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He Y, Zhou J, Gao H, Liu C, Zhan P, Liu X. Broad-spectrum antiviral strategy: Host-targeting antivirals against emerging and re-emerging viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116069. [PMID: 38160620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most prevalent diseases that pose a significant threat to human health. Targeting viral proteins or host factors represents two primary strategies for the development of antiviral drugs. In contrast to virus-targeting antivirals (VTAs), host-targeting antivirals (HTAs) offer advantages in terms of overcoming drug resistance and effectively combating a wide range of viruses, including newly emerging ones. Therefore, targeting host factors emerges as an extremely promising strategy with the potential to address critical challenges faced by VTAs. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the discovery and development of HTAs, leading to the approval of maraviroc, a chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonist used for the treatment of HIV-1 infected individuals, with several other potential treatments in various stages of development for different viral infections. This review systematically summarizes advancements made in medicinal chemistry regarding various host targets and classifies them into four distinct catagories based on their involvement in the viral life cycle: virus attachment and entry, biosynthesis, nuclear import and export, and viral release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Huizhan Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Chuanfeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Zhao Y, Lu Y, Richardson S, Sreekumar M, Albarnaz JD, Smith GL. TRIM5α restricts poxviruses and is antagonized by CypA and the viral protein C6. Nature 2023; 620:873-880. [PMID: 37558876 PMCID: PMC10447239 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Human tripartite motif protein 5α (TRIM5α) is a well-characterized restriction factor for some RNA viruses, including HIV1-5; however, reports are limited for DNA viruses6,7. Here we demonstrate that TRIM5α also restricts orthopoxviruses and, via its SPRY domain, binds to the orthopoxvirus capsid protein L3 to diminish virus replication and activate innate immunity. In response, several orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia, rabbitpox, cowpox, monkeypox, camelpox and variola viruses, deploy countermeasures. First, the protein C6 binds to TRIM5 via the RING domain to induce its proteasome-dependent degradation. Second, cyclophilin A (CypA) is recruited via interaction with the capsid protein L3 to virus factories and virions to antagonize TRIM5α; this interaction is prevented by cyclosporine A (CsA) and the non-immunosuppressive derivatives alisporivir and NIM811. Both the proviral effect of CypA and the antiviral effect of CsA are dependent on TRIM5α. CsA, alisporivir and NIM811 have antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses, and because these drugs target a cellular protein, CypA, the emergence of viral drug resistance is difficult. These results warrant testing of CsA derivatives against orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox and variola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jonas D Albarnaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Wang J, Shahed-Ai-Mahmud M, Chen A, Li K, Tan H, Joyce R. An Overview of Antivirals against Monkeypox Virus and Other Orthopoxviruses. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4468-4490. [PMID: 36961984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The current monkeypox outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic have reignited interest in orthopoxvirus antivirals. Monkeypox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which also includes the variola virus, vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus. Two orally bioavailable drugs, tecovirimat and brincidofovir, have been approved for treating smallpox infections. Given their human safety profiles and in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models, both drugs have also been recommended to treat monkeypox infection. To facilitate the development of additional orthopoxvirus antivirals, we summarize the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, and mechanism of resistance of orthopoxvirus antivirals. This perspective covers both direct-acting and host-targeting antivirals with an emphasis on drug candidates showing in vivo antiviral efficacy in animal models. We hope to speed the orthopoxvirus antiviral drug discovery by providing medicinal chemists with insights into prioritizing proper drug targets and hits for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Md Shahed-Ai-Mahmud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Angelo Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Haozhou Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ryan Joyce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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4
