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Pisică D, Volovici V, Yue JK, van Essen TA, den Boogert HF, Vande Vyvere T, Haitsma I, Nieboer D, Markowitz AJ, Yuh EL, Steyerberg EW, Peul WC, Dirven CMF, Menon DK, Manley GT, Maas AIR, Lingsma HF. Clinical and Imaging Characteristics, Care Pathways, and Outcomes of Traumatic Epidural Hematomas: A Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury Study. Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01172. [PMID: 38771081 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Guideline recommendations for surgical management of traumatic epidural hematomas (EDHs) do not directly address EDHs that co-occur with other intracranial hematomas; the relative rates of isolated vs nonisolated EDHs and guideline adherence are unknown. We describe characteristics of a contemporary cohort of patients with EDHs and identify factors influencing acute surgery. METHODS This research was conducted within the longitudinal, observational Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury cohort study which prospectively enrolled patients with traumatic brain injury from 65 hospitals in 18 European countries from 2014 to 2017. All patients with EDH on the first scan were included. We describe clinical, imaging, management, and outcome characteristics and assess associations between site and baseline characteristics and acute EDH surgery, using regression modeling. RESULTS In 461 patients with EDH, median age was 41 years (IQR 24-56), 76% were male, and median EDH volume was 5 cm3 (IQR 2-20). Concomitant acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs) and/or intraparenchymal hemorrhages were present in 328/461 patients (71%). Acute surgery was performed in 99/461 patients (21%), including 70/86 with EDH volume ≥30 cm3 (81%). Larger EDH volumes (odds ratio [OR] 1.19 [95% CI 1.14-1.24] per cm3 below 30 cm3), smaller ASDH volumes (OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.88-0.97] per cm3), and midline shift (OR 6.63 [95% CI 1.99-22.15]) were associated with acute surgery; between-site variation was observed (median OR 2.08 [95% CI 1.01-3.48]). Six-month Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended scores ≥5 occurred in 289/389 patients (74%); 41/389 (11%) died. CONCLUSION Isolated EDHs are relatively infrequent, and two-thirds of patients harbor concomitant ASDHs and/or intraparenchymal hemorrhages. EDHs ≥30 cm3 are generally evacuated early, adhering to Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. For heterogeneous intracranial pathology, surgical decision-making is related to clinical status and overall lesion burden. Further research should examine the optimal surgical management of EDH with concomitant lesions in traumatic brain injury, to inform updated guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Pisică
- Department of Public Health, Center for Medical Decision Making, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Volovici
- Department of Public Health, Center for Medical Decision Making, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John K Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas A van Essen
- University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and Haga Teaching Hospital, Leiden and The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, QEII Health Sciences Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hugo F den Boogert
- University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and Haga Teaching Hospital, Leiden and The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Vande Vyvere
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Iain Haitsma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Public Health, Center for Medical Decision Making, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amy J Markowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Esther L Yuh
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Department of Public Health, Center for Medical Decision Making, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center and Haaglanden Medical Center, Leiden and The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Wilco C Peul
- University Neurosurgical Center Holland, Leiden University Medical Center, Haaglanden Medical Center and Haga Teaching Hospital, Leiden and The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens M F Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge and Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew I R Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hester F Lingsma
- Department of Public Health, Center for Medical Decision Making, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Oyemolade TA, Adeleye AO, Ekanem IN, Akinwalere AK, Kareem AO. Outcome of Nonoperative Management of Selected Cases of Acute Traumatic Intracranial Hematomas in a Rural Neurosurgical Service of a Developing Country. World Neurosurg 2024; 182:61-68. [PMID: 37995994 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In resource-limited settings, the standard of care prescribed in developed countries for either operative or nonoperative management of traumatic intracranial hematomas (TICHs) frequently has to be adapted to the economic and infrastructural realities. This study aims to present the outcome of selected cases of TICHs managed nonoperatively without routine intensive care unit admission, repeated cranial computed tomography (CT) scan or intracranial pressure monitoring at a rural neurosurgical service in a developing country. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of our patients with cranial CT-confirmed TICHs selected for nonoperative treatment from our prospective head injury (HI) register over a 42-month period. RESULTS There were 67 patients (51 males) in this study with a mean age of 38.6 (standard deviation, 17.6) years, having mild HI in >half, (55.2%, 37/67) and anisocoria in 22.4% (15/67). Road traffic accident was the most common (50/67, 74.7%) trauma etiology. Isolated acute-subdural hematoma, intracerebral hemorrhage, and epidural hematoma occurred in 29.9%, 25.4%, and 22.4% of the patients respectively. Only 2 of 8 patients in whom intensive care unit admission was deemed necessary could afford admission. Repeat cranial CT scan was requested in 8 patients (8/67, 11.9%); only 5 of these could afford the investigation. The outcome of care was good in 82.1% patients (55/67). Increasing severity of the HI (P < 0.01) and presence of pupillary abnormality (P = 0.03) were significant predictors of poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS In a Nigerian rural neurosurgery practice, nonoperative management of a well-selected cohort of TICHs was attended by acceptable level of favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyin Ayofe Oyemolade
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo, Nigeria.
