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Van Damme P, Pintó RM, Feng Z, Cui F, Gentile A, Shouval D. Hepatitis A virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37770459 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). Over 150 million new infections of hepatitis A occur annually. HAV causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the liver that usually resolves spontaneously without chronic sequelae. However, up to 20% of patients experience a prolonged or relapsed course and <1% experience acute liver failure. Host factors, such as immunological status, age, pregnancy and underlying hepatic diseases, can affect the severity of disease. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies produced in response to HAV infection persist for life and protect against re-infection; vaccine-induced antibodies against hepatitis A confer long-term protection. The WHO recommends vaccination for individuals at higher risk of infection and/or severe disease in countries with very low and low hepatitis A virus endemicity, and universal childhood vaccination in intermediate endemicity countries. To date, >25 countries worldwide have implemented such programmes, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of HAV infection. Improving hygiene and sanitation, rapid identification of outbreaks and fast and accurate intervention in outbreak control are essential to reducing HAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zongdi Feng
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Angela Gentile
- Department of Epidemiology, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Shouval
- Institute of Hepatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Smith DB, Simmonds P. Classification and Genomic Diversity of Enterically Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a031880. [PMID: 29530950 PMCID: PMC6120691 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are significant human pathogens and are responsible for a substantial proportion of cases of severe acute hepatitis worldwide. Genetically, both viruses are heterogeneous and are classified into several genotypes that differ in their geographical distribution and risk group association. There is, however, little evidence that variants of HAV or HEV differ antigenically or in their propensity to cause severe disease. Genetically more divergent but primarily hepatotropic variants of both HAV and HEV have been found in several mammalian species, those of HAV being classified into eight species within the genus Hepatovirus in the virus family Picornaviridae. HEV is classified as a member of the species Orthohepevirus A in the virus family Hepeviridae, a species that additionally contains viruses infecting pigs, rabbits, and a variety of other mammalian species. Other species (Orthohepevirus B-D) infect a wide range of other mammalian species including rodents and bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
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Poirier B, Variot P, Delourme P, Maurin J, Morgeaux S. Would an in vitro ELISA test be a suitable alternative potency method to the in vivo immunogenicity assay commonly used in the context of international Hepatitis A vaccines batch release? Vaccine 2009; 28:1796-802. [PMID: 20018270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since many years Afssaps applies the 3R's strategy (replacement, reduction and refinement) for the use of laboratory animal testing in the framework of vaccine batch release. In this context, for Hepatitis A vaccines, a study was carried out to assess the feasibility of replacing the in vivo "Gold Standard" potency assay by the Afssaps' validated in-house antigen content in vitro assay on routine testing. The use of a panel of potent vaccine batches and reduced-potency samples by heating demonstrated a correlation between the two methods. This encourages Afssaps to progressively switch from in vivo to in vitro assay in the framework of Hepatitis A vaccines batch release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Poirier
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, Laboratories and Control Directorate, Site de Lyon, 321 avenue Jean Jaurès, F-69007 Lyon, France
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Chitambar S, Joshi M, Lole K, Walimbe A, Vaidya S. Cocirculation of and coinfections with hepatitis A virus subgenotypes IIIA and IB in patients from Pune, western India. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:85-93. [PMID: 17300702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM During the 1990s, a changing pattern of epidemiology of hepatitis A was reported in different populations of India. The present study was undertaken to investigate the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains over a period of 10 years. METHODS Stool/serum samples were collected from hepatitis A patients clinically presenting acute viral hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect HAV-RNA. HAV genomes were examined by sequencing PCR products of VP1/2A junction (168 bp) and RNA polymerase (116 bp) regions. RESULTS Subgenotype IIIA and IB were detected in 74.2% and 9.7% of specimens, respectively, while 16.1% of patients had mixed infections. Sewage samples also showed presence of both IIIA (9/10) and IB (1/10) subgenotypes. RNA polymerase region showed two clusters constituting 51.6% and 19.4% strains closer to Nor21 and HM175 strains, respectively, in clinical specimens. Three isolates appeared as discordant subgenotypes in VP1/2A and RNA polymerase regions. CONCLUSION The data revealed cocirculation of and coinfection with subgenotypes IIIA and IB, with predominance of IIIA and genetic heterogeneity of HAV strains in western India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Chitambar