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Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents-Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071257. [PMID: 34203182 PMCID: PMC8310077 DOI: 10.3390/v13071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs remains an important issue as viral infections continue to threaten public health. Host-directed therapy is a method that focuses on potential targets in host cells or the body, instead of viral proteins. Its antiviral effects are achieved by disturbing the life cycles of pathogens or modulating immunity. In this review, we focus on the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that enhance the immune response. Some natural products present antiviral effects mediated by enhancing immunity, and their structures and mechanisms are summarized here. Natural products with immunomodulatory effects are also discussed, although their antiviral effects remain unknown. Given the power of immunity and the feasibility of host-directed therapy, we argue that both of these categories of natural products provide clues that may be beneficial for the discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Jones NP. Immunosuppression in the Management of Presumed Non-infective Uveitis; Are We Sure What We are Treating? Notes on the Antimicrobial Properties of the Systemic Immunosuppressants. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 28:994-1003. [PMID: 31418624 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1643030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the antimicrobial effects of immunosuppressants used for presumed autoimmune uveitis, and to discuss the potential importance of these effects in the context of increasing knowledge of the human microbiomes and their influence on inflammation. METHODS Literature review. REVIEW OF EVIDENCE All immunosuppressants have intrinsic antimicrobial effects; these vary considerably between drugs, and include antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal action. Immunosuppression is known to affect the composition of the gut microbiome, and alterations in microbiome composition are known to affect inflammations including uveitis. CONCLUSIONS Oral immunosuppressants are assumed to act on presumed autoimmune uveitis by downregulation of, or other interference with, an aberrant immune response. However, their antimicrobial properties are usually forgotten, and in the context of increasing knowledge of the involvement of microbes in the initiation of, and also potentially the perpetuation of, tissue inflammation, these effects may prove to be a fundamental part of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Jones
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester, UK.,Medical Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester , Manchester, UK
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6
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Tanaka Y, Amano A, Morisaki M, Sato Y, Sasaki T. Cellular peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 facilitates replication of feline coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2015; 126:1-7. [PMID: 26675666 PMCID: PMC7113879 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), which is a fatal infectious disease, there are no effective therapeutic medicines or vaccines. Previously, in vitro studies have shown that cyclosporin (CsA) and FK506 inhibit virus replication in diverse coronaviruses. CsA and FK506 are targets of clinically relevant immunosuppressive drugs and bind to cellular cyclophilins (Cyps) or FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), respectively. Both Cyp and FKBP have peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. However, protein interacting with NIMA (Pin1), a member of the parvulin subfamily of PPIases that differs from Cyps and FKBPs, is essential for various signaling pathways. Here we demonstrated that genetic silencing or knockout of Pin1 resulted in decreased FCoV replication in vitro. Dipentamethylene thiuram monosulfide, a specific inhibitor of Pin1, inhibited FCoV replication. These data indicate that Pin1 modulates FCoV propagation. Pin1 facilitates FCoV replication in vitro. RNA interference experiments for Pin1 reduced FCoV replication and viral protein expression. The Pin1 inhibitor DTM results in the reduction of FCoV replication and protein expression. Knockout of the Pin1 gene inhibits FCoV replication and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Arisa Amano
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masateru Morisaki
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yuka Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Molecular Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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7
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Martinez JP, Sasse F, Brönstrup M, Diez J, Meyerhans A. Antiviral drug discovery: broad-spectrum drugs from nature. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:29-48. [PMID: 25315648 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to April 2014. The development of drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activities is a long pursued goal in drug discovery. It has been shown that blocking co-opted host-factors abrogates the replication of many viruses, yet the development of such host-targeting drugs has been met with scepticism mainly due to toxicity issues and poor translation to in vivo models. With the advent of new and more powerful screening assays and prediction tools, the idea of a drug that can efficiently treat a wide range of viral infections by blocking specific host functions has re-bloomed. Here we critically review the state-of-the-art in broad-spectrum antiviral drug discovery. We discuss putative targets and treatment strategies, with particular focus on natural products as promising starting points for antiviral lead development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Hyung SJ, Feng X, Che Y, Stroh JG, Shapiro M. Detection of conformation types of cyclosporin retaining intramolecular hydrogen bonds by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5785-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lin K, Gallay P. Curing a viral infection by targeting the host: the example of cyclophilin inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:68-77. [PMID: 23578729 PMCID: PMC4332838 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses exploit multiple host cell mechanisms for their own replication. These mechanisms may serve as targets for antiviral therapy. Host-targeted therapies may have a high barrier to resistance. Cyclophilin inhibitors have shown promise in curing chronic hepatitis C. Cyclophilin inhibitors may potentially be used to treat other viral infections.
