1
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Jankowski A, Fischer P, Hansen K, Schweikhard L. Delayed photodissociation of the tin cluster Sn 22. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1105-1112. [PMID: 38098439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04476a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Millisecond-delayed photodissociation of gas-phase Sn22- clusters stored in a Penning trap is investigated as a function of excitation energy. Sn15- is the only significant charged fragment, indicative of the break-off of neutral heptamers. Fits of the time-resolved fragmentation require a distribution of decay constants, caused by the finite width of the internal energy distribution of the cluster ensemble prior to photoexcitation. A lower limit for the dissociation energy for the loss of Sn7 is determined to be 2.1(1) eV, a factor of two above literature quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jankowski
- Institute for Physics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 6, 17498 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Paul Fischer
- Institute for Physics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 6, 17498 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lutz Schweikhard
- Institute for Physics, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 6, 17498 Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Lehr A, Rivic F, Jäger M, Gleditzsch M, Schäfer R. Optical absorption and shape transition in neutral Sn N clusters with N ≤ 40: a photodissociation spectroscopy and electric beam deflection study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11616-11635. [PMID: 35507965 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutral SnN clusters with N = 6-20, 25, 30, 40 are investigated in a joint experimental and quantum chemical study with the aim to reveal their optical absorption in conjunction with their structural evolution. Electric beam deflection and photodissociation spectroscopy are applied as molecular beam techniques at nozzle temperatures of 16 K, 32 K and 300 K. The dielectric response is probed following the approach in S. Schäfer et al., J. Phys. Chem A, 2008, 112, 12312-12319. It is improved on those findings and the cluster size range is extended in order to cover the prolate growth regime. The impact of the electric dipole moment, rotational temperature and vibrational excitation on the deflection profiles is discussed thoroughly. Photodissociation spectra of tin clusters are recorded for the first time, show similarities to spectra of silicon clusters and are demonstrated to be significantly complicated by the presence of multiphoton absorption in the low-energy region and large excess energies upon dissociation which is modelled by the RRKM theory. In both experiments two isomers for the clusters with N = 8, 11, 12, 19 need to be considered to explain the experimental results. Triple-capped trigonal prisms and double-capped square antiprisms are confirmed to be the driving building units for almost the entire size range. Three dominating fragmentation channels are observed, i.e. the loss of a tin atom for N < 12, a Sn7 fragment for N < 19 and a Sn10 fragment for N ≥ 19 with Sn15 subunits constituting recurring geometric motifs for N > 20. The prolate-to-quasispherical structural transition is found to occur at 30 < N ≤ 40 and is analyzed with respect to the observed optical behavior taking quantum chemical calculations and the Mie-Gans theory into account. Limitations of the experimental approach to study the geometric and electronic structure of the clusters at elevated temperatures due to vibrational excitation is also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehr
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Filip Rivic
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Marc Jäger
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Martin Gleditzsch
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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3
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Jahn-Teller and Pseudo Jahn-Teller Effects: Influences on the Electronic Structures of Small Transition, Main Group and Mixed Metal Clusters. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Shi SP, Zhao XF, Liu XY, Lei D, Yan M, Jiang G. Structural and Electronic Properties in Titanium-Doped Stannum Clusters: Comparison with Their Anions and Cations. J CLUST SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-018-1384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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König S, Jankowski A, Marx G, Schweikhard L, Wolfram M. Fission of Polyanionic Metal Clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:163001. [PMID: 29756934 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Size-selected dianionic lead clusters Pb_{n}^{2-}, n=34-56, are stored in a Penning trap and studied with respect to their decay products upon photoexcitation. Contrary to the decay of other dianionic metal clusters, these lead clusters show a variety of decay channels. The mass spectra of the fragments are compared to the corresponding spectra of the monoanionic precursors. This comparison leads to the conclusion that, in the cluster size region below about n=48, the fission reaction Pb_{n}^{2-}→Pb_{n-10}^{-}+Pb_{10}^{-} is the major decay process. Its disappearance at larger cluster sizes may be an indication of a nonmetal to metal transition. Recently, the pair of Pb_{10}^{-} and Pb_{n-10}^{-} were observed as pronounced fragments in electron-attachment studies [S. König et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 421, 129 (2017)IMSPF81387-380610.1016/j.ijms.2017.06.009]. The present findings suggest that this combination is the fingerprint of the decay of doubly charged lead clusters. With this assumption, the dianion clusters have been traced down to Pb_{21}^{2-}, whereas the smallest size for the direct observation was as high as n=28.