| | - Amos Olufemi Adeleye
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University College Hospital, UCH, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
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3
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Charcos IB, Wong TW, Larsen BR, Azurdia AR, Gridley DG, Vail SJ, Hollingworth AK, Lettieri SC, Feiz-Erfan I. Location of Traumatic Cranial Epidural Hematoma Correlates with the Source of Hemorrhage: A 12-Year Surgical Review. World Neurosurg 2021; 152:e138-e143. [PMID: 34033954 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidural hematoma (EDH) can result in a catastrophic outcome of traumatic brain injury. Current management guidelines do not consider the source of hemorrhage in decision making. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between EDH location and the source of hemorrhage. METHODS We report retrospectively reviewed, prospectively obtained surgical data of patients with acute traumatic cranial EDH treated between 2007 and 2018. Computed tomography (CT) scans were used to categorize EDH location as lateral or medial. The source of hemorrhage was identified intraoperatively by a single surgeon. RESULTS Overall, of 92 evacuated EDHs (in 87 patients), 71 (77.2%) were in the lateral location. Arterial bleeding was the cause of EDH in 63.4% of the lateral EDHs and 9.2% of the medial EDHs (P < 0.0001). In the cases where surgery was done primarily to treat EDH, 65.3% had an arterial bleed source (P < 0.0001). In those treated for primary reasons other than EDH evacuation, 75% had a venous bleed source (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The location of EDH correlates with the source of hemorrhage. The decision to operate on EDH may be influenced by this factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris B Charcos
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Tina W Wong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Brett R Larsen
- Department of Radiology, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Adrienne R Azurdia
- Emergency Medicine, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, HonorHealth Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel G Gridley
- Department of Radiology, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sydney J Vail
- Division of Trauma, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexzandra K Hollingworth
- Division of Trauma, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Salvatore C Lettieri
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Iman Feiz-Erfan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Creighton University, School of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Valleywise Health Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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Surgical Management of Trauma-Related Intracranial Hemorrhage-a Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2020; 20:63. [PMID: 33136200 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-020-01080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The surgical management of trauma-related intracranial hemorrhage is characterized by marked heterogeneity. Large prospective randomized trials have generally been prohibited by the ubiquity of concordant pathology, diversity of trauma systems, and paucity of clinical equipoise among providers. RECENT FINDINGS To date, the results of retrospective studies and surgeon preference have driven the indications, modality, extent, and timing of surgical intervention in the global neurosurgical community. With advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic TBI and the advent of novel surgical techniques, a reevaluation of surgical indication, timing, and approach is warranted. In this way, we can work to optimize surgical outcomes, achieving maximal functional recovery while minimizing surgical morbidity.
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Puffer RC, Yue JK, Mesley M, Billigen JB, Sharpless J, Fetzick AL, Puccio A, Diaz-Arrastia R, Okonkwo DO. Long-term outcome in traumatic brain injury patients with midline shift: a secondary analysis of the Phase 3 COBRIT clinical trial. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:596-603. [PMID: 30074459 DOI: 10.3171/2018.2.jns173138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), midline shift of the brain at the level of the septum pellucidum is often caused by unilateral space-occupying lesions and is associated with increased intracranial pressure and worsened morbidity and mortality. While outcome has been studied in this population, the recovery trajectory has not been reported in a large cohort of patients with TBI. The authors sought to utilize the Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment (COBRIT) trial to analyze patient recovery over time depending on degree of midline shift at presentation. METHODS Patient data from the COBRIT trial were stratified into 4 groups of midline shift, and outcome measures were analyzed at 30, 90, and 180 days postinjury. A recovery trajectory analysis was performed identifying patients with outcome measures at all 3 time points to analyze the degree of recovery based on midline shift at presentation. RESULTS There were 892, 1169, and 895 patients with adequate outcome data at 30, 90, and 180 days, respectively. Rates of favorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended [GOS-E] scores 4-8) at 6 months postinjury were 87% for patients with no midline shift, 79% for patients with 1-5 mm of shift, 64% for patients with 6-10 mm of shift, and 47% for patients with > 10 mm of shift. The mean improvement from unfavorable outcome (GOS-E scores 2 and 3) to favorable outcome (GOS-E scores 4-8) from 1 month to 6 months in all groups was 20% (range 4%-29%). The mean GOS-E score for patients in the 6- to 10-mm group crossed from unfavorable outcome (GOS-E scores 2 and 3) into favorable outcome (GOS-E scores 4-8) at 90 days, and the mean GOS-E of patients in the > 10-mm group nearly reached the threshold of favorable outcome by 180 days postinjury. CONCLUSIONS In this secondary analysis of the Phase 3 COBRIT trial, TBI patients with less than 10 mm of midline shift on admission head CT had significantly improved functional outcomes through 180 days after injury compared with those with greater than 10 mm of midline shift. Of note, nearly 50% of patients with > 10 mm of midline shift achieved a favorable outcome (GOS-E score 4-8) by 6 months postinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C Puffer
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John K Yue
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC, Pittsburgh; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ava Puccio
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC, Pittsburgh; and
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abbas M, Khairy S, AlWohaibi M, Aloraidi A, AlQurashi WW. Bilateral Temporal Extradural Hematoma on Top of Bilateral Temporal Arachnoid Cyst: First Case Report and Extensive Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2018; 115:134-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Khaled CN, Raihan MZ, Chowdhury FH, Ashadullah ATM, Sarkar MH, Hossain SS. Surgical management of traumatic extradural haematoma: Experiences with 610 patients and prospective analysis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-0508(08)80004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study was carried out to find out the age, sex, mode of injury, localization, clinical presentation, CT findings, operative measures and outcome of extradural haematoma in the patient population at Dhaka Medical College. 610 consecutive patients with cranial extradural haematoma who underwent surgery in department of Neurosurgery from 1st January 2006 to 6th October 2008 were included in this prospective study. Each of the patients were evaluated in term of age, sex, mode of injury, localization of haematoma, clinical presentation, CT findings, operative measures and outcome. Out of 610 cases 86.32 % were male and 13.78 % were female. The male and female ratio was 6.27: 1. Age ranged from 2.5 to 83 years. Commonest age group was 21 to 30 years. Commonest mode of injury was Road traffic Accident 53.45%, followed by Assaults. Most common clinical presentation was headache / Vomiting 63.61 %, followed by altered sensorium 60.66 %. In this present prospective study of 610 cases of EDH, temporo parietal site was involved in 33.45 % followed by frontal region in 23.28 %. Sixty five patients (10.66 %) died; 19 of these had associated brain injuries and 28 cases were deeply unconscious. Extradural haematoma is a neurosurgical emergency where early surgical intervention is associated with the best prognosis. Many factors affects the outcome of extradural haematoma surgery and the most important one is the duration of time between incident/accident and operation in neurosurgical operation theater; mortality can be close to 0% if this time interval can be minimized.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation, diagnosis, and triage of patients with TBI. Recent studies suggest that it also helps predict patient outcomes. TBI consists of multiple pathoanatomic entities. This article reviews the current state of TBI imaging including its indications, benefits and limitations of the modalities, imaging protocols, and imaging findings for each of these pathoanatomic entities. Also briefly surveyed are advanced imaging techniques, which include several promising areas of TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mutch
