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Guse K, Cerullo V, Hemminki A. Oncolytic vaccinia virus for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:595-608. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.558838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably the most successful live biotherapeutic agent because of its critical role in the eradication of smallpox, one of the most deadly diseases in human history. VACV has been exploited as an oncolytic therapeutic agent for cancer since 1922. This virus selectively infects and destroys tumor cells, while sparing normal cells, both in cell cultures and in animal models. A certain degree of therapeutic efficacy also has been demonstrated in patients with different types of cancer. In recent years, several strategies have been successfully developed to further improve its tumor selectivity and antitumor efficacy. Oncolytic VACVs carrying imaging genes represent a new treatment strategy that combines tumor site-specific therapeutics with diagnostics (theranostics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhai G Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA; Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry & Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Lévy F, Colombetti S. Promises and Limitations of Murine Models in the Development of Anticancer T-Cell Vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:269-95. [PMID: 17169777 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600992407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Murine models have been instrumental in defining the basic mechanisms of antitumor immunity. Most of these mechanisms have since been shown to operate in humans as well. Based on these similarities, active vaccination strategies aimed at eliciting antitumor T-cell responses have been elaborated and successfully implemented in various mouse models. However, the results of human antitumor vaccination trials have been rather disappointing thus far. This review summarizes the different experimental approaches used in mice to induce antitumor T-cell responses and identifies some critical parameters that should be considered when evaluating results from murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lévy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Meng J, Meng J, Duan J, Kong H, Li L, Wang C, Xie S, Chen S, Gu N, Xu H, Yang XD. Carbon nanotubes conjugated to tumor lysate protein enhance the efficacy of an antitumor immunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1364-1370. [PMID: 18720440 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted deep interest in recent years. Antitumor immunotherapy has the potential to improve the prognosis of cancer treatment but the efficacy of current immunotherapy generally needs further improvement. Multi-walled CNTs conjugated to tumor lysate protein are investigated as to whether they would enhance the efficacy of an immunotherapy employing a tumor-cell vaccine in a mouse model bearing the H22 liver cancer. The tumor cure rate is found to be markedly improved by CNTs conjugated to tumor lysate protein. The cellular antitumor immune reaction is also enhanced. Moreover, the observed antitumor immune response is relatively specific against the tumor intended for treatment. These findings suggest that CNTs may have a prospective role in the development of new antitumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, PR China
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Kudo-Saito C, Garnett CT, Wansley EK, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Intratumoral delivery of vector mediated IL-2 in combination with vaccine results in enhanced T cell avidity and anti-tumor activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1897-910. [PMID: 17503041 PMCID: PMC11030948 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic IL-2 is currently employed in the therapy of several tumor types, but at the price of often severe toxicities. Local vector mediated delivery of IL-2 at the tumor site may enhance local effector cell activity while reducing toxicity. To examine this, a model using CEA-transgenic mice bearing established CEA expressing tumors was employed. The vaccine regimen was a s.c. prime vaccination with recombinant vaccinia (rV) expressing transgenes for CEA and a triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM) followed by i.t. boosting with rF-CEA/TRICOM. The addition of intratumoral (i.t.) delivery of IL-2 via a recombinant fowlpox (rF) IL-2 vector greatly enhanced anti-tumor activity of a recombinant vaccine, resulting in complete tumor regression in 70-80% of mice. The anti-tumor activity was shown to be dependent on CD8(+) cells and NK1.1(+). Cellular immune assays revealed that the addition of rF-IL-2 to the vaccination therapy enhanced CEA-specific tetramer(+) cell numbers, cytokine release and CTL lysis of CEA(+) targets. Moreover, tumor-bearing mice vaccinated with the CEA/TRICOM displayed an antigen cascade, i.e., CD8(+) T cell responses to two other antigens expressed on the tumor and not the vaccine: wild-type p53 and endogenous retroviral antigen gp70. Mice receiving rF-IL-2 during vaccination demonstrated higher avidity CEA-specific, as well as higher avidity gp70-specific, CD8(+) T cells when compared with mice vaccinated without rF-IL-2. These studies demonstrate for the first time that the level and avidity of antigen specific CTL, as well as the therapeutic outcome can be improved with the use of i.t. rF-IL-2 with vaccine regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kudo-Saito
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Charlie T. Garnett
