type atlas that comprises mostly neural cells, but also multiple glial subtypes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. We spatially map cell types to the vertical, subesophageal and optic lobes. Investigation of cell type conservation reveals a shared gene signature between glial cells of mouse, fly and octopus. Genes related to learning and memory are enriched in vertical lobe cells, which show molecular similarities with Kenyon cells in Drosophila. We construct a cell type taxonomy revealing transcriptionally related cell types, which tend to appear in the same brain region. Together, our data sheds light on cell type diversity and evolution in the octopus brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Grygoriy Zolotarov
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str. 28, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert Hulselmans
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Katina I Spanier
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Ali M Elagoz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe De Winter
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Astrid Deryckere
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, US
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str. 28, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanna Ponte
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziano Fiorito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Stein Aerts
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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4
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Dunton AD, Göpel T, Ho DH, Burggren W. Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212111. [PMID: 34829989 PMCID: PMC8618301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited 'scala naturae' approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D. Dunton
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Dao H. Ho
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA;
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
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5
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Astrocyte-Endotheliocyte Axis in the Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2538-2550. [PMID: 33961207 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of blood-brain barrier paralleled centralisation of the nervous system: emergence of neuronal masses required control over composition of the interstitial fluids. The barriers were initially created by glial cells, which employed septate junctions to restrict paracellular diffusion in the invertebrates and tight junctions in some early vertebrates. The endothelial barrier, secured by tight and adherent junctions emerged in vertebrates and is common in mammals. Astrocytes form the parenchymal part of the blood-brain barrier and commutate with endothelial cells through secretion of growth factors, morphogens and extracellular vesicles. These secreted factors control the integrity of the blood-brain barrier through regulation of expression of tight junction proteins. The astrocyte-endotheliocyte communications are particularly important in various neurological diseases associated with impairments to the blood-brain barrier. Molecular mechanisms supporting astrocyte-endotheliocyte axis in health and disease are in need of detailed characterisation.
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Bittern J, Pogodalla N, Ohm H, Brüser L, Kottmeier R, Schirmeier S, Klämbt C. Neuron-glia interaction in the Drosophila nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:438-452. [PMID: 32096904 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals are able to move and react in manifold ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed, and, finally, an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. Glial cells have an equally important contribution in nervous system function as their neuronal counterpart. Manifold roles are attributed to glia ranging from controlling neuronal cell number and axonal pathfinding to regulation of synapse formation, function, and plasticity. Glial cells metabolically support neurons and contribute to the blood-brain barrier. All of the aforementioned aspects require extensive cell-cell interactions between neurons and glial cells. Not surprisingly, many of these processes are found in all phyla executed by evolutionarily conserved molecules. Here, we review the recent advance in understanding neuron-glia interaction in Drosophila melanogaster to suggest that work in simple model organisms will shed light on the function of mammalian glial cells, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bittern
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Pogodalla
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Brüser
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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7
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Li M, Dong M, Wang W, Li H, Liu Z, Wang L, Wang K, Song L. A membrane-bound dopamine β-hydroxylase highly expressed in granulocyte of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:103563. [PMID: 31785266 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) is one of key rate-limiting enzymes converting dopamine to norepinephrine. It locates not only in catecholaminergic neuron system, but also in immunocytes and plays roles in the immune response of vertebrates. However, the knowledge about the function of DBH in immune system is still very limited in invertebrates. In the present study, the DBH gene family with seven members was screened from Crassostrea gigas genome, and their mRNA expressions in various tissues were recorded. Among them, one DBH (designated CgDBH-1) with high expression level in oyster hemocytes was further characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgDBH-1 was predicted to contain a transmembrane domain and shared 30.1% and 30.9% similarity with that in Mus musculus and Homo sapiens, respectively. CgDBH-1 was closely clustered with DBH from Aplysia californica in the phylogenetic tree. The recombinant protein of CgDBH-1 (rCgDBH-1) exhibited significant enzymatic activity (0.54 ± 0.019 pmol L-1 min-1) to synthesize norepinephrine. Importantly, the mRNA transcript of CgDBH-1 was highly expressed in oyster hemocytes, and the highest expression level was observed in granulocytes among the three types of hemocytes, which was 8.18-fold (p < 0.01) of that in agranulocytes. Moreover, the expression of CgDBH-1 in hemocytes was significantly increased at the late stage of immune response. The CgDBH-1 protein was mainly co-localized with the granules and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of granulocytes. These results collectively suggested that CgDBH-1, as a novel molluscan norepinephrine synthesizing enzyme highly expressed in granulocytes, involved in the late-stage immune response of oysters, which provided vital insight to understand the crosstalk between neuroendocrine and immune systems in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Huan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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8