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, M391, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason F Talbott
- Department of Radiology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
| | - Alisa Gean
- Department of Radiology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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Soon WC, Marcus H, Wilson M. Traumatic acute extradural haematoma - Indications for surgery revisited. Br J Neurosurg 2016; 30:233-4. [PMID: 26742836 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2015.1119237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Extradural haematomas (EDH) occur in approximately 2% of all head injuries but account for a significant proportion of fatal head injuries with mortality rates ranging from 1.2 to 33%. The expeditious surgical evacuation of EDH is associated with an excellent prognosis and is considered the most cost-effective operation performed by neurosurgeons. The Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) has produced informative guidance on the management of EDH. The criteria laid out for conservative management comprises non-comatose patients with EDH less than 30 cm in volume, less than 15 mm thick and causing less than 5 mm midline shift. The BTF recommends that all patients with an EDH volume of greater than 30 cm(3) should undergo surgical evacuation regardless of Glasgow Coma Scale. This recommendation was based upon early case series and cohort studies from two decades. Within an ageing population, we now see many older patients who may accommodate greater extra-axial blood volumes. With this in mind, we believe the indications for surgical evacuation of EDH merit renewed consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Cheong Soon
- a Imperial Healthcare Trust, Major Trauma, St Mary's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Hani Marcus
- a Imperial Healthcare Trust, Major Trauma, St Mary's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Mark Wilson
- a Imperial Healthcare Trust, Major Trauma, St Mary's Hospital , London , UK
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Maugeri R, Anderson DG, Graziano F, Meccio F, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG. Conservative vs. Surgical Management of Post-Traumatic Epidural Hematoma: A Case and Review of Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2015; 16:811-7. [PMID: 26567227 PMCID: PMC4652627 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.895231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 30 Final Diagnosis: Acute epidural hematoma Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Observation Specialty: Neurosurgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Maugeri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Neurosurgical Clinic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Graziano
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences,School of Medicine, Neurosurgical Clinic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Meccio
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences,School of Medicine, Neurosurgical Clinic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Visocchi
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Catholic University School of Medicine, Policlinico "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Gerardo Iacopino
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Neurosurgical Clinic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Xiao B, Ma MYB, Duan ZX, Liu JG, Chen RP, Mao Q. Could a traumatic epidural hematoma on early computed tomography tell us about its future development? A multi-center retrospective study in China. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:487-94. [PMID: 25050450 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim for this study was to quantitatively develop an early epidural hematoma (EDH) natural evolutionary curve and assess association of the most common radiological signs of initially nonsurgical supratentorial EDHs on early computed tomography (CT), in addition to their CT time for EDH enlargement. We retrospectively reviewed pertinent data of supratentorial EDH cases with CT ≤ 6 h postinjury (1997-2013) in three medical institutions in Shanghai. Cases involved were divided into six groups according to their initial CT time postinjury (≤ 1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, and 5-6 h for groups 1 through 6, respectively). Time of initial CT, EDH-associated fractures, EDH volume, and EDH locations were the focus in the present study. A total of 797 eligible cases were included. The EDH growth curve showed that EDH reached 98.1% of its final stabilized size by volume in 5 ∼ 6 h postinjury. EDH volume and locations on initial CT was greatly associated with subsequent EDH increase ≥ 30 mL with EDH increase requiring surgery when CT time was added. Multi-variate analysis succeeded in determining two risk factors for EDH enlargement ≥ 30 mL and EDH enlargement requiring an operation for EDH cases with an early CT/EDH volume >10 mL on CT performed ≤ 2 h and EDH located at the temporal or temporoparietal region on CT ≤ 1 h post brain injury. Using recursive partitioning analysis, "high-risk" identification criteria were derived to predict EDH enlargement ≥ 30 mL with sensitivity of 90.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.9-96.2), specificity of 60.1% (95% CI, 54.3-65.7), and EDH enlargement requiring surgery with sensitivity of 100.0% (95% CI, 89.9-100.0), and specificity of 59.9% (95% CI, 54.1-65.4). A redo-CT 5 ∼ 6 h post impact for cases at high risk is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- 1 Neurosurgery Department, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
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12
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Khan MB, Riaz M, Javed G. Conservative management of significant supratentorial epidural hematomas in pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst 2014; 30:1249-53. [PMID: 24668144 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-014-2391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiologically significant epidural hematomas are generally treated with craniotomy and evacuation. However, pediatric patients with such hematomas may have normal neurological examinations. We aim to report the presenting features, management, and outcomes of pediatric patients who underwent conservative management of such hematomas at our center and also show that serial neurological examinations are a safe and effective way of managing these patients. METHODS A retrospective review of pediatric patients with extradural hematoma (EDH) thickness of at least 1 cm and who were conservatively managed was performed. All patients were followed up in neurosurgery outpatient clinics after discharge at 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 1-year intervals. Detailed neurological examination was performed at each visit, and a standardized questionnaire was also used to document the parent's subjective opinion of the patient's quality of life. RESULTS A total of 17 patients satisfied the study criteria and were included. Conservative management was successful in 15 patients, while a craniotomy with evacuation of hematoma had to be performed in two patients. All patients had a GOS score of 5 on 1-year follow-up, had normal schooling, and reported complete satisfaction with the management protocol. CONCLUSION Conservative treatment is an optimal treatment option, and patients can be followed safely using a protocol of serial neurological examinations. A center must have resources to perform a craniotomy with evacuation of EDH in case of neurological worsening and be able to provide trained staff to carry out serial neurological examinations before treating these patients conservatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khan