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Affiliation(s)
- S König
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Jankowski
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Marx
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Schweikhard
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Wolfram
- Institute of Physics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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6
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Koop A, Gantefoer G. On the linewidth in photoelectron spectra of size-selected clusters. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:124307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5004399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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7
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Koop A, Gantefoer G, Kim YD. Long-lived excited states in metal clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21335-21339. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02748f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived excited states may exist only in metal clusters with a weak coupling between the electronic and geometric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koop
- Department of Physics
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Gerd Gantefoer
- Department of Physics
- University of Konstanz
- Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Young Dok Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- South Korea
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8
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Götz DA, Shayeghi A, Johnston RL, Schwerdtfeger P, Schäfer R. Structural evolution and metallicity of lead clusters. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:11153-11160. [PMID: 27181365 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the metallic state in lead clusters and its structural implications are subject to ongoing discussions. Here we present molecular beam electric deflection studies of neutral PbN (N = 19-25, 31, 36, 54) clusters. Many of them exhibit dipole moments or anomalies of the polarizability indicating a non-metallic state. In order to resolve their structures, the configurational space is searched using the Pool Birmingham Cluster Genetic algorithm based on density functional theory. Spin-orbit effects on the geometries and dipole moments are taken into account by further relaxing them with two-component density functional theory. Geometries and dielectric properties from quantum chemical calculations are then used to simulate beam deflection profiles. Structures are assigned by the comparison of measured and simulated beam profiles. Energy gaps are calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. They are compared to Kubo gaps, which are an indicator of the metallicity in finite particles. Both, experimental and theoretical data suggest that lead clusters are not metallic up to at least 36 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Götz
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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9
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Götz DA, Shayeghi A, Johnston RL, Schwerdtfeger P, Schäfer R. Influence of spin-orbit effects on structures and dielectric properties of neutral lead clusters. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:164313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4872369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Zhao L, Xie H, Liu Z, Wang J, Xing X, Tang Z. Structure and Bonding in MPb 5– (M = Cu, Ag, and Au): A Combined Investigation by Theoretical Calculations and Photoelectron Imaging Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2325-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312822t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- College of Materials Sciences
and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Materials Sciences
and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xing
- College of Materials Sciences
and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zichao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Xie H, Qin Z, Wu X, Tang Z, Jiang L. Photoelectron velocity-map imaging signature of structural evolution of silver-doped lead Zintl anions. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:064318. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4745000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Wiesel A, Drebov N, Rapps T, Ahlrichs R, Schwarz U, Kelting R, Weis P, Kappes MM, Schooss D. Structures of medium sized tin cluster anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:234-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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14
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Zheng WJ, Thomas OC, Nilles JM, Bowen KH, Reber AC, Khanna SN. Gas phase analogs of stable sodium-tin Zintl ions: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and electronic structure. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:224307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3597604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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15
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Kelting R, Otterstätter R, Weis P, Drebov N, Ahlrichs R, Kappes MM. Structures and energetics of small lead cluster ions. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3518040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Li XP, Lu WC, Wang CZ, Ho KM. Structures of Pb(n) (n = 21-30) clusters from first-principles calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:465501. [PMID: 21403370 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/46/465501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Neutral lead clusters Pb(n) (n = 21-30) were studied using a genetic algorithm (GA)/tight-binding (TB) search combined with density functional theory (DFT)-Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) calculations. The calculated results show that the Pb(n) (22 ≤ n ≤ 30) clusters favor endohedral cage structures with two (Pb(22 - 26)) or three (Pb(27 - 30)) endohedral atoms. The binding energies, stabilities, and highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gaps of the Pb(n) clusters were also discussed. The results from our calculations also indicate that Pb(24) and Pb(28) are especially stable clusters compared with their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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17