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Ortega A, Olivares-Bañuelos TN. Neurons and Glia Cells in Marine Invertebrates: An Update. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:121. [PMID: 32132895 PMCID: PMC7040184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system (NS) of invertebrates and vertebrates is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glia. In both types of organisms, nerve cells have similarities in biochemistry and functionality. The neurons are in charge of the synapse, and the glial cells are in charge of important functions of neuronal and homeostatic modulation. Knowing the mechanisms by which NS cells work is important in the biomedical area for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. For this reason, cellular and animal models to study the properties and characteristics of the NS are always sought. Marine invertebrates are strategic study models for the biological sciences. The sea slug Aplysia californica and the squid Loligo pealei are two examples of marine key organisms in the neurosciences field. The principal characteristic of marine invertebrates is that they have a simpler NS that consists of few and larger cells, which are well organized and have accessible structures. As well, the close phylogenetic relationship between Chordata and Echinodermata constitutes an additional advantage to use these organisms as a model for the functionality of neuronal cells and their cellular plasticity. Currently, there is great interest in analyzing the signaling processes between neurons and glial cells, both in vertebrates and in invertebrates. However, only few types of glial cells of invertebrates, mostly insects, have been studied, and it is important to consider marine organisms' research. For this reason, the objective of the review is to present an update of the most relevant information that exists around the physiology of marine invertebrate neuronal and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Petri J, Syed MH, Rey S, Klämbt C. Non-Cell-Autonomous Function of the GPI-Anchored Protein Undicht during Septate Junction Assembly. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1641-1653.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Yildirim K, Petri J, Kottmeier R, Klämbt C. Drosophila glia: Few cell types and many conserved functions. Glia 2018; 67:5-26. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Yildirim
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Johanna Petri
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology; University of Münster; Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster Germany
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11
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Babatz F, Naffin E, Klämbt C. The Drosophila Blood-Brain Barrier Adapts to Cell Growth by Unfolding of Pre-existing Septate Junctions. Dev Cell 2018; 47:697-710.e3. [PMID: 30482667 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is crucial for nervous system function. It is established early during development and stays intact during growth of the brain. In invertebrates, septate junctions are the occluding junctions of this barrier. Here, we used Drosophila to address how septate junctions grow during larval stages when brain size increases dramatically. We show that septate junctions are preassembled as long, highly folded strands during embryonic stages, connecting cell vertices. During subsequent cell growth, these corrugated strands are stretched out and stay intact during larval life with very little protein turnover. The G-protein coupled receptor Moody orchestrates the continuous organization of junctional strands in a process requiring F-actin. Consequently, in moody mutants, septate junction strands cannot properly stretch out during cell growth. To compensate for the loss of blood-brain barrier function, moody mutants form interdigitating cell-cell protrusions, resembling the evolutionary ancient barrier type found in primitive vertebrates or invertebrates such as cuttlefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Babatz
- University of Münster, Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elke Naffin
- University of Münster, Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- University of Münster, Institute for Neuro and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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12
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Lopes VM, Rosa R, Costa PR. Presence and persistence of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid, in octopus and cuttlefish brains. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 133:45-48. [PMID: 29223596 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxin that causes degenerative damage to brain cells and induces permanent short-term memory loss in mammals. In cephalopod mollusks, although DA is known to accumulate primarily in the digestive gland, there is no knowledge whether DA reaches their central nervous system. Here we report, for the first time, the presence of DA in brain tissue of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) and the European cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), and its absence in the brains of several squid species (Loligo vulgaris, L. forbesi and Todarodes sagittatus). We argue that such species-specific differences are related to their different life strategies (benthic/nektobenthic vs pelagic) and feeding ecologies, as squids mainly feed on pelagic fish, which are less prone to accumulate phycotoxins. Additionally, the temporal persistence of DA in octopus' brain reinforces the notion that these invertebrates can selectively retain this phycotoxin. This study shows that two highly-developed invertebrate species, with a complex central nervous system, where glutamatergic transmission is involved in vertebrate-like long-term potentiation (LTP), have the ability of retaining and possibly tolerating chronic exposure to DA, a potent neurotoxin usually acting at AMPA/kainate-like receptors. Here, we filled a gap of information on whether cephalopods accumulated this neurotoxin in brain tissue, however, further studies are needed to determine if these organisms are neurally or behaviourally impaired by DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Lopes