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan,
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OHSHIMA T, TAJIMA H, FUJII K, NAGAKURA M, NISHIZAWA T, KATO K, MIYACHI S. Combined Endovascular and Endoscopic Surgery for Acute Epidural Hematoma in a Patient With Poor Health. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2012. [DOI: 10.2176/nmc.52.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayato TAJIMA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kariya Toyota General Hospital
| | - Kentaro FUJII
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kariya Toyota General Hospital
| | | | | | - Kyozo KATO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kariya Toyota General Hospital
| | - Shigeru MIYACHI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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Seddighi A, Seddighi AS, Zali AR, Baqdashti HR. Presentation of a minimally symptomatic large extradural hematoma in a patient with an arachnoid cyst: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2011; 5:581. [PMID: 22182235 PMCID: PMC3339374 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hemorrhagic complications of arachnoid cysts have been reported, extensively presenting with subdural or intracystic hematoma after trauma, but presentation with extradural hemorrhage is very rare. In this paper, we report the case of a patient with an arachnoid cyst who developed an extradural hematoma after a subtle head injury. Our patient presented with very mild symptoms in spite of the very large size of the hematoma. Case presentation Our patient was a 23-year-old Iranian man who complained of diffuse progressive headache and vomiting after mild head trauma. A brain computerized scan showed a very large extradural hematoma in the left frontotemporoparietal convexity over a large arachnoid cyst. Conclusion Brain parenchyma containing an arachnoid cyst is vulnerable to trauma and increases the risk of serious hemorrhagic complications. We also suggest that the abnormal shape of the head should be considered as an indication for a computerized tomography scan in cases of mild head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoun Seddighi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center of Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Balik V, Lehto H, Hoza D, Phornsuwannapha S, Toninelli S, Romani R, Sulla I, Hernesniemi J. Post-Traumatic Frontal and Parieto-Occipital Extradural Haematomas: a Retrospective Analysis of 41 Patients and Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 72:169-75. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1286261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyse the differences between patients with frontal (FEDH) or parieto-occipital (POEDH) epidural haematomas and evaluate possible statistically significant prognostic factors.In this retrospective study of a group of 41 patients with a FEDH (17) or POEDH (24 individuals), the authors analysed the influence of gender, age, type of injury, clinical presentation, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score on admission, radiological findings, and time interval from trauma to surgery on outcomes. A good recovery and moderate disability were considered a “good” or “favourable outcome”, whereas severe disability, a vegetative state or death was a “poor outcome”.In the POEDH subgroup, a higher GCS score on admission and a younger age were statistically significant prognostic factors for a better outcome (p=0.006, rs=0.702). In the subgroup of patients with FEDHs, the results were not significant. However, patients with FEDHs more frequently had “good outcomes” than members of the POEDH subgroup (88.2 vs. 70.9%). Children (≤ 18 years old) constituted a smaller portion of the POEDH subgroup (12.5%) than those in the FEDH subgroup (41.2%). The evaluation of time intervals between the accident and surgery (≤ 24 h vs. > 24 h) showed no significant influence on outcomes in any of the studied subgroups. However, patients undergoing surgery within 24 h of their injury had a less favourable GCS score on admission than those operated on more than 24 h after their injury. Subacute and chronic clinical courses predominated in patients with a FEDH (10/17 FEDH vs. 11/22 POEDH). Different accompanying intradural lesions occurred in 12 patients of the POEDH subgroup, but only in 2 of the FEDH subgroup (50 vs. 11.8%). However, the presence of such lesions did not significantly deteriorate surgical outcomes in either of the subgroups.
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Abstract
To understand the role of imaging in traumatic brain injury (TBI), it is important to appreciate that TBI encompasses a heterogeneous group of intracranial injuries and includes both insults at the time of impact and a deleterious secondary cascade of insults that require optimal medical and surgical management. Initial imaging identifies the acute primary insult that is essential to diagnosing TBI, but serial imaging surveillance is also critical to identifying secondary injuries such as cerebral herniation and swelling that guide neurocritical management. Computed tomography (CT) is the mainstay of TBI imaging in the acute setting, but magnetic resonance tomography (MRI) has better diagnostic sensitivity for nonhemorrhagic contusions and shear-strain injuries. Both CT and MRI can be used to prognosticate clinical outcome, and there is particular interest in advanced applications of both techniques that may greatly improve the sensitivity of conventional CT and MRI for both the diagnosis and prognosis of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Kim
- Department of Radiology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Gean AD, Fischbein NJ, Purcell DD, Aiken AH, Manley GT, Stiver SI. Benign Anterior Temporal Epidural Hematoma: Indolent Lesion with a Characteristic CT Imaging Appearance after Blunt Head Trauma. Radiology 2010; 257:212-8. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10092075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bhau KS, Bhau SS, Dhar S, Kachroo SL, Babu ML, Chrungoo RK. Traumatic extradural hematoma - role of non-surgical management and reasons for conversion. Indian J Surg 2010; 72:124-9. [PMID: 23133222 PMCID: PMC3452499 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-010-0036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the role of conservative management and various reasons for conversion to surgical intervention in traumatic extradural hematoma (EDH). SETTING Government Medical College Jammu. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred-twenty trauma patients diagnosed as extradural hematoma on CT scan were managed during 1 year period. OUTCOMES Role of conservative management and various reasons for conversion to surgical intervention were studied. RESULTS Out of these 120 patients admitted 67 were managed conservatively, 53 cases were operated upon. 31 were operated upon immediately and 22 were operated upon as delayed. There was 1 death and 4 had poor outcome in this group of patients. CONCLUSION It is stressed that small size <10 ml, GCS >12 and locations other than temporal area are the criteria for conservative management. Twenty-two patients out of 89 were needed to be treated surgically during the course of conservative management due to neurodeterioration, increase in size of hematoma on CT, bradycardia, hemiparesis, pupillary abnormalities, delay in referral and only 18% had poor outcome. A strict vigilance is to be kept for clinical deterioration and various reasons mentioned above are to be kept in mind and patients should be subjected to repeated CT scan. Early diagnosis and immediate surgical intervention had good outcome, which shows the fruitful results of early diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulwant Singh Bhau
