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Cao L, Shitara H, Sugimoto M, Hayashi JI, Abe K, Yonekawa H. New evidence confirms that the mitochondrial bottleneck is generated without reduction of mitochondrial DNA content in early primordial germ cells of mice. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000756. [PMID: 19997484 PMCID: PMC2777314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, observations of rapid shifts in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants between generations have led to the creation of the bottleneck theory for the transmission of mtDNA. The bottleneck could be attributed to a marked decline of mtDNA content in germ cells giving rise to the next generation, to a small effective number of mtDNA segregation units resulting from homoplasmic nucleoids rather than the single mtDNA molecule serving as the units of segregation, or to the selective transmission of a subgroup of the mtDNA population to the progeny. We have previously determined mtDNA copy number in single germ cells and shown that the bottleneck occurs without the reduction in germline mtDNA content. Recently one study suggested that the bottleneck is driven by a remarkable decline of mtDNA copies in early primordial germ cells (PGCs), while another study reported that the mtDNA genetic bottleneck results from replication of a subpopulation of the mtDNA genome during postnatal oocyte maturation and not during embryonic oogenesis, despite a detected a reduction in mtDNA content in early PGCs. To clarify these contradictory results, we examined the mtDNA copy number in PGCs isolated from transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins specifically in PGCs as in the aforementioned two other studies. We provide clear evidence to confirm that no remarkable reduction in mtDNA content occurs in PGCs and reinforce that the bottleneck is generated without reduction of mtDNA content in germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Cao
- Laboratory of Mouse Models for Human Heritable Diseases, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (Rinshoken), Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Ishikawa K, Hayashi JI. Generation of mtDNA-exchanged cybrids for determination of the effects of mtDNA mutations on tumor phenotypes. Methods Enzymol 2009; 457:335-46. [PMID: 19426877 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and resultant mitochondrial dysfunction induce various phenotypes, such as mitochondrial diseases, aging, and tumorigenesis. However, it is difficult to conclude whether mtDNA mutations are truly responsible for these phenotypes due to the regulation of the mitochondrial functions by both mtDNA and nuclear DNA. The mtDNA-exchange techniques are very effective to exclude the influence of nuclear DNA mutations on expression of these phenotypes. Using these techniques, we recently showed that specific mtDNA mutations can regulate tumor cell metastasis. In this chapter, we describe the methods to establish the mtDNA-exchanged cell lines (cybrids). Applying this technique will reveal how mtDNA mutations are related to various biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Menzorov AG, Matveeva NM, Larkin DM, Zaykin DV, Serov OL. Fate of parental mitochondria in embryonic stem hybrid cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x08040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Abstract
At fertilization, the mammalian sperm transmits the haploid paternal genome. However, it also carries a variety of other factors into the oocyte that have the potential to affect embryo development. These include mRNAs left over from spermatogenesis, mitochondria with their own DNA, cytoskeletal and contractile elements, remnants of the sperm plasma membrane and, in many species, the sperm centriole. While most of these elements are eliminated, some play essential roles in early embryogenesis. In this review, I summarize the latest information on these phenomena and indicate some of the implications for animal biotechnology and, in particular, cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cummins
- Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
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Hashiguchi K, Ikushima T. Novel point mutations in mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of Chinese hamster cells. Genes Genet Syst 2000; 75:59-67. [PMID: 10925784 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.75.