Plasma concentrations of 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin after 5-methoxytryptamine administration of golden hamsters: physiological implications

On the significance of an alternate pathway of melatonin synthesis via 5-methoxytryptamine: comparisons across species

Melatonin is a phylogenetically ancient molecule. It is ubiquitously present in almost all organisms from primitive photosynthetic bacteria to humans. Its original primary function is presumable to be that of an antioxidant with other functions of this molecule having been acquired during evolution. The synthetic pathway of melatonin in vertebrates has been extensively studied. It is common knowledge that serotonin is acetylated to form N-acetylserotonin by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) or arylamine N-acetyltransferase (SNAT or NAT) and N-acetylserotonin is, subsequently, methylated to melatonin by N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT; also known as hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, HIOMT). This is referred to as a classic melatonin synthetic pathway. Based on new evidence, we feel that this classic melatonin pathway is not generally the prevailing route of melatonin production. An alternate pathway is known to exist, in which serotonin is first O-methylated to 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) and, thereafter, 5-MT is N-acetylated to melatonin. Here, we hypothesize that the alternate melatonin synthetic pathway may be more important in certain organisms and under certain conditions. Evidence strongly supports that this alternate pathway prevails in some plants, bacteria, and, perhaps, yeast and may also occur in animals.

Effects of early serotonin programming on behavior and central monoamine concentrations in an avian model

Serotonin (5-HT) acts as a neurogenic compound in the developing brain; however serotonin altering drugs such as SSRIs are often prescribed to pregnant and lactating mothers. Early agonism of 5-HT receptors could alter the development of serotonergic circuitry, altering neurotransmission and behaviors mediated by 5-HT signaling, including memory, fear and aggression. This study was designed to investigate the effects of early serotonin agonism on later behaviors. An extremely aggressive White leghorn strain (15I5) was used in the study. The chicks were injected with 5-MT (a serotonin agonist) at 2.5mg/kg (low dose), 10mg/kg (high dose) or saline (control) on the day of hatch and a second dose 24h later (n=9/sex/trt). Chicks' fear response and memory were tested at 2 weeks of age. In the fear test, chicks were subjected to a social isolation test for 20min, time to first vocalization and numbers of vocalizations were recorded. In the memory test, chicks were placed in a running wheel and presented with an imprinted object (white box with a red light) and a similar shaped novel object (blue box with a white light), respectively. The distance traveled in the wheel toward each object was measured. At 10 weeks of age birds were tested for aggression and concentrations of catecholamines were determined from the raphe nucleus and hypothalamus by HPLC (n=12). Expression of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor genes were measured by RT-PCR. Both high and low dose chicks tended to have shorter latency to first vocalization and a greater number of vocalizations compared with control chicks. Memory test showed that chicks from all groups traveled a similar distance toward a familiar object. However, control chicks walked the least toward a novel object, low dose chicks tended to walk further, and high dose chicks walked significantly further for a novel object. In aggression tests, both high and low dose males exhibited greater frequency of aggressive behaviors compared to controls, while no difference in aggression was evident in the females. Norepinephrine concentrations were also reduced in the low dose birds in the hypothalamus and in the raphe nucleus. Serotonin concentrations tended to be lower only in the both hypothalamus and raphe nucleus of the low dose birds. 5-HT1A expression was greatest in the hypothalamus and raphe nucleus of low dose birds. The agonism of the serotonin system during neural development of birds genetically predisposed to aggression alters both the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems further increasing their aggressiveness.

Daily variation in the concentration of 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin in the duck pineal gland and plasma

The duck pineal gland rhythmically produces two 5-methoxyindole compounds, i.e. 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin. 5-Methoxytryptophol levels are low at night and high during the day, while melatonin concentrations are high at night and low during the day. The melatonin rhythm reflects oscillations in the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT; a penultimate and key regulatory enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway). The activity of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT; an enzyme involved in the synthesis of both 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin) does not exhibit any significant rhythmic changes throughout the 24-hr period. Plasma levels of melatonin exhibited daily changes that were parallel to fluctuations in pineal melatonin content. Although plasma concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol were low in ducks, they showed daily variations. The mean 5-methoxytryptophol concentration between zeitgeber time 9 (ZT9) and ZT15 was 2.4-times higher than the mean value for samples collected between ZT18 and ZT3. These findings indicate that in the duck the pineal production of 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin may be inversely correlated.