- Department of Surgery, Government Medical College Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Department of Surgery, Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | - Sanjay Dhar
- Department of Surgery, Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | - M. L. Babu
- Department of Surgery, Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - R. K. Chrungoo
- Department of Surgery, Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Lee YB, Kwon SJ. A more detailed classification of mild head injury in adults and treatment guidelines. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2009; 46:451-8. [PMID: 20041055 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2009.46.5.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze risk factors that are associated with intracranial lesion, and to propose criteria for classification of mild head injury (MHI), and appropriate treatment guidelines. METHODS The study was based on 898 patients who were admitted to our hospital with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13 to 15 between 2003 and 2007. The patients' initial computerized tomography (CT) findings were reviewed and clinical findings that were associated with intracranial lesions were analyzed. RESULTS GCS score, loss of consciousness (LOC), age and skull fracture were identified as independent risk factors for intracranial lesions. Based on the data analysed in this study, MHI patients were divided into four subgroups : very low risk MHI patients are those with a GCS score of 15 and without a history of LOC or headache; low risk MHI patients have a GCS score of 15 and with LOC and/or headache; medium risk MHI patients are those with a GCS score of 15 and with a skull fracture, neurological deficits or with one or more of the risk factors; high risk MHI patients are those with a GCS score of 15 with abnormal CT findings and GCS score of 14 and 13. CONCLUSION A more detailed classification of MHI based on brain CT scan findings and clinical risk factors can potentially improve patient diagnosis. In light of our findings, high risk MHI patients should be admitted and treated in same manner as those with moderate head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bae Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Korea
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20
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Turtz AR, Goldman HW. Head Injury. Crit Care Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Malik NK, Makhdoomi R, Indira B, Shankar S, Sastry K. Posterior fossa extradural hematoma: our experience and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 68:155-8; discussion 158. [PMID: 17662347 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2006.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posterior fossa EDH is an uncommon entity, accounting for only 4% to 12.9% of all EDHs It has a characteristic clinical presentation, which if detected can be life-saving. METHODS We sought to study the demographic features of patients with PFEDH and assess the clinical and radiologic predictors of the outcomes of as well as evaluate the various treatment modalities for this disease. We carried out a retrospective analysis of the cases of 61 patients with PFEDH who were admitted to the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Bangalore, India) from 1991 through 2002. We analyzed various parameters and applied Fisher's exact test for statistical analysis. RESULTS Mostly male individuals were affected with PFEDH. Their GCS score at admission and the presence of hydrocephalus as detected by CT scan determined the outcome of the patients. The children had better outcomes than did the adults. Patients with a good GCS score could be managed conservatively. CONCLUSIONS Posterior fossa EDH is rare. The PF is an unfavorable location of a hematoma. Good GCS scores have a favorable prognosis. Children have better outcomes than do adults, and the presence of hydrocephalus on CT scan is an ominous sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayil Khursheed Malik
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.
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22
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Bortoluzzi M, Pavia M. Endovascular treatment of incoercible epistaxis and epidural cerebral hematoma. A case report. Interv Neuroradiol 2006; 12:233-6. [PMID: 20569576 DOI: 10.1177/159101990601200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY A young patient with a facial trauma after a road accident was admitted to our department with incoercible epistaxis. A CT scan showed a right pterional acute epidural hematoma (EDH). Angiography demonstrated multiple sources of bleeding of the right sphenopalatine arteries, cause of the epistaxis, and an intracranial leakage of the right middle meningeal artery, responsible for the EDH. The patient immediately underwent embolization of the right internal maxillary artery and right middle meningeal artery. The procedure stopped the epistaxis and no further enlargement of the EDH was observed, avoiding its surgical treatment. Endovascular surgery may be an effective procedure to stop the arterial meningeal bleeding sustaining acute EDH and may be a useful tool in the management of special cases of post traumatic EDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bortoluzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery - University of Brescia
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23
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Nonoperative management of acute epidural hematomas: A “no-brainer”. Am J Surg 2006; 192:801-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alliez JR, Hilal N, Kaya JM, Leone M, Reynier Y, Alliez B. Hématomes intra-crâniens extra-duraux : à propos de 100 cas récents. Neurochirurgie 2005; 51:464-70. [PMID: 16327679 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3770(05)83504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a retrospective study on the management of 100 patients who presented epidural hematoma over a four-year period. Our goal was to provide an update on management of this injury. Computed tomography was performed because of the clinical presentation. Results provided information on the type of injury and appropriate treatment. A three-phase clinical progression was observed in only 6% of the patients. Despite state-of-the-art management, mortality remained high in these brain-injured patients (21%). No progress appears to have been achieved in the last ten years. This paradoxical fact probably results from the enhanced severity observed in our patients, who often suffered from associated intracranial injuries as well as multiple trauma (thoracic, abdominal trauma). Analysis study of the results confirms an improvement in mortality among patients with isolated epidural hematoma (6.6%), but great concern remains about the high mortality among patients with associated intracranial lesions (33.3%) or multiple trauma (32%).
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Affiliation(s)
- J-R Alliez
- Service de Neurochirurgie, CHU Nord/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille.
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Boviatsis EJ, Maratheftis NL, Kouyialis AT, Sakas DE. Atypical presentation of an extradural hematoma on the grounds of a temporal arachnoid cyst. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003; 105:225-8. [PMID: 12860520 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-8467(03)00022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a 56-year-old man, with atypical presentation of an extradural hematoma caused by head injury after a fall. The presence of a temporal arachnoid cyst on the grounds of temporal lobe agenesis altered the clinical image of this man, causing only mild symptoms where an otherwise acute neurologic deterioration would be expected in the case of an epidural hematoma of such extent. The hematoma was evacuated through a left pterional craniotomy and a tear in the middle meningeal vein was recognized as the source of bleeding. Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged within 5 days. An extensive review of literature available to us revealed only 5 other such cases reported that all were younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Boviatsis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45 Ipsilantou Street, 106 76, Athens, Greece.