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Lechtken A, Drebov N, Ahlrichs R, Kappes MM, Schooss D. Communications: Tin cluster anions (Snn−, n=18, 20, 23, and 25) comprise dimers of stable subunits. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:211102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3442411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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18
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Cha CY, Ganteför G, Eberhardt W. Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Clusters and Adsorbates on Clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Peters S, Peredkov S, Balkaya B, Ferretti N, Savci A, Vollmer A, Neeb M, Eberhardt W. Inner-shell photoionization spectroscopy on deposited metal clusters using soft x-ray synchrotron radiation: an experimental setup. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:125106. [PMID: 20059169 DOI: 10.1063/1.3267193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of mass-selected clusters by soft x-ray synchrotron radiation is well suited to receive element specific information on clusters in contact with a support and to systematically follow the evolution of size-dependent electronic and geometrical properties from the smallest clusters toward the bulk. Here we describe an experimental setup, which combines cluster synthesis, mass selection, soft landing, ultrahigh vacuum transfer, and photoionization experiments such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray absorption, and Auger electron spectroscopy. First spectroscopic results and experimental conditions are briefly discussed for Cu(19) deposited onto the natural oxide layer of a Si-wafer surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen-Campus Adlershof, Elektronenspeicherring BESSY II, Albert-Einstein Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Waldschmidt B, Turra M, Schäfer R. Surface-Induced Dissociation as a Probe for the Energetics and Structure of Lead Clusters. Z PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2007.221.11-12.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation of lead cluster ions (Pb
N
+: N = 2–20) in low-energy collisions with a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface has been investigated by means of a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer. At low incident energies, all clusters fragment dominantly by an atom loss process. This behavior is characteristic for clusters of metallic elements, but in contrast to Si
N
+, Ge
N
+ and Sn
N
+ clusters. The results therefore demonstrate differences in the electronic and geometric structure between lead clusters and the lighter group-14 element clusters. The low energy dissociation patterns were compared successfully with a recent theoretical study on lead cluster fragmentation, supporting the idea, that lead clusters cations already show signatures of metallic behavior unlike Si
N
+, Ge
N
+ and Sn
N
+ clusters of the same size.
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21
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Oger E, Kelting R, Weis P, Lechtken A, Schooss D, Crawford NRM, Ahlrichs R, Kappes MM. Small tin cluster anions: transition from quasispherical to prolate structures. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124305. [PMID: 19334828 DOI: 10.1063/1.3094320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures and energetics of small tin cluster Sn(n)(-) anions up to n=15 were determined by a combination of density-functional theory and three different experimental methods: Ion mobility spectrometry, trapped ion electron diffraction, and collision induced dissociation. We find compact, quasispherical structures up to n=12. Sn(12)(-) is a slightly distorted hollow icosahedron while Sn(13)(-) to Sn(15)(-) have prolate structures, consisting of merged, hollow, in part incomplete, deltahedral subunits: Sn(13)(-) consists of a face-sharing pentagonal bipyramid and tricapped trigonal bipyramid, Sn(14)(-) comprises a face-sharing dicapped trigonal prism and capped square-antiprism, and Sn(15)(-) consists of two face-sharing tricapped trigonal prisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Oger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Sun Z, Sun S, Liu H, Zhu Q, Gao Z, Tang Z. Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of MmC6F5 Anionic Complexes (M = Pb and Bi; m = 1−4). J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8045-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8099626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shutao Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qihe Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zichao Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Li XP, Lu WC, Zang QJ, Chen GJ, Wang CZ, Ho KM. Structures and Stabilities of Pbn (n ≤ 20) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6217-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810107c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Wen-Cai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Qing-Jun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Guang-Ju Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - C. Z. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - K. M. Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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24
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Senz V, Fischer T, Oelssner P, Tiggesbäumker J, Stanzel J, Bostedt C, Thomas H, Schöffler M, Foucar L, Martins M, Neville J, Neeb M, Möller T, Wurth W, Rühl E, Dörner R, Schmidt-Böcking H, Eberhardt W, Ganteför G, Treusch R, Radcliffe P, Meiwes-Broer KH. Core-hole screening as a probe for a metal-to-nonmetal transition in lead clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:138303. [PMID: 19392409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.138303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters serve as model systems to study basic problems of electronic correlation. Vacuum ultraviolet light from the free-electron laser FLASH ionizes 5d electrons from mass-separated negatively charged clusters, thus transiently leading to core-ionized neutral systems. Shielding of the core hole affects the electron binding energy. From the strong deviation from expectations of the metallic droplet and jellium models we conclude on reduced electronic shielding once the cluster size falls below about 20 atoms. This suggests a metal-to-nonmetal transition, in agreement with previous local density approximation calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Senz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany.
