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Richards JE, Desselberger U, Lever AM. Experimental pathways towards developing a rotavirus reverse genetics system: synthetic full length rotavirus ssRNAs are neither infectious nor translated in permissive cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74328. [PMID: 24019962 PMCID: PMC3760874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
At present the ability to create rationally engineered mutant rotaviruses is limited because of the lack of a tractable helper virus-free reverse genetics system. Using the cell culture adapted bovine RV RF strain (G6P6 [1]), we have attempted to recover infectious RV by co-transfecting in vitro transcribed ssRNAs which are identical in sequence to the positive sense strand of each of the 11 dsRNA genomic segments of the RF strain. The RNAs were produced either from cDNAs cloned by a target sequence-independent procedure, or from purified double layered RV particles (DLPs). We have validated their translational function by in vitro synthesis of (35)S-labelled proteins in rabbit reticulocyte lysates; all 11 proteins encoded by the RV genome were expressed. Transfection experiments with DLP- or cDNA-derived ssRNAs suggested that the RNAs do not act independently as mRNAs for protein synthesis, once delivered into various mammalian cell lines, and exhibit cytotoxicity. Transfected RNAs were not infectious since a viral cytopathic effect was not observed after infection of MA104 cells with lysates from transfected cells. By contrast, an engineered mRNA encoding eGFP was expressed when transfected under identical conditions into the same cell lines. Co-expression of plasmids encoding NSP2 and NSP5 using a fowlpox T7 polymerase recombinant virus revealed viroplasm-like structure formation, but this did not enable the translation of transfected RV ssRNAs. Attempts to recover RV from ssRNAs transcribed intracellularly from transfected cDNAs were also unsuccessful and suggested that these RNAs were also not translated, in contrast to successful translation from a transfected cDNA encoding an eGFP mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Richards
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (UD); (AML)
| | - Andrew M. Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (UD); (AML)
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Troupin C, Schnuriger A, Duponchel S, Deback C, Schnepf N, Dehee A, Garbarg-Chenon A. Rotavirus rearranged genomic RNA segments are preferentially packaged into viruses despite not conferring selective growth advantage to viruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20080. [PMID: 21611152 PMCID: PMC3096661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus (RV) genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA segments. Sometimes, partial sequence duplication of an RNA segment leads to a rearranged RNA segment. To specify the impact of rearrangement, the replication efficiencies of human RV with rearranged segments 7, 11 or both were compared to these of the homologous human wild-type RV (wt-RV) and of the bovine wt-RV strain RF. As judged by viral growth curves, rotaviruses with a rearranged genome (r-RV) had no selective growth advantage over the homologous wt-RV. In contrast, r-RV were selected over wt-RV during competitive experiments (i.e mixed infections between r-RV and wt-RV followed by serial passages in cell culture). Moreover, when competitive experiments were performed between a human r-RV and the bovine wt-RV strain RF, which had a clear growth advantage, rearranged segments 7, 11 or both always segregated in viral progenies even when performing mixed infections at an MOI ratio of 1 r-RV to 100 wt-RV. Lastly, bovine reassortant viruses that had inherited a rearranged segment 7 from human r-RV were generated. Although substitution of wt by rearranged segment 7 did not result in any growth advantage, the rearranged segment was selected in the viral progenies resulting from mixed infections by bovine reassortant r-RV and wt-RV, even for an MOI ratio of 1 r-RV to 107 wt-RV. Lack of selective growth advantage of r-RV over wt-RV in cell culture suggests a mechanism of preferential packaging of the rearranged segments over their standard counterparts in the viral progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Troupin
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Duponchel
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Claire Deback
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Schnepf
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Axelle Dehee
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Garbarg-Chenon
- Micro-Organismes, Molécules Bioactives et Physiopathologie Intestinale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France