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Jagoda AS, Cantrill SV, Wears RL, Valadka A, Gallagher EJ, Gottesfeld SH, Pietrzak MP, Bolden J, Bruns JJ, Zimmerman R. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40:231-49. [PMID: 12140504 DOI: 10.1067/mem.2002.125782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy S Jagoda
- International Brain Injury Association (IBIA), Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Head trauma is one of the most common childhood injuries, annually accounting for more than 500,000 emergency department visits, 95,000 hospital admissions, 7,000 deaths, and 29,000 permanent disabilities; hospital care costs alone exceed $1 billion annually. The majority of patients have minor head trauma, and, although most of these injuries are insignificant, minor head trauma causes a large number of intracranial injuries. The largest reduction in head trauma mortality rates results from preventing deterioration and secondary brain injury in patients with minor or moderate head injuries who initially appear to be at low risk. The goal of the clinician, therefore, is to identify those at risk for intracranial injury and subsequent deterioration, while limiting unnecessary imaging procedures. This article reviews the current data and practice in assessing and treating minor head trauma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Schutzman
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Gómez P, Lobato R, Lagares A, Alén J. Trauma craneal leve en adultos. Revisión de la literatura. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(00)70949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Cayli S, Beşkonakli E, Beştepe E, Okay O, Naldöken S, Taşkin Y. Asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic traumatic epidural haematomas: comparison of the results of surgical and conservative management related to SPECT and neuropsychological tests. Preliminary results. Neurosurg Rev 1999; 21:226-31. [PMID: 10068181 DOI: 10.1007/bf01105776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and thirteen patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic epidural heamatomas treated surgically or conservatively in our department were collected prospectively. Between 3 and 6 months after the head injury a SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) study for evaluation of the three-dimensional cerebral blood flow distribution and extensive neuropsychological tests were performed in 22 patients. The preliminary results of this prospective study have demonstrated that minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic EDHs cause no pathologic SPECT findings and that neuropsychological impairment and duration of the haematoma do not affect the results of conservative management.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Cerebrovascular Circulation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Craniocerebral Trauma/complications
- Female
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/diagnostic imaging
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/etiology
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/psychology
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/therapy
- Humans
- Male
- Prospective Studies
- Psychological Tests
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cayli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Numune Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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31
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Stein SC. High-risk minor head injury. J Neurosurg 1998; 88:613-4. [PMID: 9488324 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.3.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lobato R, Servadei F, Gómez P, González P. Tratamiento no quirúrgico de los hematomas epidurales y subdurales de pequeño y mediano tamaño. Criterios para la selección y seguimiento de los pacientes. Neurocirugia (Astur) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(97)71052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tuncer R, Açikbas C, Uçar T, Kazan S, Karasoy M, Saveren M. Conservative management of extradural haematomas: effects of skull fractures on resorption rate. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997; 139:203-7. [PMID: 9143585 DOI: 10.1007/bf01844752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In conservative management of extradural haematomas (EDH), several mechanisms were described to explain the resorption of the haematoma. One of these was the transfer of the clot into the epicranial space through the skull fracture. In this study, the effects of skull fracture and associated intracranial lesions in the conservative management of EDH were investigated. Skull fracture and associated intracranial lesions were found in 71.11% and 51.1% of the patients, respectively. Resorption rate was calculated using an original formula and it was 0.548 +/- 0.227 in patients with skull fracture and 0.507 +/- 0.170 in patients with both skull fractures and additional intracranial lesions. These rates were found to be significantly higher than in the patients without fracture. In conclusion, in the patients with EDH planned to be managed conservatively, skull fracture and additional intracranial lesions must not be thought as risk factors, on the contrary, resorption of the clot might be earlier than in the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tuncer
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Servadei F, Ciucci G, Loroni L, Cuscini M, Piola C, Arista A. Diagnosis and management of minor head injury: a regional multicenter approach in Italy. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1995; 39:696-701. [PMID: 7473958 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199510000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two series of patients admitted to the hospital after a minor head injury were collected in two different periods (1985 and 1989) in a regional hospital with a 24-hour computed tomography (CT) service, but without a neurosurgical unit. In 1988, a regional protocol on the management of patients with minor head injury (based on the presence of skull fractures in adults and on clinical parameters in children) was adopted. There was a 21% reduction in hospital admission in adults, and the number of skull x-ray films performed in children decreased significantly (p < 0.01). A more liberal use of CT examinations in asymptomatic patients with skull fractures produced an earlier identification of patients with extradural hematomas who were sent to neurosurgery before clinical deterioration with good results. Detection of cerebral contusions was clinically less important. Based on the availability of CT scanners in our area and on the results of our study, we have proposed new guidelines in management of minor head injury. The CT scans are obtained in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 or less. Skull x-ray films are obtained in patients older than 10 years with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14/15. If a fracture is found, the patient is sent to the nearest regional center for CT examinations. Children younger than 10 years are sent to a regional hospital with 24-hour CT availability for clinical observation or other indicated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Servadei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale M. Bufalini, Cesena, Italy
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Levitt MA, Cook LA, Simon BC, Williams V. Biochemical markers of cerebral injury in patients with minor head trauma and ethanol intoxication. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2:675-80. [PMID: 7584744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether biochemical markers can selectively identify those intoxicated patients with presumed minor head injuries who are likely to have CT evidence of intracranial injury. METHODS Patients presenting to the ED with simultaneous presumed minor head trauma and ethanol intoxication were prospectively entered into this cross-sectional study. Following phlebotomy, all patients received cranial CT. Associations between the presence of an abnormal CT scan for injury and serum levels of the following biochemical markers were sought: serum catecholamines, creatine kinase-brain band (CK-BB), and serum amylase. Serum levels are reported as mean +/- SEM. RESULTS Nine of the 107 patients (8.4%; 95% CI 3.9-15.4%) had evidence of intracranial injury on CT. Mean serum CK-BB (16.1 +/- 3.7 vs 13.2 +/- 9.6 ng/mL), serum norepinephrine (913 +/- 117 vs 1,089 +/- 76 pg/mL), and serum amylase (64.9 +/- 14.8 vs 84 +/- 4.7 U/L) levels were not significantly different in patients with and without CT evidence of intracranial injury, respectively. Mean serum epinephrine (298 +/- 54 vs 167 +/- 18 pg/mL; p = 0.03) and serum dopamine (218 +/- 50 vs 130 +/- 9 pg/mL; p = 0.014) levels were significantly elevated in the group with intracranial injury on CT. A threshold level of serum dopamine > or = 140 pg/mL yields a sensitivity of 89% (95% CI 52-100%) and a specificity of 80% (95% CI 70-87%) for CT-evident injury. A threshold level of serum epinephrine > or = 218 pg/mL yields a sensitivity of 89% (95% CI 52-100%) and a specificity of 80% (95% CI 70-87%) for CT-evident injury. CONCLUSION Elevated serum epinephrine and dopamine levels are associated with intracranial CT-evident injury for ethanol-intoxicated patients with presumed minor head injuries. The potential use of these biochemical markers to guide a more selective approach to cranial CT scanning warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Levitt