Every step of the viral life cycle is dependent on the host, which potentially can be explored for antiviral targets. Historically, however, drug discovery has focused mainly on viral targets, because of their perceived specificity. Efforts to pursue host targets have been largely hampered by concern over potential on-target toxicity, the lack of predictive cell culture and animal models, and the complexity of host–virus interactions. On the other hand, there are distinct advantages of targeting the host, such as creating a high barrier to resistance, providing broad coverage of different genotypes/serotypes and possibly even multiple viruses, and expanding the list of potential targets, when druggable viral targets are limited. Taking hepatitis C virus (HCV) as the example, there are more than 20 inhibitors of the viral protease, polymerase and NS5A protein currently in advanced clinical testing. However, resistance has become a main challenge with these direct-acting antivirals, because HCV, an RNA virus, is notoriously prone to mutation, and a single mutation in the viral target may prevent the binding of an inhibitor, and rendering it ineffective. Host cyclophilin inhibitors have shown promising effects both in vitro and in patients to prevent the emergence of resistance and to cure HCV infection, either alone or in combination with other agents. They are also capable of blocking the replication of a number of other viral pathogens. While the road to developing host-targeting antivirals has been less traveled, and significant challenges remain, delivering the most effective antiviral regimen, which may comprise inhibitors of both host and viral targets, should be well worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- Permeon Biologics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Baugh J, Gallay P. Cyclophilin involvement in the replication of hepatitis C virus and other viruses. Biol Chem 2013; 393:579-87. [PMID: 22944661 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent months, there has been a wealth of promising clinical data suggesting that a more effective treatment regimen, and potentially a cure, for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is close at hand. Leading this push are direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), currently comprising inhibitors that target the HCV protease NS3, the viral polymerase NS5B, and the non-structural protein NS5A. In combination with one another, along with the traditional standard-of-care ribavirin and PEGylated-IFNα, these compounds have proven to afford tremendous efficacy to treatment-naíve patients, as well as to prior non-responders. Nevertheless, by targeting viral components, the possibility of selecting for breakthrough and treatment-resistant virus strains remains a concern. Host-targeting antivirals are a distinct class of anti-HCV compounds that is emerging as a complementary set of tools to combat the disease. Cyclophilin (Cyp) inhibitors are one such group in this category. In contrast to DAAs, Cyp inhibitors target a host protein, CypA, and have also demonstrated remarkable antiviral efficiency in clinical trials, without the generation of viral escape mutants. This review serves to summarize the current literature on Cyps and their relation to the HCV viral life cycle, as well as other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Baugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IMM-9, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Ma-Lauer Y, Lei J, Hilgenfeld R, von Brunn A. Virus-host interactomes--antiviral drug discovery. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 2:614-21. [PMID: 23057872 PMCID: PMC7102765 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the key questions in virology is how viruses, encoding relatively few genes, gain temporary or constant control over their hosts. To understand pathogenicity of a virus it is important to gain knowledge on the function of the individual viral proteins in the host cell, on their interactions with viral and cellular proteins and on the consequences of these interactions on cellular signaling pathways. A combination of transcriptomics, proteomics, high-throughput technologies and the bioinformatical analysis of the respective data help to elucidate specific cellular antiviral drug target candidates. In addition, viral and human interactome analyses indicate that different viruses target common, central human proteins for entering cellular signaling pathways and machineries which might constitute powerful broad-spectrum antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma-Lauer
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Jian Lei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Germany
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 München, Germany
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12
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Cyclophilin inhibitors block arterivirus replication by interfering with viral RNA synthesis. J Virol 2012; 87:1454-64. [PMID: 23152531 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02078-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus replication strongly depends on cellular factors, in particular, on host proteins. Here we report that the replication of the arteriviruses equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is strongly affected by low-micromolar concentrations of cyclosporine A (CsA), an inhibitor of members of the cyclophilin (Cyp) family. In infected cells, the expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene inserted into the PRRSV genome was inhibited with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 5.2 μM, whereas the GFP expression of an EAV-GFP reporter virus was inhibited with an IC(50) of 0.95 μM. Debio-064, a CsA analog that lacks its undesirable immunosuppressive properties, inhibited EAV replication with an IC(50) that was 3-fold lower than that of CsA, whereas PRRSV-GFP replication was inhibited with an IC(50) similar to that of CsA. The addition of 4 μM CsA after infection prevented viral RNA and protein synthesis in EAV-infected cells, and CsA treatment resulted in a 2.5- to 4-log-unit reduction of PRRSV or EAV infectious progeny. A complete block of EAV RNA synthesis was also observed in an in vitro assay using isolated viral replication structures. The small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Cyp family members revealed that EAV replication strongly depends on the expression of CypA but not CypB. Furthermore, upon fractionation of intracellular membranes in density gradients, CypA was found to cosediment with membranous EAV replication structures, which could be prevented by CsA treatment. This suggests that CypA is an essential component of the viral RNA-synthesizing machinery.
