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Obaid R, Schnorr K, Wolf TJA, Takanashi T, Kling NG, Kooser K, Nagaya K, Wada SI, Fang L, Augustin S, You D, Campbell EEB, Fukuzawa H, Schulz CP, Ueda K, Lablanquie P, Pfeifer T, Kukk E, Berrah N. Photo-ionization and fragmentation of Sc 3N@C 80 following excitation above the Sc K-edge. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:104308. [PMID: 31521092 DOI: 10.1063/1.5110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the ionization and fragmentation of a metallo-endohedral fullerene, Sc3N@C80, using ultrashort (10 fs) x-ray pulses. Following selective ionization of a Sc (1s) electron (hν = 4.55 keV), an Auger cascade leads predominantly to either a vibrationally cold multiply charged parent molecule or multifragmentation of the carbon cage following a phase transition. In contrast to previous studies, no intermediate regime of C2 evaporation from the carbon cage is observed. A time-delayed, hard x-ray pulse (hν = 5.0 keV) was used to attempt to probe the electron transfer dynamics between the encapsulated Sc species and the carbon cage. A small but significant change in the intensity of Sc-containing fragment ions and coincidence counts for a delay of 100 fs compared to 0 fs, as well as an increase in the yield of small carbon fragment ions, may be indicative of incomplete charge transfer from the carbon cage on the sub-100 fs time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razib Obaid
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | | | - Thomas J A Wolf
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tsukasa Takanashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nora G Kling
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Deparment of Physics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kiyonobu Nagaya
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Wada
- Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sven Augustin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daehyun You
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- EastCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Pascal Lablanquie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Edwin Kukk
- Deparment of Physics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nora Berrah
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Qian DB, Ma X, Chen Z, Li B, Zhang DC, Zhu XL, Wen WQ, Liu HP. New insight into power-law behavior of fragment size distributions in the C₆₀ multifragmentation regime. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:054307. [PMID: 25106587 DOI: 10.1063/1.4891812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous experimental work has shown that a phase transition in C60 multifragmentation induced by nanosecond laser occurs at almost constant temperature covering a wide range of laser fluency. Here the relative yields of ionic fragments (IFs) C(n)(+) (n = 1-20) resulting from the multifragmentation are measured within the phase transition region. By excluding two small IFs and magic IFs due to their abnormal behavior, the data for residual IFs are used to estimate the size distributions of primary intermediate-mass IFs in the multifragmentation regime. The distributions are found to obey power laws n(-τ). Furthermore, the exponent τ values have sensitive dependence on lower laser fluency and converge to a constant of about 2.4 ± 0.2 for larger fluencies. These observations are in good agreement with an explanation based on the Fisher droplet model, offering the tantalizing possibility of a liquid-to-gas phase transition in C60 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Qian
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - X Ma
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Z Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - B Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - D C Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - X L Zhu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - W Q Wen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - H P Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Lebeault MA, Baguenard B, Concina B, Calvo F, Climen B, Lépine F, Bordas C. Decay of C60 by delayed ionization and C2 emission: Experiment and statistical modeling of kinetic energy release. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:054312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4737926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Qian DB, Ma X, Chen Z, Zhang DC, Zhang SF, Li B, Zhu XL, Liu HP, Wen WQ. Determining excitation temperature of fragmented C60via momentum distributions of fragments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3328-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lépine F, Baguenard B, Concina B, Lebeault MA, Bordas C. From molecular autoionization to thermionic emission. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701390198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Goulay F, Nemes L, Schrader PE, Michelsen HA. Spontaneous emission from C2(d3Πg) and C3(A1Πu) during laser irradiation of soot particles. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268971003627824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Qian D, Ma X, Chen Z, Zhang D, Zhu X, Li B, Liu H, Zu K, Wen W. Kinetic energies of Cn+ (n⩽58) fragment ions produced by nanosecond laser impact on C60. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Boyle M, Laarmann T, Shchatsinin I, Schulz CP, Hertel IV. Fragmentation dynamics of fullerenes in intense femtosecond-laser fields: Loss of small neutral fragments on a picosecond time scale. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:181103. [PMID: 15918684 DOI: 10.1063/1.1903949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragmentation dynamics of C60 irradiated with intense femtosecond laser pulses is studied with one-color pump-probe spectroscopy. Small neutral fragments (C, C2, and C3) are formed by an 800-nm pump pulse which are then postionized by a delayed probe pulse. The respective ion signals detected by the time-of-flight mass spectrometry dramatically increase on a time scale of 10-20 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boyle