- Rotavirus Department, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Costa-Mattioli M, Napoli AD, Ferré V, Billaudel S, Perez-Bercoff R, Cristina J. Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J Gen Virol 2004; 84:3191-3201. [PMID: 14645901 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular biology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) has increased exponentially since its identification. HAV exploits all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure survival, including mutation and genetic recombination. HAV has been characterized by the emergence of different genotypes, three human antigenic variants and only one major serotype. This paper reviews the genetic variability and molecular epidemiology of HAV. Its evolutionary mechanisms are described with particular emphasis on genetic recombination and HAV mutation rate. Genotypic classification methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Anna Di Napoli
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Ferré
- Laboratorie de Virologie UPRES-EA1156, Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nantes, Rue Quai Moncousu 9, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Sylviane Billaudel
- Laboratorie de Virologie UPRES-EA1156, Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nantes, Rue Quai Moncousu 9, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Raul Perez-Bercoff
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juan Cristina
- Departamento de Técnicas Nucleares Aplicadas, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Morace G, Aulicino FA, Angelozzi C, Costanzo L, Donadio F, Rapicetta M. Microbial quality of wastewater: detection of hepatitis A virus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:828-36. [PMID: 11972685 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The persistent circulation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the Mediterranean area suggests the need for monitoring its presence in the environment. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the presence of HAV in several consecutive raw sewage and final effluent samples, collected over an 8-month period from an activated sludge treatment plant in southern Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS Two distinct purification protocols, either based on antigen-capture with monoclonal antibody (AC) or RNA extraction, were compared. The possible influence of the antibody used in the AC phase was evaluated in preliminary experiments on HAV-spiked samples, using two different monoclonal antibodies. Hepatitis A virus RNA was detected in all but one sewage environmental sample examined. The contemporary presence of enteroviruses, reoviruses and phages was observed, while HAV growth in cell culture was hampered. CONCLUSIONS The RT-PCR technique was confirmed to be a valuable tool for the rapid monitoring of HAV in sewage samples. In addition, this study demonstrated that application of different sample purification methods can result in different levels of sensitivity of the assay and that, in the antigen-capture method, the choice of antibody can have a crucial role. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work underlines the need for technical uniformity in environmental studies from different laboratories for a correct and useful comparison of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morace
- Laboratorio di Virologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Silberstein E, Dveksler G, Kaplan GG. Neutralization of hepatitis A virus (HAV) by an immunoadhesin containing the cysteine-rich region of HAV cellular receptor-1. J Virol 2001; 75:717-25. [PMID: 11134285 PMCID: PMC113968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.2.717-725.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects African green monkey kidney (AGMK) cells via the HAV cellular receptor-1 (havcr-1), a mucin-like type 1 integral-membrane glycoprotein of unknown natural function. The ectodomain of havcr-1 contains an N-terminal immunoglobulin-like cysteine-rich region (D1), which binds protective monoclonal antibody (MAb) 190/4, followed by an O-glycosylated mucin-like threonine-serine-proline-rich region that extends D1 well above the cell surface. To study the interaction of HAV with havcr-1, we constructed immunoadhesins fusing the hinge and Fc portion of human IgG1 to D1 (D1-Fc) or the ectodomain of the poliovirus receptor (PVR-Fc) and expressed them in CHO cells. These immunoadhesins were secreted to the cell culture medium and purified through protein A-agarose columns. In a solid-phase assay, HAV bound to D1-Fc in a concentration-dependent manner whereas background levels of HAV bound to PVR-Fc. Binding of HAV to D1-Fc was blocked by treatment with MAb 190/4 but not with control MAb M2, which binds to a tag epitope introduced between the D1 and Fc portions of the immunoadhesin. D1-Fc neutralized approximately 1 log unit of the HAV infectivity in AGMK cells, whereas PVR-Fc had no effect in the HAV titers. A similarly poor reduction in HAV titers was observed after treating the same stock of HAV with murine neutralizing MAbs K2-4F2, K3-4C8, and VHA 813. Neutralization of poliovirus by PVR-Fc but not by D1-Fc indicated that the virus-receptor interactions were specific. These results show that D1 is sufficient for binding and neutralization of HAV and provide further evidence that havcr-1 is a functional cellular receptor for HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Silberstein