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13
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Li YJ, Wu HH, Weng CH, Chen YC, Hung CC, Yang CW, Wang RYL, Sakamoto N, Tian YC. Cyclophilin A and nuclear factor of activated T cells are essential in cyclosporine-mediated suppression of polyomavirus BK replication. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2348-62. [PMID: 22642569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressants have impacts on the development of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. We previously demonstrated that cyclosporin A (CsA) suppressed polyomavirus BK (BKV) replication. The role of cyclophilin A (CypA) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) in CsA-imposed suppression of BKV replication was determined in this study. Results demonstrated that knockdown of CypA but not CypB significantly reduced BKV large T antigen (TAg) expression and BKV titer. Overexpression of CypA reversed CypA siRNA-induced inhibition in BKV TAg expression. In addition, CypA overexpression attenuated the suppressive effect of CsA on TAg expression, suggesting CypA implicated in CsA-mediated anti-BKV effect. Knockdown of NFATc3 abrogated TAg expression, while overexpression of NFATc3 promoted TAg expression and augmented BKV promoter activity. NFATc3 binding to the BKV promoter was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Renal histology also displayed an increase in NFATc3 expression in tubulointerstitium of BKV-associated nephropathy. Furthermore, overexpression of NFATc3 rescued CsA-mediated inhibition of BKV load and TAg expression. A CsA analog, NIM811, which cannot block NFAT functionality, failed to suppress TAg expression. In conclusion, CypA and NFAT are indispensable in BKV replication. CsA inhibits BKV replication through CypA and NFAT, which may be potential targets of anti-BKV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Li
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Li Z, Xu C, Sun L, Chen J, Liu W. Cyclosporin A inhibits the influenza virus replication through cyclophilin A-dependent and -independent pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37277. [PMID: 22615963 PMCID: PMC3352910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) has inhibitory effects on the replication of several viruses. The antiviral effects are through targeting the interaction between viral proteins and host factor cyclophilin A (CypA). CypA has been identified to interact with influenza A virus M1 protein and impair the early stage of the viral life cycle. In order to identify the effect of CsA on influenza virus replication, a CypA-depleted 293T cell line, which was named as 293T/CypA−, was constructed. The cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and the growth curve results indicated that CsA specifically suppressed the influenza A virus replication in a dose-dependent manner. CsA treatment had no effect on the viral genome replication and transcription but selectively suppressed the viral proteins expression. Further studies indicated that CsA could impair the nuclear export of viral mRNA in the absence of CypA. In addition, the antiviral activity of CsA was independent of calcineurin signaling. Finally, CsA could enhance the binding between CypA and M1. The above results suggested that CsA inhibited the replication of influenza A virus through CypA-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongfeng Xu
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jilong Chen
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Carbajo-Lozoya J, Müller MA, Kallies S, Thiel V, Drosten C, von Brunn A. Replication of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E is inhibited by the drug FK506. Virus Res 2012; 165:112-7. [PMID: 22349148 PMCID: PMC7114512 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that Coronavirus (CoV) replication depends on active immunophilin pathways. Here we demonstrate that the drug FK506 (Tacrolimus) inhibited strongly the growth of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations in cell culture. As shown by plaque titration, qPCR, Luciferase- and green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene expression, replication was diminished by several orders of magnitude. Knockdown of the cellular FK506-binding proteins FKBP1A and FKBP1B in CaCo2 cells prevented replication of HCoV-NL63, suggesting the requirement of these members of the immunophilin family for virus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carbajo-Lozoya
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 München, Germany
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Favreau DJ, Meessen-Pinard M, Desforges M, Talbot PJ. Human coronavirus-induced neuronal programmed cell death is cyclophilin d dependent and potentially caspase dispensable. J Virol 2012; 86:81-93. [PMID: 22013052 PMCID: PMC3255912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06062-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are recognized respiratory pathogens. Some HCoV strains, including HCoV-OC43, can invade the central nervous system, where they infect neurons, with unclear consequences. We have previously reported that HCoV-OC43 infection of human neurons activates the unfolded-protein response and caspase-3 and induces cell death and that the viral spike (S) glycoprotein is involved in the process. We now report on underlying mechanisms associated with the induction of programmed cell death (PCD) after infection by the reference HCoV-OC43 virus (rOC/ATCC) and a more neurovirulent and cytotoxic HCoV-OC43 variant harboring two point mutations in the S glycoprotein (rOC/U(S183-241)). Even though caspase-3 and caspase-9 were both activated after infection, the use of caspase inhibitors neither reduced nor delayed virus-induced PCD, suggesting that these proteases are not essential in the process. On the other hand, the proapoptotic proteins BAX, cytochrome c (CytC), and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were relocalized toward the mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus, respectively, after infection by both virus variants. Moreover, LA-N-5 neuronal cells treated with cyclosporine (CsA), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeabilization transition pore (mPTP), or knocked down for cyclophilin D (CypD) were completely protected from rOC/ATCC-induced neuronal PCD, underlining the involvement of CypD in the process. On the other hand, CsA and CypD knockdown had moderate effects on rOC/U(S183-241)-induced PCD. In conclusion, our results are consistent with mitochondrial AIF and cyclophilin D being central in HCoV-OC43-induced PCD, while caspases appear not to be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J Favreau
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
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17
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Potent antiviral activity of brequinar against the emerging Cantagalo virus in cell culture. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:435-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Human coronavirus-induced neuronal programmed cell death is cyclophilin d dependent and potentially caspase dispensable. J Virol 2011. [PMID: 22013052 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06062‐11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are recognized respiratory pathogens. Some HCoV strains, including HCoV-OC43, can invade the central nervous system, where they infect neurons, with unclear consequences. We have previously reported that HCoV-OC43 infection of human neurons activates the unfolded-protein response and caspase-3 and induces cell death and that the viral spike (S) glycoprotein is involved in the process. We now report on underlying mechanisms associated with the induction of programmed cell death (PCD) after infection by the reference HCoV-OC43 virus (rOC/ATCC) and a more neurovirulent and cytotoxic HCoV-OC43 variant harboring two point mutations in the S glycoprotein (rOC/U(S183-241)). Even though caspase-3 and caspase-9 were both activated after infection, the use of caspase inhibitors neither reduced nor delayed virus-induced PCD, suggesting that these proteases are not essential in the process. On the other hand, the proapoptotic proteins BAX, cytochrome c (CytC), and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were relocalized toward the mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus, respectively, after infection by both virus variants. Moreover, LA-N-5 neuronal cells treated with cyclosporine (CsA), an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeabilization transition pore (mPTP), or knocked down for cyclophilin D (CypD) were completely protected from rOC/ATCC-induced neuronal PCD, underlining the involvement of CypD in the process. On the other hand, CsA and CypD knockdown had moderate effects on rOC/U(S183-241)-induced PCD. In conclusion, our results are consistent with mitochondrial AIF and cyclophilin D being central in HCoV-OC43-induced PCD, while caspases appear not to be essential.