- ERL U1057/UMR 7203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Troupin C, Dehée A, Schnuriger A, Vende P, Poncet D, Garbarg-Chenon A. Rearranged genomic RNA segments offer a new approach to the reverse genetics of rotaviruses. J Virol 2010; 84:6711-9. [PMID: 20427539 PMCID: PMC2903292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00547-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV), members of the Reoviridae family, are a major cause of infantile acute gastroenteritis. The RV genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA segments. In some cases, an RNA segment is replaced by a rearranged RNA segment, which is derived from its standard counterpart by partial sequence duplication. We report here a reverse genetics system for RV based on the preferential packaging of rearranged RNA segments. Using this system, wild-type or in vitro-engineered forms of rearranged segment 7 from a human rotavirus (encoding the NSP3 protein), derived from cloned cDNAs and transcribed in the cytoplasm of COS-7 cells with the help of T7 RNA polymerase, replaced the wild-type segment 7 of a bovine helper virus (strain RF). Recombinant RF viruses (i.e., engineered monoreassortant RF viruses) containing an exogenous rearranged RNA were recovered by propagating the viral progeny in MA-104 cells, with no need for additional selective pressure. Our findings offer the possibility to extend RV reverse genetics to segments encoding nonstructural or structural proteins for which no potent selective tools, such as neutralizing antibodies, are available. In addition, the system described here is the first to enable the introduction of a mutated gene expressing a modified nonstructural protein into an infectious RV. This reverse genetics system offers new perspectives for investigating RV protein functions and developing recombinant live RV vaccines containing specific changes targeted for attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Troupin
- UPMC Université Paris 06, ER_7, Micro-Organismes et Physiopathologie Intestinale, 27 rue Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire de Virologie, 26 Ave. du Dr. Arnold Netter, F-75012, Paris, France, INRA, UMR_CNRS 2472-INRA 1157, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, 1 Ave. de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Axelle Dehée
- UPMC Université Paris 06, ER_7, Micro-Organismes et Physiopathologie Intestinale, 27 rue Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire de Virologie, 26 Ave. du Dr. Arnold Netter, F-75012, Paris, France, INRA, UMR_CNRS 2472-INRA 1157, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, 1 Ave. de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- UPMC Université Paris 06, ER_7, Micro-Organismes et Physiopathologie Intestinale, 27 rue Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire de Virologie, 26 Ave. du Dr. Arnold Netter, F-75012, Paris, France, INRA, UMR_CNRS 2472-INRA 1157, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, 1 Ave. de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patrice Vende
- UPMC Université Paris 06, ER_7, Micro-Organismes et Physiopathologie Intestinale, 27 rue Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire de Virologie, 26 Ave. du Dr. Arnold Netter, F-75012, Paris, France, INRA, UMR_CNRS 2472-INRA 1157, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, 1 Ave. de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Didier Poncet
- UPMC Université Paris 06, ER_7, Micro-Organismes et Physiopathologie Intestinale, 27 rue Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire de Virologie, 26 Ave. du Dr. Arnold Netter, F-75012, Paris, France, INRA, UMR_CNRS 2472-INRA 1157, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, 1 Ave. de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Garbarg-Chenon
- UPMC Université Paris 06, ER_7, Micro-Organismes et Physiopathologie Intestinale, 27 rue Chaligny, F-75012, Paris, France, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Laboratoire de Virologie, 26 Ave. du Dr. Arnold Netter, F-75012, Paris, France, INRA, UMR_CNRS 2472-INRA 1157, Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, 1 Ave. de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Laurent S, Blondeau C, Belghazi M, Remy S, Esnault E, Rasschaert P, Rasschaert D. Sequential autoprocessing of Marek's disease herpesvirus protease differs from that of other herpesviruses. J Virol 2007; 81:6117-21. [PMID: 17376905 PMCID: PMC1900316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02679-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode a unique serine protease essential for viral capsid maturation. This protease undergoes autoprocessing at two sites, R and M, at the consensus sequence (V, L, I)(P3)-X(P2)-A(P1)/S(P1') (where X is a polar amino acid). We observed complete autoprocessing at the R and M sites of Marek's disease virus (MDV) protease following production of the polyprotein in Escherichia coli. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the predicted sequence of the R and M sites, with the M site sequence being nonconsensual: M(P3)-N(P2)-A(P1)/S(P1'). Mutagenesis and expression kinetics studies suggested that the atypical MDV M site was cleaved exclusively by the processed short protease, a feature making MDV unique among herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laurent