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25
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Sobhy MA, Reveles JU, Gupta U, Khanna SN, Castleman AW. Photoelectron imaging and theoretical investigation of bimetallic Bi1–2Ga0–2− and Pb1–4− cluster anions. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:054304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3069295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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26
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Assadollahzadeh B, Schäfer S, Schwerdtfeger P. Electronic properties for small tin clusters Snn(n≤ 20) from density functional theory and the convergence toward the solid state. J Comput Chem 2009; 31:929-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Liu XJ, Han KL, Sun ST, Tang ZC, Qin ZB, Cui ZF. Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Complexes of [Pbm−Pyridyl]− (m = 1−4). J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6850-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711459x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 11602, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241000, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 11602, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241000, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 11602, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241000, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 11602, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Bo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 11602, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 11602, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China, and Department of Physics, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province 241000, P.R. China
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Rajesh C, Majumder C. Structure and electronic properties of PbnM (M=C, Al, In, Mg, Sr, Ba, and Pb; n=8, 10, 12, and 14) clusters: Theoretical investigations based on first principles calculations. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:024308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2814166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cui LF, Wang LS. Stable icosahedral hollow cage clusters: stannaspherene and plumbaspherene. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350701791256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rajesh C, Majumder C. Atomic and electronic structures of neutral and charged Pbn clusters (n=2–15): Theoretical investigation based on density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:244704. [PMID: 17614574 DOI: 10.1063/1.2741537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric and electronic structures of the Pbn+ clusters (n=2-15) have been investigated and compared with neutral clusters. The search for several low-lying isomers was carried out under the framework of the density functional theory formalism using the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange correlation energy. The wave functions were expanded using a plane wave basis set and the electron-ion interactions have been described by the projector augmented wave method. The ground state geometries of the singly positively charged Pbn+ clusters showed compact growth pattern as those observed for neutrals with small local distortions. Based on the total energy of the lowest energy isomers, a systematic analysis was carried out to obtain the physicochemical properties, viz., binding energy, second order difference in energy, and fragmentation behavior. It is found that n=4, 7, 10, and 13 clusters are more stable than their neighbors, reflecting good agreement with experimental observation. The chemical stability of these clusters was analyzed by evaluating their energy gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals and adiabatic ionization potentials. The results revealed that, although Pb13 showed higher stability from the total energy analysis, its energy gap and ionization potential do not follow the trend. Albeit of higher stability in terms of binding energy, the lower ionization potential of Pb13 is interesting which has been explained based on its electronic structure through the density of states and electron shell filling model of spherical clusters.
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Cui LF, Wang LM, Wang LS. Evolution of the electronic properties of Snn− clusters (n=4–45) and the semiconductor-to-metal transition. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:064505. [PMID: 17313227 DOI: 10.1063/1.2435347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure of Sn(n) (-) clusters (n=4-45) was examined using photoelectron spectroscopy at photon energies of 6.424 eV (193 nm) and 4.661 eV (266 nm) to probe the semiconductor-to-metal transition. Well resolved photoelectron spectra were obtained for small Sn(n) (-) clusters (n< or =25), whereas more congested spectra were observed with increasing cluster size. A distinct energy gap was observed in the photoelectron spectra of Sn(n) (-) clusters with n< or =41, suggesting the semiconductor nature of small neutral tin clusters. For Sn(n) (-) clusters with n> or =42, the photoelectron spectra became continuous and no well-defined energy gap was observed, indicating the onset of metallic behavior for the large Sn(n) clusters. The photoelectron spectra thus revealed a distinct semiconductor-to-metal transition for Sn(n) clusters at n=42. The spectra of small Sn(n) (-) clusters (n< or =13) were also compared with those of the corresponding Si(n) (-) and Ge(n) (-) clusters, and similarities were found between the spectra of Sn(n) (-) and those of Ge(n) (-) in this size range, except for Sn(12) (-), which led to the discovery of stannaspherene (the icosahedral Sn(12) (2-)) previously [L. F. Cui et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 8391 (2006)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Cui
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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Abstract
