Influencing leisure choices of autisticlike children

An outpatient group training programme for improving leisure lifestyle in high-functioning young adults with ASD: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the effectiveness of an outpatient programme on the leisure lifestyle of high-functioning young adults living at home or at an independent setting.

METHODS

A pre-test-post-test control group design was used. Participants (n = 12) completed self-reports on (a) need for leisure support, (b) leisure engagement and (c) satisfaction with leisure lifestyle. The programme consisted of cognitive-behavioural techniques.

RESULTS

Significant within-group changes for the experimental group (n = 7) were found, indicating decreases in 'need for leisure support', more regular leisure engagement patterns and an increase in 'leisure satisfaction' following the programme. Between-group statistics reveal medium and large effect sizes for decreases in need for leisure support and a medium effect size for increase in 'leisure satisfaction', all in favour of the experimental group. Results regarding 'leisure engagement' were less clear.

CONCLUSION

The preliminary programme was effective in improving leisure lifestyle and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Using objects of obsession as token reinforcers for children with autism

We assessed the effectiveness of using objects of obsession as token reinforcers to increase task performance for children with autism. The use of obsessions as tokens (e.g., letter "A", a picture of a train) was compared with the use of typical tokens (e.g., stars, happy faces). A multiple baseline design across children with a reversal within child was used. Data were collected on percentage correct of task responses and on the occurrence of inappropriate behaviors during work sessions. Results indicated that percentage correct on task performance was higher when objects of obsession were used as tokens as opposed to when typical tokens were used. Concomitant decreases in inappropriate behaviors during work sessions were also noted. Results are discussed in terms of primary versus secondary reinforcement and the effects of saliency and novelty of the reinforcing stimuli.

Preference, choice, and persons with disabilities: a synopsis of assessments, interventions, and future directions

A recent revolution in service delivery for persons with developmental disabilities encompasses increased client independence and improved quality of life. Specifically, care providers have focused on client expressions of preference, choice-making, and choice availability as key elements of study in this new revolution. We review and critique the primary methods of assessing preference and choice for persons with disabilities, including interviews and questionnaires, pictorial presentations, technological apparati, and direct observation. We also provide an overview of the burgeoning literature on intervention programs designed to enhance choice for this population, such as giving more choice to clients, teaching choice-making skills, and improving staff member skills regarding choice availability. Finally, we provide a synopsis of the future directions in this area that should receive the most attention from researchers and caregivers.