- Equipe Télomérase et Lymphome Viro-induit, UPR INRA 1282 IASP-213, INRA de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Vitour D, Lindenbaum P, Vende P, Becker MM, Poncet D. RoXaN, a novel cellular protein containing TPR, LD, and zinc finger motifs, forms a ternary complex with eukaryotic initiation factor 4G and rotavirus NSP3. J Virol 2004; 78:3851-62. [PMID: 15047801 PMCID: PMC374268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.3851-3862.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus mRNAs are capped but not polyadenylated, and viral proteins are translated by the cellular translation machinery. This is accomplished through the action of the viral nonstructural protein NSP3, which specifically binds the 3' consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G I. To further our understanding of the role of NSP3 in rotavirus replication, we looked for other cellular proteins capable of interacting with this viral protein. Using the yeast two-hybrid assay, we identified a novel cellular protein-binding partner for rotavirus NSP3. This 110-kDa cellular protein, named RoXaN (rotavirus X protein associated with NSP3), contains a minimum of three regions predicted to be involved in protein-protein or nucleic acid-protein interactions. A tetratricopeptide repeat region, a protein-protein interaction domain most often found in multiprotein complexes, is present in the amino-terminal region. In the carboxy terminus, at least five zinc finger motifs are observed, further suggesting the capacity of RoXaN to bind other proteins or nucleic acids. Between these two regions exists a paxillin leucine-aspartate repeat (LD) motif which is involved in protein-protein interactions. RoXaN is capable of interacting with NSP3 in vivo and during rotavirus infection. Domains of interaction were mapped and correspond to the dimerization domain of NSP3 (amino acids 163 to 237) and the LD domain of RoXaN (amino acids 244 to 341). The interaction between NSP3 and RoXaN does not impair the interaction between NSP3 and eIF4G I, and a ternary complex made of NSP3, RoXaN, and eIF4G I can be detected in rotavirus-infected cells, implicating RoXaN in translation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Vitour
- Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche, CNRS-INRA, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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6
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II, 5. Translation of rotavirus mRNAs in the infected cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(03)09012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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7
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Bae JE, Schurig GG, Toth TE. Mice immune responses to Brucella abortus heat shock proteins. Use of baculovirus recombinant-expressing whole insect cells, purified Brucella abortus recombinant proteins, and a vaccinia virus recombinant as immunogens. Vet Microbiol 2002; 88:189-202. [PMID: 12135637 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brucella abortus resists the microbicidal mechanisms of macrophages, and the expression of its heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as GroEL, GroES and HtrA may play a role in this resistance. Bacterial HSPs can be very immunogenic, inducing protective immunity in various types of bacterial infections. However, the significance of immune responses directed against B. abortus HSPs in the protection against brucellosis is currently unresolved. To elucidate the role of these proteins in protection against Brucella challenge, individual, divalent or trivalent baculovirus (BV) recombinants of B. abortus GroEL, GroES and/or HtrA were injected into BALB/c mice either as protein-expressing whole cells or as purified proteins. The preparations were given to mice in combination with Freund's or Ribi adjuvant, respectively. In addition, some mice were primed with a vaccinia virus-GroEL recombinant, followed by inoculation with purified GroEL-Ribi adjuvant combination. Antibodies were observed against B. abortus GroEL and HtrA, but not against GroES. Cellular immune response was demonstrated by observing significant IFN-gamma release by lymphocytes of mice immunized with the purified HtrA-Ribi adjuvant combination. However, none of the mice inoculated with individual, divalent or trivalent HSP-expressing cells combined with complete Freund's adjuvant or inoculated with purified B. abortus HSPs combined with Ribi adjuvant, were protected against challenge with B. abortus virulent strain 2308. Priming with vaccinia virus-GroEL recombinant and boosting with GroEL-Ribi combination did not induce protective immunity. Based on the results obtained, we suggest that although humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are induced, but protective immune response is not induced by B. abortus HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061-0342, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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8