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Wansley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 8B09, MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892-1750 USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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Jack AM, Aydin N, Montenegro G, Alam K, Wallack M. A Novel Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Vaccine Produces Promising Results in a Syngenic CC-36 Murine Colon Adenocarcinoma Model. J Surg Res 2007; 139:164-9. [PMID: 17275030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to test the efficacy of a new cancer vaccine, composed of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with an interleukin-2 gene-encoded vaccinia virus tumor oncolysate (DC-IL-2VCO) in a CC-36 murine colon adenocarcinoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS CC-36 tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into the left flank of four- to six-week old male BALB/c mice. The mice were divided into three groups, each of which received one of the following treatments: (1) DCs pulsed with the IL-2 gene-encoded vaccinia oncolysate (DC-IL-2VCO), (2) DCs pulsed with the tumor oncolysate alone (DC-CO), or (3) no treatment (control). Tumor incidence was measured, and survival rates were compared using a paired Student's t-test. Cytolytic T cell activity was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and splenic lymphocytes using a (51)Cr-release assay. Lastly, mice were depleted of either CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes prior to receiving the vaccine to test the mechanism of tumor immunity in these mice. RESULTS Mice treated with DC-IL-2VCO demonstrated decreased tumor burden, increased survival, and greater cytolytic activity compared with control mice and mice receiving DC-CO. In addition, mice depleted of CD8+ T cells prior to immunization with IL-2VV + DC-IL-2VCO had a significant increase in the incidence of tumor, similar to the untreated control mice. CONCLUSIONS DCs pulsed with an IL-2 gene-encoded vaccinia virus tumor oncolysate (DC-IL-2VCO) produced safe and effective immune responses in a murine CC-36 colon adenocarcinoma model. This vaccine (DC-MelVac; Patent no. 11221/5) has the potential to treat humans with cancer, and has received FDA approval for use in Phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Jack
- Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Centers/New York Medical College, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Jack A, Boyes C, Aydin N, Alam K, Wallack M. The treatment of melanoma with an emphasis on immunotherapeutic strategies. Surg Oncol 2006; 15:13-24. [PMID: 16815006 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma continues to be one of the most difficult to treat of all solid tumors. Many new advances have been made in the surgical management of melanoma, including new guidelines for margins of excision, as well as sentinel node biopsy for the diagnosis of lymph node micrometastases. The search continues for an effective adjuvant melanoma treatment that can prevent local and distant recurrences. Melanoma is one of the most immunogenic of all tumors, and several clinical trials testing the immunotherapy of melanoma have been conducted, including trials in interferon, interleukin-2, and melanoma vaccines. Here we discuss many of the recent clinical trials in the surgical management of melanoma, in addition to the advances that have been made in the field of immunotherapy. A new second-generation melanoma vaccine, DC-MelVac (patent # 11221/5), has recently been granted FDA approval for Phase I clinical trials and will be introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Jack
- Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Centers/New York Medical College, 153 West 11th Street, Cronin Building, Room 667, New York, NY 10011, USA
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Menon AG, Eb MM, Kuppen PJK, Velde CJH. Gene Therapy Strategies for Colorectal Cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-160-2_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wallack MK, Sivanandham M, Balch CM, Urist MM, Bland KI, Murray D, Robinson WA, Flaherty L, Richards JM, Bartolucci AA, Rosen L. Surgical adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for patients with stage III melanoma: the final analysis of data from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter vaccinia melanoma oncolysate trial. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 187:69-77; discussion 77-9. [PMID: 9660028 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(98)00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of active specific immunotherapy (ASI) using vaccinia melanoma oncolysate (VMO) was performed in patients with stage III (American Joint Commission on Cancer) melanoma to determine the efficacy of VMO to increase the disease-free interval (DFI) or overall survival (OS) in these patients. Two interim analyses of data from this trial were performed in May 1994 and June 1995. Although the results from these analyses showed no statistically significant improvement in DFI or OS in all patients using VMO, two subsets-men aged 44-57 years with one to five positive nodes and all patients with clinical stage I and pathologic stage II disease-showed an overall survival advantage with VMO therapy. A final analysis of data from this trial was performed in May 1996 and is reported here. The design of future melanoma vaccine trials is discussed based on information learned from this first randomized, multicenter trial of ASI therapy. STUDY DESIGN A polyvalent VMO was prepared using melanoma cells derived from four melanoma cell lines and vaccinia vaccine virus (V). Patients were accrued from 11 United States institutions and were randomized by the Statistical Center at the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Two hundred fifty patients were randomized to treatment with either VMO (1 U containing 2 mg of total protein derived from 5 x 10(6) melanoma cells and 10(5.6) 50% tissue culture infectious dose of