- Highland General Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA
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36
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Wong CW. Criteria for conservative treatment of supratentorial acute subdural haematomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 135:38-43. [PMID: 8748790 DOI: 10.1007/bf02307412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Without mortality, 31 patients underwent conservative treatment for traumatic supratentorial acute subdural haematoma (SDH). Later on six of them had the haematoma surgically evacuated mainly because of a deterioration of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. It was found that patients with a midline shift of less than 10 mm on the computed tomography (CT) scans and with a GCS score of 15 initially might be treated conservatively under close observation, reserving urgent craniotomy and evacuation of the SDH for those with deteriorating neurological conditions. A smaller degree of midline shift was tolerated by patients with an GCS score of less than 15: a shift of more than 5 mm on the initial CT scans predicted an exhaustion of the cerebral compensatory mechanism within 3 days of injury. In such cases the GCS score worsened, and surgical evacuation of the SDH became necessary. A total hospital stay of 6 to 7 days may suffice for those who have become fully conscious. Repeat CT studies before discharge should be done and a close follow-up during the first 3 to 4 weeks is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Wong
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Watanabe T, Nakahara K, Miki Y, Shibui S, Takakura K, Nomura K. Chronic expanding epidural haematoma. Case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 132:150-3. [PMID: 7754853 DOI: 10.1007/bf01404865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An encapsulated fluid epidural haematoma in a 9-year-old boy was successfully evacuated by a simple burr hole procedure 5 months after a minor head injury. Clinicopathological findings suggested that chronic expansion of an initially unsuspected epidural haematoma occurred as a result of repeated haemorrhages from the haematoma membrane, resulting in an unusually long delayed appearance of clinical evidence. This case demonstrates that a chronic expanding process similar to that seen in chronic subdural haematoma needs to be considered as a possible complication of epidural haematoma and indicates an important role for the haematoma membrane in the chronic expansion of epidural haematoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Servadei F, Vergoni G, Staffa G, Zappi D, Nasi MT, Donati R, Arista A. Extradural haematomas: how many deaths can be avoided? Protocol for early detection of haematoma in minor head injuries. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 133:50-5. [PMID: 8561036 DOI: 10.1007/bf01404947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Since 1988 in the referral area of the Neurosurgical Unit of Cesena, Italy, a protocol for prevention of deterioration in minor head injury was adopted. Adult patients admitted to any hospital with a GCS score of 15 and 14 (transient) without neurological deficit are submitted to skull x-ray: if a fracture is present the patient is sent for CT to the nearest regional Center. In children skull x-ray is not routinely performed and the patients are admitted for observation to the nearest regional hospital. To assess the effects of such a protocol on morbidity and mortality of extradural haematoma (EDH), from June 1989 to September 1991 a consecutive series of 95 patients harbouring a significant acute EDH was collected. Mean age was 31 years; in 70% trauma was caused by a road traffic accident. The patients were divided into 3 categories: a) Clinical deterioration: mean GCS at surgery was 7.7; out of 27 patients, 12 had anysocoria and 3 bilaterally fixed pupils; the outcome showed only two deaths, one related to the EDH and the other to cardiac arrythmia. Most of the patients deteriorated either during transport after being recognized as at risk or already in Neurosurgery allowing rapid surgical treatment. b) Impaired consciousness (18 cases) and c) Minor head injury (50 cases) are groups of patients treated without morbidity and mortality. If we compare these results with those of a previous study of our group done in 1980-86, there is a statistically significant difference concerning both mortality and morbidity. Our protocol proved therefore to be adequate in preventing most deaths that occurred following clinical deterioration in an apparently low risk patient.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- Head Injuries, Closed/diagnosis
- Head Injuries, Closed/mortality
- Head Injuries, Closed/surgery
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/diagnosis
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/mortality
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/surgery
- Hospital Mortality
- Humans
- Infant
- Italy/epidemiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Skull Fractures/diagnosis
- Skull Fractures/mortality
- Skull Fractures/surgery
- Survival Rate
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- F Servadei
- Division of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Maurizio Bufalini, Cesena, Italy
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39
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Wong CW. The CT criteria for conservative treatment--but under close clinical observation--of posterior fossa epidural haematomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 126:124-7. [PMID: 8042543 DOI: 10.1007/bf01476421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess whether the indications for conservative treatment of supratentorial epidural haematomas are applicable also to posterior fossa epidural haematomas (PFEDH), the author reviewed the records of 25 patients. With a PFEDH volume of no more than 10 ml, a thickness of no more than 15 mm, a midline shift of no more than 5 mm, and in the absence of a significant intracranial haematoma elsewhere on computed tomography (CT) scans, the patients undergoing conservative treatment achieved the same excellent outcome as those undergoing early surgery. These CT criteria for conservative treatment of PFEDHs are similar to those of supratentorial epidural haematomas except the volume factor, namely, 10 ml in the former against 30 ml in the latter. That means a PFEDH of 10 ml or larger in the small posterior fossa may produce the same degree of midline shift and compression, and be as dangerous as an epidural haematoma of 30 ml or larger in the more capacious supratentorial compartment. But also for epidural haematomas of the posterior fossa, which initially are smaller than 10 ml, the general rule remains valid that they should be under close clinical supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Wong
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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40
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41
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Cucciniello B, Martellotta N, Nigro D, Citro E. Conservative management of extradural haematomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993; 120:47-52. [PMID: 8434517 DOI: 10.1007/bf02001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The personal experiences with a series of 57 conservatively treated extradural haematomas (EDH) are presented and the criteria for conservative management outlined. Main preconditions are absence of neurological deficit, close clinical supervision and repeated CT check-ups.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- Head Injuries, Closed/diagnostic imaging
- Head Injuries, Closed/therapy
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/diagnostic imaging
- Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial/therapy
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neurologic Examination
- Remission, Spontaneous
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cucciniello
- Department of Neurosurgery, San Carlo Basilicata General Hospital, Potenza, Italy
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42