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Gault E, Schnepf N, Poncet D, Servant A, Teran S, Garbarg-Chenon A. A human rotavirus with rearranged genes 7 and 11 encodes a modified NSP3 protein and suggests an additional mechanism for gene rearrangement. J Virol 2001; 75:7305-14. [PMID: 11462002 PMCID: PMC114965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.16.7305-7314.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A human rotavirus (isolate M) with an atypical electropherotype with 14 apparent bands of double-stranded RNA was isolated from a chronically infected immunodeficient child. MA-104 cell culture adaptation showed that the M isolate was a mixture of viruses containing standard genes (M0) or rearranged genes: M1 (containing a rearranged gene 7) and M2 (containing rearranged genes 7 and 11). The rearranged gene 7 of virus M1 (gene 7R) was very unusual because it contained two complete open reading frames (ORF). Moreover, serial propagation of virus M1 in cell culture indicated that gene 7R rapidly evolved, leading to a virus with a deleted gene 7R (gene 7RDelta). Gene 7RDelta coded for a modified NSP3 protein (NSP3m) of 599 amino acids (aa) containing a repetition of aa 8 to 296. The virus M3 (containing gene 7RDelta) was not defective in cell culture and actually produced NSP3m. The rearranged gene 11 (gene 11R) had a more usual pattern, with a partial duplication leading to a normal ORF followed by a long 3' untranslated region. The rearrangement in gene 11R was almost identical to some of those previously described, suggesting that there is a hot spot for gene rearrangements at a specific location on the sequence. It has been suggested that in some cases the existence of short direct repeats could favor the occurrence of rearrangement at a specific site. The computer modeling of gene 7 and 11 mRNAs led us to propose a new mechanism for gene rearrangements in which secondary structures, besides short direct repeats, might facilitate and direct the transfer of the RNA polymerase from the 5' to the 3' end of the plus-strand RNA template during the replication step.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gault
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau (EA 2391, UFR Saint-Antoine), Paris, France
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9
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Vende P, Piron M, Castagné N, Poncet D. Efficient translation of rotavirus mRNA requires simultaneous interaction of NSP3 with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G and the mRNA 3' end. J Virol 2000; 74:7064-71. [PMID: 10888646 PMCID: PMC112224 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.15.7064-7071.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2000] [Accepted: 05/05/2000] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the vast majority of cellular proteins, rotavirus proteins are translated from capped but nonpolyadenylated mRNAs. The viral nonstructural protein NSP3 specifically binds the 3'-end consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G. Here we show that expression of NSP3 in mammalian cells allows the efficient translation of virus-like mRNA. A synergistic effect between the cap structure and the 3' end of rotavirus mRNA was observed in NSP3-expressing cells. The enhancement of viral mRNA translation by NSP3 was also observed in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system supplemented with recombinant NSP3. The use of NSP3 mutants indicates that its RNA- and eIF4G-binding domains are both required to enhance the translation of viral mRNA. The results reported here show that NSP3 forms a link between viral mRNA and the cellular translation machinery and hence is a functional analogue of cellular poly(A)-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vende
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires INRA, C.R.J.J., 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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Piron M, Delaunay T, Grosclaude J, Poncet D. Identification of the RNA-binding, dimerization, and eIF4GI-binding domains of rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP3. J Virol 1999; 73:5411-21. [PMID: 10364288 PMCID: PMC112597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.7.5411-5421.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP3 is a sequence-specific RNA binding protein that binds the nonpolyadenylated 3' end of the rotavirus mRNAs. NSP3 also interacts with the translation initiation factor eIF4GI and competes with the poly(A) binding protein. Deletion mutations and point mutations of NSP3 from group A rotavirus (NSP3A), expressed in Escherichia coli, indicate that the RNA binding domain lies between amino acids 4 and 149. Similar results were obtained with NSP3 from group C rotaviruses. Data also indicate that a dimer of NSP3A binds one molecule of RNA and that dimerization is necessary for strong RNA binding. The dimerization domain of NSP3 was mapped between amino acids 150 and 206 by using the yeast two-hybrid system. The eukaryotic initiation factor 4 GI subunit (eIF-4GI) binding domain of NSP3A has been mapped in the last 107 amino acids of its C terminus by using a pulldown assay and the yeast two-hybrid system. NSP3 is composed of two functional domains separated by a dimerization domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piron
- Laboratoire INRA de Virologie et d'Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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11