vaccinia virus) or control V (1 U containing 10(5.4) 50% tissue culture infectious dose of vaccinia virus) once a week for 13 weeks and then once every 2 weeks for a total of 12 months, or until recurrence. Patient data were collected by the Statistical Center and analyzed as of May 1996 for DFI and OS using Wilcoxon test and log-rank analysis. RESULTS Two hundred seventeen patients were found to be eligible according to the inclusion criteria. Data from these patients were analyzed for DFI and OS after a median followup of 46.3 months (50.2 months for VMO and 41.3 months for V). This final analysis showed no statistically significant increase in either DFI (p = 0.61) or OS (p = 0.79) of patients treated with VMO (n = 104) compared with V (n = 113). At 2-, 3-, and 5-year intervals, 47.8%, 43.8%, and 41.7% of patients treated with VMO were disease-free, respectively, compared with 51.2%, 44.8%, and 40.4% of patients treated with V. At the same intervals, 70.0%, 60.0%, and 48.6% of patients treated with VMO survived, compared with 65.4%, 55.6%, and 48.2% of patients treated with V. In a retrospective subset analysis, male patients aged 44-57 years (n = 20) with one to five positive nodes showed 18.9%, 26.82%, and 21.3% improvement in survival at 2-, 3-, and 5-year intervals, respectively, after treatment with VMO when compared with V (n = 18) (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS This study was a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled evaluation of an active specific immunotherapeutic agent to increase the DFI or OS of patients with stage III melanoma in a surgical adjuvant setting. In this trial, ASI with VMO when compared with V showed no difference in either DFI or OS. In a retrospective subset analysis, however, a subset of men with one to five positive nodes, between the ages of 44 and 57 years, showed a survival advantage with VMO. This result suggests that one must include a detailed subset analysis in the design of future trials of ASI for patients with American Joint Commission on Cancer stage III melanoma. An appropriate control arm also must be included in ASI trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Wallack
- St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center, New York, NY 10011, USA
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Ju DW, Cao X, Wan T, Zhang W, Tao Q, Yu Y, Chen G. Antitumor effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-gene encoded vaccinia melanoma oncolysate and its immunological mechanisms. Chin J Cancer Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02974971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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11
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Wallack MK, Sivanandham M, Ditaranto K, Shaw P, Balch CM, Urist MM, Bland KI, Murray D, Robinson WA, Flaherty L, Richards JM, Rosen L, Bartolucci AA. Increased survival of patients treated with a vaccinia melanoma oncolysate vaccine: second interim analysis of data from a phase III, multi-institutional trial. Ann Surg 1997; 226:198-206. [PMID: 9296514 PMCID: PMC1190955 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199708000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The efficacy of vaccinia melanoma oncolysate (VMO) vaccine to increase overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with surgically resected International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stage II melanoma was studied in a phase III, randomized, multi-institutional trial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Phase I and II trials with VMO showed minimal toxicity and clinical efficacy in patients with melanoma. In a recently completed phase III VMO trial, the first interim analysis performed in April 1994 showed an increasing trend in the survival of patients treated with VMO. The second interim analysis was performed in April 1995. METHODS Patients with surgically resected stage II (UICC) melanoma were treated with VMO (N = 104) or placebo vaccinia vaccine virus (V) (N = 113) once a week for 13 weeks and then once every 2 weeks for a total of 12 months. Patients' clinical data were collected as of May 1995 and analyzed for survival. RESULTS In this second interim analysis, the mean follow-up time is 42.28 months. No survival difference was observed between VMO and V treatments. However, in a retrospective subset analysis, a subset of males between the ages of 44 and 57 years and having one to five positive nodes (at 2-, 3-, and 5-year intervals, 13.6%, 15.9%, and 20.3% difference insurvival in favor of VMO [N = 20] when compared to V [N = 18] [p = 0.037]) and another subset of patients with clinical stage I (at 3- and 5-year intervals, 30% and 7% difference in survival in favor of VMO [N = 20] when compared to V [N = 23], [p = 0.05]) showed significant survival advantage with VMO. CONCLUSIONS Although VMO vaccine therapy in surgical adjuvant setting did not produce a significant survival benefit to all patients with melanoma, patients from the above two subsets had significant survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Wallack
- St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center/New York Medical College, New York 10011, USA
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Ruppert JM, Wright M, Rosenfeld M, Grushcow J, Bilbao G, Curiel DT, Strong TV. Gene therapy strategies for carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 44:93-114. [PMID: 9232269 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005761723853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Ruppert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-3300, USA