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To know the nature and mechanisms of spontaneous mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we determined, by direct cycle sequencing, the nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminal region of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene from chloramphenicol-resistant (CAP-R) mutants isolated in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Four different base substitutions were identified in common for the six CAP-R mutants. All mutations were heteroplasmic. One A to G transition was mapped at a site within the putative peptidyl transferase domain, the target region for chloramphenicol, and one G to A transition and two T to G transversions were located within the two different segments which form the stems of the hairpin loop structures attached to this key domain in the predicted secondary structure of 16S rRNA. The mutations detected in this study do not map to the same sites where CAP-R mutations were found previously in mammalian cells. Allele specific-PCR analyses revealed that all four mutations occurred on a single mutant-DNA molecule, but not on several ones independently. Together with the other previous reports, our data suggest that spontaneous mtDNA mutations may not be caused exclusively by oxidative DNA damage at least in 16S rRNA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kyoto University of Education, Japan
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6
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Inoue K, Ito S, Takai D, Soejima A, Shisa H, LePecq JB, Segal-Bendirdjian E, Kagawa Y, Hayashi JI. Isolation of mitochondrial DNA-less mouse cell lines and their application for trapping mouse synaptosomal mitochondrial DNA with deletion mutations. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:15510-5. [PMID: 9182585 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.24.15510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For isolation of mouse mtDNA-less (rho0) cell lines, we searched for various antimitochondrial drugs that were expected to decrease the mtDNA content and found that treatment with ditercalinium, an antitumor bis-intercalating agent, was extremely effective for completely excluding mtDNA in all the mouse cell lines we tested. The resulting rho0 mouse cells were successfully used for trapping the mtDNA of living nerve cells into dividing cultured cells by fusion of the rho0 cells with mouse brain synaptosomes, which represent synaptic endings isolated from nerve cells. With neuronal mtDNA obtained, all of the cybrid clones restored mitochondrial translation activity similarly regardless of whether the mtDNA was derived from young or aged mice, thus at least suggesting that defects in mitochondrial genomes are not involved in the age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction observed in the brain of aged mice. Furthermore, we could trap a very small amount of a common 5823-base pair deletion mutant mtDNA (DeltamtDNA5823) that was detectable by polymerase chain reaction in the cybrid clones. As the amount of mutant mtDNA with large scale deletions was expected to increase during prolonged cultivation of the cybrids, these cells should be available for establishment of mice containing the deletion mutant mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Inoue
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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7
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Soejima A, Inoue K, Takai D, Kaneko M, Ishihara H, Oka Y, Hayashi JI. Mitochondrial DNA is required for regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a mouse pancreatic beta cell line, MIN6. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:26194-9. [PMID: 8824267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.42.26194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether mtDNA and mitochondrial respiratory function in pancreatic beta cells are necessary for the phenotypic expression of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, we used a cultured mouse pancreatic beta cell line, MIN6, and two derivative lines, mtDNA knockout MIN6 (rho0 MIN6) and mtDNA repopulated cybrid MIN6. The MIN6 cells retain the property of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but their mtDNA knockout induced the loss of mitochondrial transcription, translation, and respiration activity, without inhibition of transcription of the insulin gene or loss of succinate dehydrogenase activity, indicating that the observed mitochondrial dysfunction in rho0 MIN6 cells was not due to a cytotoxic side effect derived from the mtDNA knockout. Moreover, the mtDNA depletion also inhibited both the glucose-stimulated increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ content and the elevation of insulin secretion. The possibility of the involvement of nuclear genome-encoded factors in this process was excluded by the observation that the missing sensitivity to extracellular glucose stimulation in rho0 MIN6 cells was restored reversibly by repopulation with foreign mtDNA and isolating cybrid MIN6 clones. Therefore, these findings provide unambiguous evidence for the involvement of the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by mtDNA impairment in developing pathogeneses of some forms of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soejima
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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8