Although Si or Ge is not known to form empty cage clusters such as the fullerenes, we recently found a unique 12-atom icosahedral tin cluster, Sn12 2- (stannaspherene). Here we report photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical evidence that Pb12 2- is also a highly stable icosahedral cage cluster and bonded by four delocalized radial pi bonds and nine delocalized on-sphere sigma bonds from the 6p orbitals of the Pb atoms. Following Sn12 2-, we coin a name, plumbaspherene, for the highly stable and nearly spherical Pb12 2- cluster, which is expected to be stable in solution and the solid state. Plumbaspherene has a diameter of approximately 6.3 A with an empty interior volume large enough to host most transition metal atoms, affording a new class of endohedral clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Cui
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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Liu H, Xing X, Sun S, Gao Z, Tang Z. Pbm−Phenyl (m = 1−5) Complexes: an Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Study. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:8688-94. [PMID: 16836429 DOI: 10.1021/jp0617470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenyl-lead metal complexes ([Pb(m)C6H5]-) produced from the reactions between benzene and lead clusters formed by laser ablation on a lead solid sample are studied by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and density functional theory (DFT). The adiabatic electron affinities (EAs) of [Pb(m)C6H5]- are obtained from PES at 308 nm, and the differences between the PES of [Pb(m)C6H5]- and the PES of Pbm- are discussed in detail. The results reveal that the phenyl group binds perpendicularly on lead clusters through the Pb-C sigma bond and the complexes have a closed shell structure. Calculations with DFT are carried out on the structural and electronic properties of [Pb(m)C6H5]-, and the adiabatic detachment energy for the optimized structures of anion are in agreement with the experimental PES results. The density of states (DOS) calculated is compared with experimental PES and is discussed. The most possible structures for each species are concluded, and the bonding between Pb and phenyl is analyzed, which also proves that the phenyl group binds perpendicularly on lead clusters through the Pb-C sigma bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
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Xing X, Tian Z, Liu H, Tang Z. Magic bimetallic cluster anions of M/Pb (M = Au, Ag and Cu) observed and analyzed by laser ablation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1411-1415. [PMID: 12820205 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
By using laser ablation on mixtures of coinage metals M (Cu, Ag, Au) and lead, M/Pb binary cluster anions containing up to tens of atoms were produced and analyzed. Most of the magic clusters discovered can be described based on the electron shell models which were deduced from simple homogeneous metal cluster systems. The clustering activities of coinage metals and lead were also compared with the properties of their bulk binary alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Tai Y, Murakami J, Majumder C, Kumar V, Mizuseki H, Kawazoe Y. Fragmentation of small tin cluster ions (Snx+: x=4–20) in the low-energy collisions with a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1496470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Zhao C, Balasubramanian K. Spectroscopic properties of lead hexamer and its ions (Pb6, Pb6+, Pb6−). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1476311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Balasubramanian K, Majumdar D. Spectroscopic properties of lead trimer (Pb3 and Pb3+): Potential energy surfaces, spin–orbit and Jahn–Teller effects. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1412000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Tai Y, Murakami J. Surface-induced fragmentation of tin cluster ions on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Meloni G, Schmude RW, Kingcade JE, Gingerich KA. Thermodynamic stability of Sn4, Sn5, Sn6, and Sn7 clusters by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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41
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Electronic Level Structure of Metal Clusters at Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57169-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Yoshida S, Fuke K. Photoionization studies of germanium and tin clusters in the energy region of 5.0–8.8 eV: Ionization potentials for Gen (n=2–57) and Snn (n=2–41). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Moravec VD, Klopcic SA, Jarrold CC. Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of small tin clusters. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Fässler TF, Muhr HJ, Hunziker M. Generation of Gas-Phase Ge, Sn, and Pb Cluster Anions from Various Sources and Comparison to Solid-State Analogues. Eur J Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0682(199810)1998:10<1433::aid-ejic1433>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Lüder C, Meiwes-Broer K. Electron detachment energies of PbN−(N=24–204) determined in a simple magnetic bottle photoelectron spectrometer. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Probing the electronic structure of transition metal clusters from molecular to bulk-like using photoelectron spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-1629(98)80012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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47
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Jackson P, Fisher K, Gadd G, Dance I, Smith D, Willett G. The gas phase reactivity and theoretical structures of germanium ions generated by direct laser vaporisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Siekmann HR, Holub-Krappe E, Wrenger B, Pettenkofer C, Meiwes-Broer KH. VUV-photoelectron spectroscopy on lead clusters deposited from the pulsed arc cluster ion source (PACIS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02198156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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