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Costa
- IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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13
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Babin PJ, Gibbons GF. The evolution of plasma cholesterol: direct utility or a "spandrel" of hepatic lipid metabolism? Prog Lipid Res 2008; 48:73-91. [PMID: 19049814 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fats provide a concentrated source of energy for multicellular organisms. The efficient transport of fats through aqueous biological environments raises issues concerning effective delivery to target tissues. Furthermore, the utilization of fatty acids presents a high risk of cytotoxicity. Improving the efficiency of fat transport while simultaneously minimizing the cytotoxic risk confers distinct selective advantages. In humans, most of the plasma cholesterol is associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a metabolic by-product of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which originates in the liver. However, the functions of VLDL are not clear. This paper reviews the evidence that LDL arose as a by-product during the natural selection of VLDL. The latter, in turn, evolved as a means of improving the efficiency of diet-derived fatty acid storage and utilization, as well as neutralizing the potential cytotoxicity of fatty acids while conserving their advantages as a concentrated energy source. The evolutionary biology of lipid transport processes has provided a fascinating insight into how and why these VLDL functions emerged during animal evolution. As causes of historical origin must be separated from current utilities, our spandrel-LDL theory proposes that LDL is a spandrel of VLDL selection, which appeared non-adaptively and may later have become crucial for vertebrate fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Babin
- Université Bordeaux 1, Génomique et Physiologie des Poissons, UMR NuAGe, 33405 Talence, France
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14
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Bundgaard M, Abbott NJ. All vertebrates started out with a glial blood-brain barrier 4-500 million years ago. Glia 2008; 56:699-708. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Nóblega HG, Rigon F, Stenert C, Faccioni-Heuser MC, Achaval M. Permeability of the haemolymph-neural interface in the terrestrial snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): an ultrastructural approach. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 144:119-24. [PMID: 16603394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure of the interface zone between the nervous tissue and the connective vascular sheath that surround the central ganglia of the terrestrial snail of Megalobulimus abbreviatus and test its permeability using lanthanum as an electron dense tracer. To this purpose, ganglia from a group of snails were fixed by immersion in a 2% colloidal lanthanum solution, and a second group of animals was injected in the foot with either a 2%, 10% or 20% lanthanum nitrate solution and then sacrificed 2 or 24 h after injection. Ganglia from both groups were processed for transmission electron microscopy. The vascular endothelium, connective tissue and basal lamina of variable thickness that ensheathe the nervous tissue and glial cells of the nervous tissue constitute the interface zone between the haemolymph and the neurones. The injected lanthanum reached the connective tissue of the perineural capsule; however, it did not permeate into the nervous tissue because the basal lamina interposed between both tissues interrupted this passage. Moreover, the ganglia fixed with colloidal lanthanum showed electron dense precipitates between the glial processes in the area adjacent to the basal lamina. It can be concluded from these findings that, of the different components of the haemolymph-neuronal interface, only the basal lamina, between the perineural capsule and the nervous tissue, limits the traffic of substances to and from the central nervous system of this snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Nóblega
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Moore J, Adamo S, Thomas F. Manipulation: expansion of the paradigm. Behav Processes 2005; 68:283-7. [PMID: 15792709 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Moore
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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The cephalopod nervous system: What evolution has made of the molluscan design. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9219-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abbott NJ, Bundgaard M. Electron-dense tracer evidence for a blood-brain barrier in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1992; 21:276-94. [PMID: 1588347 DOI: 10.1007/bf01224761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electron-dense tracers were used to study the permeability of the blood-brain interface in a cephalopod mollusc, the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Gel filtration established that horseradish peroxidase is a suitable tracer for in vivo injection, but microperoxidase is not, being subject to binding by plasma proteins. Perfusion-fixed brain vertical and optic lobes showed no endogenous peroxidatic activity. Horseradish peroxidase was injected intravenously, and allowed to circulate for 10-35 min before tissue fixation by immersion or perfusion. Horseradish peroxidase reaction product was undetectable in the bulk of the brain