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Poirier B, Morgeaux S, Variot P, Fuchs F. In vitro potency assay for hepatitis A vaccines: development of a unique economical test. Biologicals 2000; 28:247-56. [PMID: 11237361 DOI: 10.1006/biol.2001.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the official release of each Hepatitis A vaccine lot to the market, a quality control performed by a National Control Authority requires an in vivo or an in vitro potency assay. At the beginning of our work, no standardised in vitro test common to all hepatitis A vaccines was available for both manufacturers and National Control Laboratories. In this study, a unique polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was developed to appraise all commercially available HAV vaccines. After comparing a direct and an indirect sandwich method with commercial antibodies, the indirect assay was selected and an evaluation of sensitivity, linearity, accuracy and precision was performed before being applied to HAV antigen determination from four different manufacturers. The results are satisfactory and incline us to use routinely this method to release Hepatitis A vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poirier
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, Direction des Laboratoires et des Contrôles, 321, Avenue Jean Jaurès, Lyon, 69007, France
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Collier AJ, Wolstenholme AJ. The binding of hepatitis A virus to cell surfaces shows evidence of positive co-operativity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 116:183-7. [PMID: 8150262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radio-iodinated hepatitis A virus binds to cultured mammalian cells in a saturable manner, with about 1.4 x 10(3) sites/cell and a S0.5 of about 1.4 x 10(-11) M for FRhK-4 cells. This binding to FRhK-4 cells shows evidence of positive co-operativity, with a Hill coefficient of 2.1 (+/- 0.1). This implies that the cellular receptor for the virus may have multiple binding sites and that the affinity of HAV for its receptor is increased if one of the binding sites is occupied by virus. Binding is completely blocked by two neutralising monoclonal antibodies, which also inhibit viral haemagglutination. A non-neutralising monoclonal antibody partially inhibits binding to FRhK-4 cells, but has no effect on haemagglutination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Collier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK
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Ping LH, Lemon SM. Antigenic structure of human hepatitis A virus defined by analysis of escape mutants selected against murine monoclonal antibodies. J Virol 1992; 66:2208-16. [PMID: 1312628 PMCID: PMC289013 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2208-2216.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the antigenic structure of human hepatitis A virus (HAV) by characterizing a series of 21 murine monoclonal-antibody-resistant neutralization escape mutants derived from the HM175 virus strain. The escape phenotype of each mutant was associated with reduced antibody binding in radioimmunofocus assays. Neutralization escape mutations were identified at the Asp-70 and Gln-74 residues of the capsid protein VP3, as well as at Ser-102, Val-171, Ala-176, and Lys-221 of VP1. With the exception of the Lys-221 mutants, substantial cross-resistance was evident among escape mutants tested against a panel of 22 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that the involved residues contribute to epitopes composing a single antigenic site. As mutations at one or more of these residues conferred resistance to 20 of 22 murine antibodies, this site appears to be immunodominant in the mouse. However, multiple mutants selected independently against any one monoclonal antibody had mutations at only one or, at the most, two amino acid residues within the capsid proteins, confirming that there are multiple epitopes within this antigenic site and suggesting that single-amino-acid residues contributing to these epitopes may play key roles in the binding of individual antibodies. A second, potentially independent antigenic site was identified by three escape mutants with different substitutions at Lys-221 of VP1. These mutants were resistant only to antibody H7C27, while H7C27 effectively neutralized all other escape mutants. These data support the existence of an immunodominant neutralization site in the antigenic structure of hepatitis A virus which involves residues of VP3 and VP1 and a second, potentially independent site involving residue 221 of VP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Ping
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7030
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Lemon SM, Jansen RW, Brown EA. Genetic, antigenic and biological differences between strains of hepatitis A virus. Vaccine 1992; 10 Suppl 1:S40-4. [PMID: 1335657 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented a considerable degree of genetic divergence among wild-type hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains recovered from different geographical locations. Human HAV strains can be grouped into four genotypes (I, II, III and VII) and unique simian strains belong to three additional genotypes (IV, V and VI). Between each of these genotypes, the nucleotide sequence varies at 15-25% of base positions in the P1 region. Despite this, there is good evidence that most, if not all, human strains of HAV are closely related antigenically. In contrast, although simian strains recovered from Old World monkeys are cross-reactive in immunoassays employing polyclonal antibodies, these strains have significant antigenic differences from human HAV strains. Nonetheless, because biological differences in the host range of these strains apparently preclude significant human infection, this is unlikely to pose a problem in controlling HAV infections with active immunization. Inactivated and attenuated vaccines produced from genotype I human strains (HM175 or CR326) are likely to provide protection against all relevant human HAV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lemon
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7030
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