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Piron M, Vende P, Cohen J, Poncet D. Rotavirus RNA-binding protein NSP3 interacts with eIF4GI and evicts the poly(A) binding protein from eIF4F. EMBO J 1998; 17:5811-21. [PMID: 9755181 PMCID: PMC1170909 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.19.5811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic mRNAs contain a 5'cap structure and a 3'poly(A) sequence that synergistically increase the efficiency of translation. Rotavirus mRNAs are capped, but lack poly(A) sequences. During rotavirus infection, the viral protein NSP3A is bound to the viral mRNAs 3' end. We looked for cellular proteins that could interact with NSP3A, using the two-hybrid system in yeast. Screening a CV1 cell cDNA library allowed us to isolate a partial cDNA of the human eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI). The interaction of NSP3A with eIF4GI was confirmed in rotavirus infected cells by co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro with NSP3A produced in Escherichia coli. In addition, we show that the amount of poly(A) binding protein (PABP) present in eIF4F complexes decreases during rotavirus infection, even though eIF4A and eIF4E remain unaffected. PABP is removed from the eIF4F complex after incubation in vitro with the C-terminal part of NSP3A, but not with its N-terminal part produced in E.coli. These results show that a physical link between the 5' and the 3' ends of mRNA is necessary for the efficient translation of viral mRNAs and strongly support the closed loop model for the initiation of translation. These results also suggest that NSP3A, by taking the place of PABP on eIF4GI, is responsible for the shut-off of cellular protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piron
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires INRA, CRJJ, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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Colomina J, Gil MT, Codoñer P, Buesa J. Viral proteins VP2, VP6, and NSP2 are strongly precipitated by serum and fecal antibodies from children with rotavirus symptomatic infection. J Med Virol 1998; 56:58-65. [PMID: 9700634 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199809)56:1<58::aid-jmv10>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus-specific IgA has been correlated with immune protection against rotavirus reinfection and symptomatic disease. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 11 infants with severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Geometric mean titers of antirotavirus serum IgG and IgA antibodies were significantly higher during the convalescence of the disease (P < 0.001 vs. acute-phase titers). Rotavirus-specific fecal sIgA antibodies increased 4 times during the convalescence in 9 (81.8%) children (P < 0.001). The serum IgG and IgA antibody and fecal sIgA antibody responses to individual rotavirus polypeptides were characterized by radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) using Staphylococcus aureus protein A and the lectin jacalin to precipitate IgG- and IgA-immune complexes, respectively. The main IgG response was directed toward the structural viral proteins VP2, VP4, and VP6 and toward the nonstructural protein NSP2. Serum IgA reactivity was detected by RIPA in all serum samples, with major responses to VP2, VP6, and NSP2. Interestingly, fecal sIgA in convalescent samples reacted strongly toward NSP2 and VP6. These data reinforce the antigenic importance of rotaviral proteins other than VP4 and VP7, such as VP2, VP6, and NSP2, as main targets in the immune response to rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colomina
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain.
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Poncet D, Lindenbaum P, L'Haridon R, Cohen J. In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of rotavirus NSP5 correlates with its localization in viroplasms. J Virol 1997; 71:34-41. [PMID: 8985320 PMCID: PMC191021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.1.34-41.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NSP5 (NS26), the product of rotavirus gene 11, is a phosphoprotein whose role in the virus replication cycle is unknown. To gain further insight into its function, we obtained monoclonal antibodies against the baculovirus-expressed protein. By immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting experiments, we showed that (i) NSP5 appears in many different phosphorylated forms in rotavirus-infected cells; (ii) immunoprecipitated NSP5 from rotavirus-infected cells can be phosphorylated in vitro by incubation with ATP; (iii) NSP5, produced either by transient transfection of rotavirus gene 11 or by infection by gene 11 recombinant vaccinia virus or baculovirus, can be phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro; (iv) NSP5 expressed in Escherichia coli is phosphorylated in vitro, and thus NSP5 is a potential protein kinase; and (v) NSP5 forms dimers and interacts with NSP2. The intracellular localization of NSP5 in the course of rotavirus infection and after transient expression in COS7 cells has also been investigated. In rotavirus-infected cells, NSP5 is localized in viroplasms, but it is widespread throughout the cytoplasm of transfected COS7 cells. NSP5 produced by transfected COS7 cells did not acquire the multiphosphorylated forms observed in rotavirus-infected COS7 cells. Thus, there is a tight correlation between the localization of NSP5 in the viroplasms and its protein kinase activity in vivo or in vitro. Our results suggest that cellular or viral cofactors are indispensable to fully phosphorylate NSP5 and to reach its intracellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Poncet