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Suwelack B, Malyar V, Koch M, Sester M, Sommerer C. The influence of immunosuppressive agents on BK virus risk following kidney transplantation, and implications for choice of regimen. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 26:201-11. [PMID: 21940156 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of BK-associated nephropathy following kidney transplantation has prompted an examination of strategies for risk reduction and management through immunosuppression manipulation. Evidence from retrospective and prospective studies suggests that BK viruria and viremia, and the need for BK virus treatment, are higher with tacrolimus than cyclosporine. Combined therapy with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid may be associated with a particularly higher risk of BK infection, but data are conflicting as to whether mycophenolic acid per se is an independent risk factor. The incidence of BK-related events may be reduced in patients receiving mTOR inhibitors (everolimus or sirolimus) with cyclosporine vs a calcineurin inhibitor with mycophenolic acid. De novo immunosuppression regimens that avoid rabbit antithymocyte globulin and tacrolimus, particularly tacrolimus with mycophenolic acid, may be advantageous, whereas low-exposure cyclosporine with an mTOR inhibitor appears a favorable option. Routine screening for BK infection during the first 2 years posttransplant is recommended to allow preemptive modification of the immunosuppressive regimen. In patients at high risk of BK virus infection, appropriate de novo immunosuppression or very early conversion to an mTOR inhibitor to facilitate reduction or discontinuation of calcineurin inhibitors or antimetabolites should be considered. Extensive further research into optimal avoidance, screening, and treatment strategies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Suwelack
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Transplant Nephrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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20
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BK Virus in Kidney Transplant Recipients: The Influence of Immunosuppression. J Transplant 2011; 2011:750836. [PMID: 21766009 PMCID: PMC3134251 DOI: 10.1155/2011/750836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients has increased over recent decades, coincident with the use of more potent immunosuppression. More importantly, posttransplant BK virus replication has emerged as an important cause of graft damage and subsequent graft loss. Immunosuppression has been accepted as a major risk for BK virus replication. However, the specific contribution of individual immunosuppressive medications to this risk has not been well established. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent literature on the influence of the various immunosuppressant drugs and drug combinations on posttransplant BK virus replication. Evidence supporting the various immunosuppression reduction strategies utilised in the management of BK virus will also be briefly discussed.
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A suppressive effect of cyclosporine A on replication and noncoding control region activation of polyomavirus BK virus. Transplantation 2010; 89:299-306. [PMID: 20145520 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c9b51c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) replication remains unclear. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of CsA on BKV replication in human uroepithelial cells. METHODS After infection of a human renal proximal tubular cell line, HK-2 with BKV, BKV viral load in the presence of CsA was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The BKV large T-antigen (LTag) expression was measured by Western blot analysis. The BKV early promoter activity was determined by measuring luciferase activity of the BKV noncoding control region luciferase reporter. The BKV LTag expression in a human bladder carcinoma cell line, T24, was assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the increased levels of BKV LTag and viral protein 1 transcripts measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction were suppressed by CsA in a dose-dependent manner (0.5-4 microg/mL). Western blot analysis also showed that CsA inhibited BKV LTag expression. In addition, the activity of the BKV early promoter, which was enhanced by BKV LTag overexpression, was abrogated by CsA. Finally, the suppressive effect of CsA on BKV replication was also shown in T24 cells as CsA reduced immunofluorescent staining of BKV LTag in these cells. CONCLUSION This in vitro study indicates that CsA suppresses BKV replication in human proximal renal tubular cells and uroepithelial cells of the urinary bladder and inhibits the BKV-LTag-regulated increase in early promoter activity.