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Lassesson A, Mehlig K, Gromov A, Taninaka A, Shinohara H, Campbell EEB. Investigations into the fragmentation and ionization of highly excited La@C82. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1513465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gobet F, Farizon B, Farizon M, Gaillard MJ, Buchet JP, Carré M, Märk TD. Probing the liquid-to-gas phase transition in a cluster via a caloric curve. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:203401. [PMID: 11690473 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-energy collisions ( 60 keV/amu) of hydrogen cluster ions with a helium target have been completely analyzed on an event-by-event basis. By selecting specific decay reactions we can start after the energizing collision with a microcanonical cluster ion ensemble of fixed excitation energy and we derive corresponding temperatures of the decaying cluster ions. The relation between the temperature and the excitation energy (caloric curve) exhibits the typical prerequisites of a first-order phase transition in a finite system, in the present case signaling the transition from a bound cluster to the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gobet
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, IN2P3-CNRS et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Gobet F, Farizon B, Farizon M, Gaillard MJ, Louc S, Gonçalves N, Barbatti M, Luna H, Jalbert G, de Castro Faria NV, Bacchus-Montabonel MC, Buchet JP, Carré M, Märk TD. Event-by-event analysis of collision-induced cluster-ion fragmentation: sequential monomer evaporation versus fission reactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:4263-4266. [PMID: 11328150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant decay channels have been studied quantitatively for high-energy (60 keV/amu) cluster ions H (3) (+)(H (2))(m = 1-14) colliding with He atoms employing a recently developed multicoincidence technique for the simultaneous detection of the correlated fragments on an event-by-event basis. This allows us to identify decay reactions and their underlying decay mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of the U-shaped fragmentation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gobet
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, IN2P3-CNRS et Université Claude Bernard, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Campbell EEB, Hoffmann K, Rottke H, Hertel IV. Sequential ionization of C60 with femtosecond laser pulses. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1336573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Campbell EE, Hansen K, Hoffmann K, Korn G, Tchaplyguine M, Wittmann M, Hertel IV. From above threshold ionization to statistical electron emission: the laser pulse-duration dependence of C60 photoelectron spectra. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:2128-2131. [PMID: 11017225 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1999] [Revised: 12/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectron spectra of C60 ionized using a 790 nm laser with pulse durations varying from 25 fs to 5 ps have been determined. For 25 fs pulses, in the absence of fragmentation, the ionization mechanism is direct multiphoton ionization with clear observation of above threshold ionization. As the pulse duration is increased, this becomes dominated by a statistical ionization due to equilibration among the electronic degrees of freedom. For pulse durations on the order of a ps coupling to the vibrational degrees of freedom occurs and the well-known phenomenon of delayed (&mgr;s) ionization is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- EE Campbell
- School of Physics and Engineering Physics, Gothenburg University & CTH, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tchaplyguine M, Hoffmann K, Dühr O, Hohmann H, Korn G, Rottke H, Wittmann M, Hertel IV, Campbell EEB. Ionization and fragmentation of C60 with sub-50 fs laser pulses. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Biasioli F, Fiegele T, Mair C, Herman Z, Echt O, Aumayr F, Winter HP, Märk TD. Surface-induced dissociation of singly and multiply charged fullerene ions. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1288032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Kooi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Ehlich R, Sprang H, Westerburg M, Campbell EEB. Fragmentation, charge transfer and chemical reactions in C60+/C70+–SF6 collisions. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Electron emission from a clean gold surface bombarded by slow multiply charged fullerenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Muigg D, Denifl G, Scheier P, Becker K, Märk TD. Kinetic energies of Cn+ fragment ions (58⩾n⩾4) produced by electron impact on C60. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Foltin M, Echt O, Scheier P, Dünser B, Wörgötter R, Muigg D, Matt S, Märk TD. Dissociation of singly and multiply charged fullerenes: Emission of C4, or sequential emission of C2? J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Foltin
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Echt
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P. Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B. Dünser
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Wörgötter
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D. Muigg
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Matt
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. D. Märk
- Institut für Ionenphysik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Winter B, Mitzner R, Kusch C, Campbell EEB, Hertel IV. On the mechanism of C60 thin film laser‐induced desorption. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Heszler P, Carlsson JO, Demirev P. Photodissociation dynamics of gas-phase C60 probed by optical emission spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:12541-12544. [PMID: 9982905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Scheier P, Dünser B, Wörgötter R, Matt S, Muigg D, Senn G, Måk TD. Electron impact ionization of C60and C70: production and properties of parent and fragment ions studied with a two-sector field mass spectrometer. INT REV PHYS CHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/01442359609353177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Interaction of electrons with C60+ and C60−: post-ionization, dissociation and kinetic energy release. Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(95)01261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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