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Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor gene encoded vaccinia virus vector on murine pulmonary metastatic melanoma. Chin J Cancer Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02974714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Ju DW, Cao X, Acres B. Active specific immunotherapy of pulmonary metastasis with vaccinia melanoma oncolysate prepared from granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-gene-encoded vaccinia virus. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1996; 122:716-22. [PMID: 8954168 DOI: 10.1007/bf01209118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia melanoma oncolysate (VMO) prepared with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the gene of murine granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was tested for its therapeutic effect on melanoma pulmonary metastasis. The murine pulmonary metastasis model was established by injecting 2 x 10(5) B16F10 melanoma cells into the tail vein of a C57BL/6 mouse. Intraperitoneal injection of VMO was performed in tumor-bearing mice 3 and 10 days after B16F10 cell inoculation. The results showed that treatment with VMO prepared with GM-CSF-gene-encoded vaccinia virus (GM-CSFVMO) significantly decreased the number of murine pulmonary metastases and prolonged the survival of the tumor-bearing mice. Lymphocytes isolated from fresh blood and spleen of GM-CSFVMO-treated mice showed higher cytolytic activity against B16F10 melanoma cells when compared with lymphocytes from the mice of other treatment groups. Natural killer activity remained unchanged in the GM-CSFVMO-treated group. Cytotoxic activities of peritoneal macrophages were found to be greatly elevated in mice treated with GM-CSFVMO. Further study illustrated that the increased tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide release from macrophages may contribute to their cytotoxic effects. These results suggest that the tumor oncolysate vaccine prepared with GM-CSF-gene-encoded vaccinia virus has a potent therapeutic effect on tumor metastasis through the efficient induction of antitumor immunity of the host, mainly through the cytotoxic effects of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Ju
- Department of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Liu DL, Radnell M, Svanberg K, Seifert J. Immunotherapy in liver tumors: III. A new experimental model of metastatic liver tumors from colorectal carcinoma for cytokine therapy. Cancer Lett 1995; 88:211-19. [PMID: 7874695 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)03623-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new model of metastatic liver tumors in Wistar/Furth rats is introduced. A colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (LDLX40) induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine was injected through one of the branches of the ileal mesenteric vein to develop metastatic liver tumors in rats. On day 30 after the inoculation of tumor cells, micrometastases were detected under microscopy in all animals that received tumor inoculation. Macrometastases in 87.7% of animals were found by either the tumor staining test or ultrasonography. No extrahepatic tumor developed in this tumor model. To observe the effects of different treatment strategies on metastatic liver tumors, 35 animals were randomly divided into four groups. Group I served as control. Group II underwent hepatic artery ligation (HAL). Group III received intraportal administration of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). Group IV had intraportal medication of rIL-2 and IFN-alpha + HAL (the IIH protocol). Results indicated that rapid tumor growth was seen in the control tumors. HAL produced little response to metastatic liver tumors as compared to the control group (P > 0.05). The combined application of rIL-2 and IFN-alpha showed an improved result, with 22% of tumor growth inhibition or regression (P < 0.05 compared to the control group). Twenty-eight percent of tumor growth restraint or regression was found in the group treated with the IIH protocol (P < 0.05 compared to the control group). We conclude that this new experimental model of metastatic liver tumors is reproducible, and that the IIH protocol is effective in the treatment of metastatic liver tumors in rats. These beneficial effects from the IIH protocol may be introduced into patients with metastatic liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Liu
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Lund University, Sweden
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Liu DL, Seifert J, Cwikiel W. Immunotherapy in liver tumours: I. Combined administration of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha through the subcutaneous transposed spleen prolongs the half-life of IL-2 in vivo and enhances antitumor effects. Cancer Lett 1994; 85:31-7. [PMID: 7923099 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two modifications in this study, including the use of subcutaneous transposed spleen (STS) as a port for administration of recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), and the mixture of IL-2 and IFN-alpha with degradable starch microspheres (IIM), for the treatment of rat liver tumor are introduced. Group I is the control. Group II received the IIM schedule through the STS. Group III and group IV received IL-2 and IFN-alpha, diluted with normal saline and injected through the STS or a peripheral vein. The comparative studies indicated that the best result was seen in group II where the elevated concentration of IL-2 in portal blood and massive tumor necrosis with lysis were observed. Inhibitions of tumor growth of 33%, 20% and 13% in group II, III, and IV, respectively, were observed. We conclude that administration of the IIM schedule through the STS is an effective method for the treatment of liver tumor in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Liu
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Lund University, Sweden
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