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Firpi RJ, Soldevila-Pico C, Morelli GG, Cabrera R, Levy C, Clark VC, Suman A, Michaels A, Chen C, Nelson DR. The use of cyclosporine for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplant: a randomized pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:196-203. [PMID: 19798576 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine has antiviral activity in vitro against hepatitis C (HCV). We performed a pilot study to prospectively determine the antiviral effect of cyclosporine during therapy with PEGalfa-2a and ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with recurrent HCV infection. METHODS Patients with HCV recurrence (Ishak Fibrosis Stage > or = 2) were enrolled for 2 years at the University of Florida. Thirty-eight patients were randomized to continued tacrolimus or switched to cyclosporine. Both groups received PEGalfa-2a and ribavirin. RESULTS Twenty patients received tacrolimus and 18 cyclosporine, with a mean age of 53. Eighty-two percent were men, 84% Caucasian, and 90% genotype 1. In patients switched from tacrolimus to cyclosporine, HCVRNA levels decreased by a mean of 0.39 million IU/ml during the 1 month prior to initiating PEG/RBV. Sustained viral response for cyclosporine was higher than in patients on tacrolimus receiving PEG/RBV therapy. CONCLUSIONS This randomized controlled pilot study is the first in vivo study evaluating cyclosporine versus tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients undergoing antiviral therapy. Change from tacrolimus to cyclosporine led to a modest HCV RNA drop and appeared to enhance the antiviral response of PEG/RBV. A larger randomized study is necessary to see if cyclosporine offers any advantage over tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Firpi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0214, USA.
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23
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Jordão AK, Afonso PP, Ferreira VF, de Souza MC, Almeida MC, Beltrame CO, Paiva DP, Wardell SM, Wardell JL, Tiekink ER, Damaso CR, Cunha AC. Antiviral evaluation of N-amino-1,2,3-triazoles against Cantagalo virus replication in cell culture. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3777-83. [PMID: 19481841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Borges MBJ, Kato SEM, Damaso CRA, Moussatché N, da Silva Freire M, Lambert Passos SR, do Nascimento JP. Accuracy and repeatability of a micro plaque reduction neutralization test for vaccinia antibodies. Biologicals 2007; 36:105-10. [PMID: 17892944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of neutralizing antibodies against vaccinia virus is a valuable tool for the investigation of previous smallpox vaccination. Compulsory smallpox vaccination ended in Brazil during the early 1970s, although the vaccine was available until the late 1970s. The threat of smallpox as a biological weapon has called the attention of public health authorities to the need for an evaluation of the immune status of the population. Based on our previous experience with a micro plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for the evaluation of yellow fever immunity, a similar test was developed for the detection and quantification of vaccinia neutralizing antibodies. A cross-sectional study to test the repeatability and validity of plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for vaccinia antibodies was performed in 182 subjects divided into two categories: subjects above 31 years old and the other > or = 35 years old. Cases were subjects considered to have been vaccinated with vaccinia virus if they declared vaccination history or evidenced vaccination marks. The assay is carried out in 96-well plates, provides results within 30 h, is easily performed, has good sensitivity (92.7%) and specificity (90.8), excellent repeatability (ICC 0.89 (0.88; 0.92)) and is thus suitable for use in mass screening of a population's antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatriz J Borges
- Vice-diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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25
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Robida JM, Nelson HB, Liu Z, Tang H. Characterization of hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon resistance to cyclosporine in vitro. J Virol 2007; 81:5829-40. [PMID: 17376913 PMCID: PMC1900250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02524-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been met with less than satisfactory results due primarily to its resistance to and significant side effects from alpha interferon (IFN-alpha). New classes of safe and broadly acting treatments are urgently needed. Cyclosporine (CsA), an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug for organ transplant patients, has recently been shown to be highly effective in suppressing HCV replication through a mechanism that is distinct from the IFN pathway. Here we report the selection and characterization of HCV replicon cells that are resistant to CsA treatment in vitro, taking advantage of our ability to sort live cells that are actively replicating HCV RNA in the presence of drug treatments. This resistance is specific to CsA as the replicon cells most resistant to CsA were still sensitive to IFN-alpha and a polymerase inhibitor. We demonstrate that the resistant phenotype is not a result of general enhanced replication and, furthermore, that mutations in the coding region of HCV NS5B contribute to the resistance. Interestingly, a point mutation (I432V) isolated from the most resistant replicon was able to rescue a lethal mutation (P540A) in NS5B that disrupts its interaction with its cofactor, cyclophilin B (CypB), even though the I432V mutation is located outside of the reported CypB binding site (amino acids 520 to 591). Our results demonstrate that CsA exerts selective pressure on the HCV genome, leading to the emergence of resistance-conferring mutations in the viral genome despite acting upon a cellular protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Robida