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires INRA, CRJJ, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Aponte C, Poncet D, Cohen J. Recovery and characterization of a replicase complex in rotavirus-infected cells by using a monoclonal antibody against NSP2. J Virol 1996; 70:985-91. [PMID: 8551639 PMCID: PMC189903 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.2.985-991.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of the rotavirus genome involves two steps: (i) transcription and extrusion of transcripts and (ii) minus-strand RNA synthesis in viral complexes containing plus-strand RNA. In this study, we showed evidence for the importance of the viral nonstructural protein of rotavirus, NSP2, in the replication of viral RNAs. RNA-binding properties of NSP2 were tested by UV cross-linking in vivo (in rotavirus-infected MA104 cells and recombinant baculovirus-expressing NSP2-infected Sf9 cells). In rotavirus-infected cells, NSP2 is bound to the 11 double-stranded RNA genomic segments of rotavirus. Quantitative analysis (using hydrolysis by RNase A) is consistent with NSP2 being directly bound to partially replicated viral RNA. Using various monoclonal antibodies and specific antisera against the structural (VP1, VP2, and VP6) and nonstructural (NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, and NSP5) proteins, we developed a solid-phase assay for the viral replicase. In this test, we recovered a viral RNA-protein complex with replicase activity only with a monoclonal antibody directed against NSP2. Our results indicated that these viral complexes contain the structural proteins VP1, VP2, and VP6 and the nonstructural protein NSP2. Our results show that NSP2 is closely associated in vivo with the viral replicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aponte
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy en Josas, France
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Poncet D, Aponte C, Cohen J. Structure and function of rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP3. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 1996; 12:29-35. [PMID: 9015099 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6553-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of viruses in the family Reoviridae consist of segmented double-stranded RNA. There are 10 to 12 segments depending on the genus. The 5' ends and the 3' ends of the RNAs present conserved motifs for each virus genus. These conserved motifs have been hypothesized to play a role in genomic segment assortment during virus morphogenesis. Using a set of monoclonal antibodies we have tried to identify rotaviral proteins that bind to RNA during infection in cell culture. This methodology takes advantage of being able to label RNA in vitro to high specific activity and also of solid phase processing of RNA-protein complexes. After cross-linking the RNA to protein in infected cells, protein-RNA complexes are precipitated with a specific MAb; then, the RNA in the complex is labeled in vitro and the protein or nucleic acid moieties are analyzed by usual protocols. This paper describes results using an anti NSP3 MAb. In infected cells, we have shown that NSP3 binds to the eleven messenger RNAs, and that a sequence from nucleotides 8 to 15 is protected from digestion with RNAse T1 by NSP3 in the RNA-protein complex. The availability of recombinant protein NSP3 expressed in the baculovirus-insect cell system has allowed the sequence specificity of NSP3 to be studied in vitro. The minimal sequence recognized by NSP3 is GACC. The role of NSP3 in rotavirus replication is discussed based on these results and by comparison with other RNA-binding proteins of members of the Reoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Poncet
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Laurent S, Vautherot JF, Madelaine MF, Le Gall G, Rasschaert D. Recombinant rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein expressed in baculovirus self-assembles into viruslike particles and induces protection. J Virol 1994; 68:6794-8. [PMID: 8084017 PMCID: PMC237106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6794-6798.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
VP60, the unique component of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid, was expressed in the baculovirus system. The recombinant VP60, released in the supernatant of infected insect cells, assembled without the need of any other viral component to form viruslike particles (VLPs), structurally and immunologically indistinguishable from the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virion. Intramuscular vaccination of rabbits with the VLPs conferred complete protection in 15 days; this protection was found to be effective from the fifth day after VLP injection and was accompanied by a strong humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laurent
- Unité de Virologie et d'Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy en Josas, France
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