Herstellung oberflächenmodifizierter Adsorbentien: III. Arylierung von Siliciumdioxidoberflächen durch Reaktion mit Organolithiumverbindungen

Nanostructured Silica with Anchoring Units: The 2D Solid Solvent for Molecules and Metal Ions

The ability to organize, separate and manipulate individual molecules and ions on a surface opens up almost unlimited opportunities. However, it often requires complex techniques and a proper support material. With this in mind, we show a new concept of 2D solid solvents and review a simple and efficient procedure which is based on nanostructured forms of silica with anchoring units. We describe silica supports, such as spherical nanoparticles and mesoporous silica structures, as well as review the methods for chemical modification of the surface of silica with the functional groups. Finally, we present a few particular examples of the immobilization of molecules and ions on the surface of 2D solid solvents along with the experimental investigation of the obtained materials.

The Influence of the Concentration of Cyclohexane Radicals Bonded with an Si100 Silica Gel Surface upon the Retention of Some Hydrocarbons in Gas Chromatography

Four adsorbents based on silica gel Si100 with chemically bonded cyclohexane have been prepared as stationary phases for gas chromatography. The concentrations of cyclohexane radicals thus bonded with the silica gel surface were 1.35, 3.35, 4.17 and 6.02 μmol/m2, respectively. Separation of aliphatic (C6–C12), aromatic (benzene, toluene and m-xylene) and some polar organic compounds (chloroform, ethylene chloride, chlorobenzene, p-chlorotoluene and ethyl benzene) by gas chromatography using columns packed with the prepared adsorbents was studied. It was concluded that the retention of some compounds was increased on the column packed with an adsorbent of 1.35 μmol/m2 concentration relative to that measured on the column packed with the unmodified silica gel. On columns packed with adsorbents with a higher bonded phase concentration than 1.35 μmol/m2, the retention times of all the compounds studied chromatographically decreased with an increase in the bonded phase concentration.

Peculiarities of zone migration and band broadening in gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins with respect to membrane chromatography

The peculiarities of zone migration and band broadening in the reversed-phase gradient HPLC of proteins were investigated. In the isocratic mode a critical composition of the mobile phase was found at which all proteins regardless of their molecular mass migrate with equal velocity and have a capacity factor equal to the phase ratio (VP/V0), i.e., the same capacity factor as a marker of total accessible volume would have in steric exclusion chromatography. It is shown that steric exclusion conditions are never achieved in gradient HPLC. In the first (adsorption stage) of gradient elution where the separation takes place the velocity of a protein increases until it becomes equal to the velocity of the desorbing solvent front at a critical distance X0 from column entrance. Strong broadening is characteristic of this stage. In the second (critical) stage the protein travels the remaining distance (L-X0) with the velocity of the solvent. A definition of X0 is given allowing one very simple calculation of the minimum permissible column length as a function of gradient steepness, mobile phase velocity and protein adsorption parameter. When x = X0 the protein zone has the smallest dispersion. Making L < X0 is especially disadvantageous, as it leads to anomalous bandspreading. The theory of gradient HPLC was refined on this basis and the usefulness of this approach in high-performance membrane chromatography is demonstrated.