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA
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26
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Reis SA, Moussatché N, Damaso CRA. FK506, a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces, presents a novel antiviral activity against Orthopoxvirus infection in cell culture. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:1373-80. [PMID: 16696686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the antiviral potential of the macrolide FK506, produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis, against Orthopoxvirus infection in cell culture, and determine the replicative stage of viral cycle affected by the treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell lines were infected with different Orthopoxviruses and treated with FK506. The macrolide inhibited the replication of the prototypic Orthopoxvirus, vaccinia virus strain WR, with an IC50 of 12.05 micromol l(-1). Progeny production of other Orthopoxviruses was also inhibited by FK506 at noncytotoxic concentrations, as evaluated by the neutral-red uptake assay and metabolic labelling of cellular proteins. By Western blot assay, we detected a severe inhibition (approximately 87.6% +/- 2.78%) of VV strain WR post-replicative protein synthesis. A similar reduction of virus DNA accumulation, as observed by slot-blot assay, probably accounts for the subsequent inhibition of virus late proteins. CONCLUSIONS The macrolide FK506, isolated from S. tsukubaensis, presents a novel anti-poxvirus activity, probably targeting the stage of DNA replication during Orthopoxvirus infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The secondary metabolite FK506, isolated from the culture filtrate of S. tsukubaensis, shows a pleiotropic range of activities, and might be a valuable tool as a lead structure in the generation of non-immunosuppressant analogues with strong anti-poxvirus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Reis
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vírus, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Damaso CRA, Reis SA, Jesus DM, Lima PSF, Moussatché N. A PCR-based assay for detection of emerging vaccinia-like viruses isolated in Brazil. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 57:39-46. [PMID: 16949244 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report 2 strategies to identify Brazilian vaccinia virus (VACV) isolates related to Cantagalo virus (CTGV) based on the amplification of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One PCR protocol was combined with restriction analysis using the endonuclease SnaB I, generating a unique digestion pattern for CTGV amplicons. The restriction profile could identify 41 CTGV-related isolates in 43 clinical specimens and clearly differentiated them from other orthopoxviruses and strains of VACV. Alternatively, we used a 1-step PCR assay with primers that specifically targeted CTGV HA sequence. This protocol produced similar results more rapidly than the 1st strategy, eliminating post-PCR procedures. The results were supported by Western blot analysis of the viral protein profile in infected cells. Both PCR-based methods enabled a fast, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of new isolates of VACV related to CTGV directly from clinical samples without requiring virus isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R A Damaso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vírus, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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28
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Firpi RJ, Zhu H, Morelli G, Abdelmalek MF, Soldevila-Pico C, Machicao VI, Cabrera R, Reed AI, Liu C, Nelson DR. Cyclosporine suppresses hepatitis C virus in vitro and increases the chance of a sustained virological response after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12:51-7. [PMID: 16382464 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent widely used in the management of liver transplant recipients. Cyclosporine has been shown to have antiviral activities against HIV, herpes simplex, and vaccinia viruses. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cyclosporine in viral clearance in the liver transplant recipients during therapy with combination of interferon and ribavirin, and to determine the anti-viral potential of Cyclosporine in vitro. Immunosuppression consisted of either Cyclosporine or Tacrolimus-based therapy. Both groups received therapy with interferon and ribavirin for 48 weeks when evidence of progressive histologic disease was determined. We found that subjects on Cyclosporine-based immunosuppression (n = 56) had a higher sustained virological response of 46% compared to 27% in the patients on Tacrolimus-based therapy (n = 59, P = 0.03). In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the antiviral effect of Cyclosporine in the replicon system. These studies showed that Cyclosporine inhibits hepatitis C viral replication in a dose-dependent manner. Combination of Cyclosporine with interferon showed additive effect, and its function is independent of interferon signaling pathways. In conclusion, Cyclosporine may offer an advantage to Tacrolimus in those patients undergoing interferon-based therapy and should be studied in a prospective randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Firpi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0214, USA.