Effects of cycloheximide and aminophylline on 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin contents in the chick pineal gland

The chick pineal gland rhythmically synthesizes two 5-methoxyindoles, melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol. These rhythms are circadian in nature and have opposite phases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and aminophylline, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, on 5-methoxytryptophol content in the chick pineal gland and to compare this with the drugs' action on pineal melatonin production. Inhibition of melatonin biosynthesis by cycloheximide (1 mg/kg, i.p. ), revealed by a marked reduction in the nighttime activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT; a key regulatory enzyme in melatonin synthesis) and melatonin concentrations, was accompanied by a significant increase in 5-methoxytryptophol content. In contrast, administration of aminophylline (100 mg/kg, i.p.) to light-exposed chicks significantly increased pineal AA-NAT activity and melatonin levels and decreased 5-methoxytryptophol concentrations. It is concluded that in the chick the production of pineal 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin is inversely correlated.

5-Methoxytryptophol rhythms in the chick pineal gland: effect of environmental lighting conditions

5-Methoxytryptophol (5-ML) rhythms were studied in the pineal glands of chicks which were adapted to three different lighting conditions: 12 h light: 12 h dark (LD), constant darkness (DD) and continuous light (LL). Pineal glands of chicks kept under LD conditions exhibited rhythmic fluctuations in 5-ML content. 5-ML levels were low (18+/-2 pg/pineal) during the dark phase of the cycle, they increased approximately 9-fold at the end of the dark phase, and remained high (176 +/-6 pg/pineal) throughout the light period. This pattern of 5-ML content also persisted under conditions of DD, indicating that the 5-ML rhythm is circadian in nature. This is the first evidence of circadian rhythmicity of 5-ML. Pineal 5-ML levels in chicks kept under LL were high (168+/-8 pg/pineal), but did not fluctuate in a rhythmic fashion. Under LD and DD, but not LL, the rhythm of 5-ML in the chick pineal is 180 degrees out of phase with the rhythm of melatonin biosynthesis, an observation suggesting that, at least in this species, the pineal production of these two hormones may be inversely correlated.

Analysis of 5-methoxytryptamine at the femtomole level in the rat and quail brain by gas chromatography-electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A sensitive method for the measurement of endogenous 5-methoxytryptamine in brain tissue has been developed using capillary column gas chromatography-electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. 5-Methoxytryptamine was first converted to N-[2H3]acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine by reaction with hexa-deuterated acetic anhydride, followed by reaction with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to yield the highly electron-capturing 3,3'-spirocyclic pentafluoro-propionyl indolenine derivative. Quantitative analysis was carried out by selected-ion monitoring of the [M-HF].- and [M-HF-DF].- ion intensity of the 3.3'-spirocyclic pentafluoropropionyl indolenine derivative, using 5-methoxy-[alpha, alpha, beta, beta-2H4]tryptamine as the internal standard. The presence of 5-methoxytryptamine in the brain tissue was demonstrated. In the absence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, the mean +/- S.D. levels of 5-methoxytryptamine in the rat and quail whole brain were found to be 30 +/- 6 and 347 +/- 52 pg/g, respectively. The possible physiological functions of 5-methoxytryptamine as a neuromodulator and/or neurotransmitter have to be considered.

The significance of the metabolism of the neurohormone melatonin: antioxidative protection and formation of bioactive substances

Recent findings suggest that the ability of melatonin to enter all body tissues and to be metabolized, enzymatically or nonenzymatically, in any of them results in a spectrum of effects, which exceed substantially those transduced by membrane receptors. These actions comprise the formation of various bioactive compounds such as N-acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, N,N-dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol, cyclic 2-hydroxymelatonin, pinoline, and 5-methoxylated kynuramines. Apart from enzymatic metabolism, nonenzymatic reactions with free radicals, in particular the superoxide anion and the hydroxyl radical, represent a new and significant aspect of melatonin's biological role. Melatonin represents the most potent physiological scavenger of hydroxyl radicals found to date, and recent findings suggest an essential role of this indoleamine for protection from hydroxyl radical-induced carcinogenesis and neurodegeneration.