parenchyma. In microvessels, venous vessels and at the brain surface, horseradish peroxidase penetrated the layers of endothelial and pericyte cells, being stopped by the layer of perivascular glia. In arterial vessels, tracer restriction occurred at the level of the pericytes. In the region of tracer blockade, a gradient of tracer could be traced in the intercellular cleft, from high at the luminal end to undetectable at the tissue end. The clefts of the restricting zone were generally wide (15-20 nm), with faint periodicities or linking structures spanning the cleft, and contained a fibrillar extracellular material. Perfusion of lanthanum chloride in saline for 15 min, followed by precipitation of lanthanum phosphate during fixation, resulted in lanthanum tracer distribution similar to that of horseradish peroxidase. Horseradish peroxidase was seen filling extracellular spaces within the neuropile when the blood-brain barrier was breached by a stab wound, indicating that the interstitium itself does not restrict tracer diffusion. It is concluded that Sepia has a blood-brain barrier tight to horseradish peroxidase and ionic lanthanum. The restricting junction is not a typical zonula occludens or septate junction, but appears to reduce tracer penetration by a filtering mechanism within the extracellular cleft. The barrier is formed by perivascular glial cell processes in the microvessels and venous vessels, but by pericytes in arterial vessels. This organization suggests that a glial blood-brain barrier may be the primitive condition, and a barrier associated with vascular elements (endothelium/pericyte) a later development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Abbott
- Biomedical Sciences Division, King's College, London University, Strand, UK
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Abbott NJ, Lane NJ, Bundgaard M. A fibre matrix model for the restricting junction of the blood-brain barrier in a cephalopod mollusc: implications for capillary and epithelial permeability. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1992; 21:304-11. [PMID: 1588349 DOI: 10.1007/bf01224763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A model is proposed for the novel restricting junction forming the blood-brain barrier in a cephalopod mollusc, the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. The model is based on electron-microscopic findings, from both thin-section and freeze-fracture material, the distribution of electron-dense tracers, and radioisotopic measurements of permeability using small non-electrolytes. Biochemical properties of Sepia plasma proteins are also considered. It is proposed that an effective blood-brain barrier is achieved by a combination of mechanisms. As much as 90% of the Sepia brain microvessel wall is covered by a 'seamless' glial sheath, without intercellular clefts, limiting the number of potential leakage sites. The remaining clefts follow a tortuous course increasing the diffusion path to the neuropile. Entry into the clefts is reduced by a restricting junctional region at the luminal end, characterized by delicate striations spanning the cleft, and forming an effective barrier to both horseradish peroxidase and ionic lanthanum. This is a novel junctional type, different from previously-described vertebrate and invertebrate occluding junctions. It is proposed that the junction acts as a fine-mesh molecular filter, with condensed extracellular material in the cleft, cross-linked and consolidated by bound plasma protein. Cephalopod haemocyanin or its subcomponents are considered likely candidates for the bound protein. The model predicts that blood-brain barrier permeability should be sensitive to the charge structure of the extracellular matrix and the presence of protein, and is analogous to the 'fibre matrix' model of vertebrate capillary permeability. The Sepia blood-brain barrier also highlights the different strategies available for constructing a restricting cell layer, and suggests a possible evolutionary pattern underlying the present range of junctional mechanisms in vertebrate and invertebrate epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Abbott
- Biomedical Sciences Division, King's College, London University, Strand, UK
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Lane NJ, Abbott NJ. Freeze-fracture evidence for a novel restricting junction at the blood-brain barrier of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1992; 21:295-303. [PMID: 1588348 DOI: 10.1007/bf01224762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis has been studied with the freeze-fracture technique. Previous thin-section electron microscopy showed that a restricting junction is formed between perivascular glial processes in microvessels and venous vessels, and between pericytes in arterial vessels; the restriction appeared not to be a classical zonula occludens or septate junction. In freeze-fracture replicas from brain optic and vertical lobe, endothelial cells, pericytes and perivascular glia could be recognized by their morphology and relation to the vascular lumen. In microvessels, endothelial and pericyte membranes showed sparse but uniform distribution of P-face intramembranous particles, with no particular particle aggregations. Perivascular glial membranes had a higher density of intramembranous particles but again no particle alignments characteristic of known restricting junctions were seen, although clusterings of intramembranous particles resembling gap junctions were present. In larger venous vessels, the perivascular glial layer showed a multilamellated organization, but again no arrays of intramembranous particles were detected, although this should be a favourable site for visualization of the restricting junctions. The walls of arterial vessels showed collagen deposits and cell processes with apparent intracellular myofilamentous profiles, but no intramembranous junctional particle arrays. It is concluded that the junctional zone observed in thin section electron microscopy is not associated with aligned aggregations of intramembranous particles detectable in freeze-fracture replicas, strengthening the evidence that this is a novel type of restricting junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Lane
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, UK
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