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29
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Fabrizi F, Bromberg J, Elli A, Dixit V, Martin P. Review article: hepatitis C virus and calcineurin inhibition after renal transplantation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:657-66. [PMID: 16197487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of hepatitis C virus on patient and graft survival after renal transplantation remains controversial. However, recent studies have given emphasis on the detrimental role of hepatitis C on long-term patient and graft survival after renal transplantation. Various mechanisms can promote the lower survival in hepatitis C virus-positive recipients, i.e. post-transplant diabetes mellitus, liver disease and infections. Novel evidence has been accumulated showing the inhibitory activity of ciclosporin on the hepatitis C virus replication rate in human hepatocytes; ciclosporin has been shown in vitro to suppress hepatitis C virus replication as effectively as interferon alpha. This effect has not been seen with tacrolimus and is separate from its immunosuppressive activity. Data from patients with normal kidney function or after bone marrow transplantation show that ciclosporin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication. It appears that the progression of liver fibrosis is slower in hepatitis C virus-positive liver transplant recipients treated with ciclosporin than tacrolimus. In contrast, the clinical outcome of hepatitis C in hepatitis C virus-positive patients after liver transplantation treated with ciclosporin vs. tacrolimus has given mixed results. No information after renal transplantation is available. Various parameters can promote the worsening of hepatitis C after renal transplantation but choice of calcineurin inhibition is one of the few risk factors that can potentially be modified by the physician. Prospective, comparative trials of ciclosporin and tacrolimus with large size and adequate follow-up after renal transplantation are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fabrizi
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Maggiore Hospital, IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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30
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Abstract
Development of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related disease following liver transplantation is more aggressive than in non-transplant individuals, and accounts for approximately 10% of liver allograft failures. HCV disease progression appears to have accelerated in recent years, possibly due to the aging donor population and/or changing immunosuppression regimens, and survival among HCV-negative patients is falling. Various risk factors have been proposed for HCV disease recurrence, but choice of calcineurin inhibitor is one of the few that can potentially be modified by the physician. Cyclosporine (CsA) has been shown in vitro to suppress HCV replication as effectively as interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), an effect that is separate from the immunosuppressive activity of CsA. Data from bone marrow patients and non-transplant patient populations confirm that CsA inhibits HCV replication. This anti-HCV effect is not seen with tacrolimus. Histologically, there is evidence that progression of fibrosis in HCV-positive liver transplant patients may be slower with CsA than tacrolimus. The clinical implications of the anti-HCV effect of CsA require evaluation versus tacrolimus in a large-scale multicenter study.
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Watashi K, Hijikata M, Hosaka M, Yamaji M, Shimotohno K. Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology 2003; 38:1282-8. [PMID: 14578868 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Searching for a substance with anti-HCV potential, we examined the effects of a variety of compounds on HCV replication using a HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. Consequently, the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) was found to have a suppressive effect on the HCV replicon RNA level and HCV protein expression in these cells. CsA also inhibited multiplication of the HCV genome in a cultured human hepatocyte cell line infected with HCV using HCV-positive plasma. This anti-HCV activity of CsA appeared to be independent of its immunosuppressive function. In conclusion, our results suggest that CsA may represent a new approach for the development of anti-HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Watashi
- Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses, Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Castro APV, Carvalho TMU, Moussatché N, Damaso CRA. Redistribution of cyclophilin A to viral factories during vaccinia virus infection and its incorporation into mature particles. J Virol 2003; 77:9052-68. [PMID: 12885921 PMCID: PMC167230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.16.9052-9068.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins are peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases involved in catalyzing conformational changes and accelerating the rate of protein folding and refolding in several cellular systems. In the present study, we analyzed the expression pattern and intracellular distribution of the cellular isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) during vaccinia virus (VV) infection. An impressive increase in CypA stability was observed, leading to a practically unchanged accumulation of CypA during infection, although its synthesis was completely inhibited at late times. By confocal microscopy, we observed that CypA went through an intense reorganization in the cell cytoplasm and colocalized with the virosomes late in infection. CypA relocation to viral factories required the synthesis of viral postreplicative proteins, and treatment of infected cells with cyclosporine (CsA) prevented CypA relocation, clearly excluding the virosomes from CypA staining. Immunoelectron microscopy of VV-infected cells showed that CypA was incorporated into VV particles during morphogenesis. Biochemical and electron microscopic assays with purified virions confirmed that CypA was encapsidated within the virus particle and localized specifically in the core. This work suggests that CypA may develop an important role in VV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula V Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vírus, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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Damaso CRA, Oliveira MF, Massarani SM, Moussatché N. Azathioprine inhibits vaccinia virus replication in both BSC-40 and RAG cell lines acting on different stages of virus cycle. Virology 2002; 300:79-91. [PMID: 12202208 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we demonstrate that azathioprine (AZA) inhibits vaccinia virus (VV) replication in both BSC-40 and RAG cell lines, acting on different stages of virus cycle. In BSC-40 cells, early protein synthesis was not significantly affected, but late gene expression was severely impaired. In RAG cells all stages of gene expression were completed during synchronous infection in the presence of the drug. The onset of DNA replication was not affected in RAG cells, but a severe inhibition was observed in BSC-40 cells. Electron microscopic analysis of VV-infected RAG cells treated with AZA revealed brick-shaped particles presenting abnormal definition of the internal structure. Purified virions from AZA-treated RAG cells presented several modifications of the protein content, a lesser amount of DNA, and a lower PFU:particle ratio. Our results suggest that in VV-infected RAG cells AZA interfered with virus morphogenesis, whereas in BSC-40 cells the replicative cycle was inhibited at the DNA replication stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R A Damaso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vi;rus, Instituto de Biofi;sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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