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Tuncer R, Kazan S, Uçar T, Açikbas C, Saveren M. Conservative management of epidural haematomas. Prospective study of 15 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993; 121:48-52. [PMID: 8475807 DOI: 10.1007/bf01405182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Conservative management of epidural haematoma (EDH) depends on a balance between expansion and resorption rate of the clot. 15 patients with EDH whose CT scans demonstrated a small EDH and were asymptomatic or with minor symptoms or with a delayed diagnosis were treated conservatively. The thickness of haematoma ranged between 4.9-40.8 mm. In two patients, the haematoma extended from the posterior fossa to the supratentorial region. In 7 patients, additional intracranial pathology was detected. None of the patients had neurological deterioration on follow up. The second CT was performed on second day at the earliest, in fourth week at the latest. We conclude that the patients with EDH who are neurologically stable during the first 24 hours after trauma, with small EDH and with minor or no symptoms or signs, might be candidates for conservative management. An absolute precondition for conservative management is close supervision of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tuncer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Türkiye
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43
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Chen TY, Wong CW, Chang CN, Lui TN, Cheng WC, Tsai MD, Lin TK. The expectant treatment of "asymptomatic" supratentorial epidural hematomas. Neurosurgery 1993; 32:176-9; discussion 179. [PMID: 8437654 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199302000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventy-four patients with a traumatic epidural hematoma (EDH) and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of more than 12 received expectant treatment; 14 subsequently underwent surgical evacuation of the EDH. A patient with initial brain computed tomograms (CT) showing an EDH volume of more than 30 ml, a thickness of more than 15 mm, and a midline shift beyond 5 mm tended to require surgery within 3 days of the injury when the brain had exhausted its compensatory mechanism and yielded to the expanding EDH. After the 3-day period, in the absence of neurological symptoms, the presence of the EDH may not be an indication for surgical evacuation or hospitalization beyond 7 days. In our patients, the presence of a skull fracture in the temporal bone, the heterogeneous density of the EDH in the CT scan, or the 6-hour period between the CT study and the injury did not significantly increase the failure rate of nonsurgical treatment. Although a zero mortality was achieved in this series, these guidelines may not be applicable to the management of an infratentorial EDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Jeret JS, Mandell M, Anziska B, Lipitz M, Vilceus AP, Ware JA, Zesiewicz TA. Clinical predictors of abnormality disclosed by computed tomography after mild head trauma. Neurosurgery 1993; 32:9-15; discussion 15-6. [PMID: 8421561 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199301000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We prospectively studied 712 consecutive patients during a 1-year period who presented with amnesia or loss of consciousness after nonpenetrating head trauma and who had a perfect Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15. Of the 67 (9.4%) patients with acute traumatic lesions disclosed by computed tomography (CT) of the head, 2 required neurosurgical intervention and 1 died. Four factors were statistically correlated (P < 0.05) with abnormal CT findings: Older age, white race, signs of basilar skull fracture, and being either a pedestrian hit by a motor vehicle or a victim of an assault. Sex, length of antero- or retrograde amnesia, forward and reverse digit spans, object recall, focal abnormality on the general neurological exam, and subjective complaints were not statistically correlated with CT abnormality. Using step-wise discriminant function analysis, no single item or combination of items could be used to classify 95% of the patients into either the normal or abnormal CT group. Therefore, regardless of age, mechanism of injury, or clinical findings, intracranial lesions cannot be completely excluded clinically on head-trauma patients who have loss of consciousness or amnesia, even if the Glasgow Coma Scale score is 15. However, only two patients (0.3%) required neurosurgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Jeret
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Health Science Center, Brooklyn
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46
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Jeret JS, Mandell M, Anziska B, Lipitz M, Vilceus AP, Ware JA, Zesiewicz TA. Clinical Predictors of Abnormality Disclosed by Computed Tomography after Mild Head Trauma. Neurosurgery 1993. [DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199301000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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47
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Jamjoom A. The influence of concomitant intradural pathology on the presentation and outcome of patients with acute traumatic extradural haematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1992; 115:86-9. [PMID: 1605089 DOI: 10.1007/bf01406363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pre-operative and early postoperative CT scans of 120 patients who had surgery for acute extradural haematoma were reviewed, 88 cases (73%) had an extradural haematoma alone (Group 1) while 32 cases (27%) had an additional intradural abnormality (Group 2). The abnormalities were a subdural haematoma in eight, a haemorrhagic contusion in 16 and hemisphere swelling in eight. The two groups were compared with regard to the findings that an additional intradural abnormality is likely to be associated with an older age, an injury following a road traffic accident, a GCS less than 7 at operation, additional extracranial injuries and a poorer outcome. The increase in the percentage of patients who were unconscious from the onset and the decrease in those who were always conscious with a concomitant intradural damage was without statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jamjoom
- Division of Neurosurgery, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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48
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Godano U, Serracchioli A, Servadei F, Donati R, Piazza G. Intracranial lesions of surgical interest in minor head injuries in paediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst 1992; 8:136-8. [PMID: 1611613 DOI: 10.1007/bf00298269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among 62 children and adolescents (1-16 years) admitted over a period of 3 years (1987-1989) with a minor head injury, 33 (53%) were found to harbour intracranial lesions of surgical interest. The most frequent lesion found was extradural haematoma (17 cases), followed by cerebral contusion (7 cases), depressed fracture (4 cases), depressed fracture with underlying contusion (3 cases) and pneumocephalus (2 cases). A skull fracture was present in 88% of patients with an intracranial lesion and in 50% of patients without lesions. Fifteen patients underwent surgery for an extradural haematoma or a depressed fracture. All had a good recovery. No correlation was found between age and Glasgow Coma Score on the one hand, and the incidence of both the presence of intracranial lesions and the necessity of surgical treatment on the other. The only important risk factor proved to be a skull fracture, which had occurred significantly more often in patients with intracranial lesions than in those without any.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Godano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Bellaria, Bologna, Italy
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49
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Abstract
Three 1-year surveys of head injury management spanning a 9-year period in a single regional centre are presented. There was a reduction in total numbers of head injury admissions after guidelines for admission and referral were implemented. More liberal use of computed tomography resulted in detection of a greater number of intracranial haematomas with the majority detected in non-comatose patients. The early mortality rate in severe head injury fell from 45 per cent to 34 per cent despite referral of large numbers of patients with multiple injuries and a substantial proportion (12 per cent) of patients aged more than 70 years in whom outcome did not improve. Total occupied bednights and bednights occupied per surviving patient with severe head injury fell over the period of study. Care for patients with significant head injury should be based on regional neurosurgical units associated with trauma services.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Miller
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
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