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Identification of cytoplasmically transferred mitochondrial DNA in female germlines of Drosophila and its propagation in the progeny. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hayashi J, Yonekawa H, Murakami J, Tagashira Y, Pereira-Smith OM, Shay JW. Mitochondrial genomes in intraspecies mammalian cell hybrids display codominant or dominant/recessive behavior. Exp Cell Res 1987; 172:218-27. [PMID: 3653255 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(87)90108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique type of nonstochastic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segregation was found in mammalian cells. In human cell hybrids isolated from the fusion of HeLa cells with 23, GM639, A549, or 293 cells, HeLa mtDNA was always lost from the hybrids, whereas both parental mtDNAs were maintained in hybrids of HeLa X 143BTK-. Similar phenomena were observed in mouse cell hybrids isolated by the fusion of cells with different mtDNA types. Types 1, 2, and 3, can be distinguished from each other by restriction fragment-length polymorphisms. The mouse cell hybrids between cells with type 1 and type 2 mtDNA always lost type 2 mtDNA, whereas the hybrids between cells with type 2 and type 3 mtDNA retained both types stably. These observations suggest that either a codominant or a dominant/recessive relationship may be present in intraspecies mitochondrial genomes of human and mouse cells. When the mitochondrial genomes in cell hybrids are codominant, stochastic segregation occurs while nonstochastic segregation occurs when they are in the dominant/recessive relationship. These concepts may help elucidate organelle heredity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Saitama Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
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Zuckerman SH, Gillespie FP, Solus JF, Rybczynski R, Eisenstadt JM. Mitochondrial protein synthesis in interspecific somatic cell hybrids. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1986; 12:449-58. [PMID: 3464102 DOI: 10.1007/bf01539916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of an oligomycin (OLI)-resistant mutant of mouse LM(TK-) cells to a chloramphenicol (CAP)-resistant mutant of AK412 Chinese hamster cells resulted in a series of interspecific somatic cell hybrids. Hybrids selected in HAT medium retained only mouse mitochondrial genomes while hybrids selected in HAT plus CAP and OLI retained both hamster and mouse mitochondrial genomes in approximately equal amounts. Nuclear-coded mitochondrial proteins from both parental species were incorporated into mitochondria in all of the hybrids. However, the mitochondrially coded proteins of three individually isolated hybrid cell lines were predominantly mouse-specific, with only trace amounts of hamster protein detected.
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Iwakura Y, Nozaki M, Asano M, Yoshida MC, Tsukada Y, Hibi N, Ochiai A, Tahara E, Tosu M, Sekiguchi T. Pleiotropic phenotypic expression in cybrids derived from mouse teratocarcinoma cells fused with rat myoblast cytoplasts. Cell 1985; 43:777-91. [PMID: 2416471 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cybrid clones were isolated by fusing mouse embryonal carcinoma (PCC4) cells with cytoplasts of rat myoblastic cells (L6TG X CAPr). Although some clones were similar to PCC4 (Type II), a high proportion (88%) were differentiated; the differentiated cells had a mesh-like arrangement (Type I) or were flat with many projections (Type III). Protein patterns of both Type I and Type III cells changed markedly from that of PCC4 cells. Type III cells lacked alkaline phosphatase and expressed endo A and B proteins predominantly. One Type III clone produced alpha-fetoprotein and plasminogen activator (visceral endoderm-like), while another clone consisted of trophectodermal cell-like giant cells. Therefore it was shown that introduction of the somatic cell cytoplasm induces differentiation of teratocarcinoma stem cells, suggesting a cytoplasmic element (or elements) regulating gene expression.
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Ajiro K, Nishikawa Y, Tosu M, Sekiguchi T. Histone expressions in mouse-rat somatic reconstituted cells. Exp Cell Res 1985; 161:141-9. [PMID: 4054227 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(85)90498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A critical analysis of histone expression was performed on the four interspecific and the two intraspecific reconstituted cells formed between karyoplast from mouse B16 cells and the cytoplast from rat cells (L6TG.CAPr) or mouse cells (B82.CAPr). All the reconstituted cells had the same pattern of mouse histones and the same amount of mouse-specific H2B. 2 histone as that of mouse nuclear donor cells. A hybrid between B16 and L6TG.CAPr contained both mouse and rat-specific H1b subtypes, whereas no rat-specific H1b was detected in the interspecific reconstituted cells. In both intra- and interspecific reconstituted cells, the proportion of H1b content was lower than that of B16 cells but that of H1 degree was higher, indicating that the mouse H1 patterns from these cells slightly resembled the pattern of slower growing and differentiated cytoplast donor cells. As an effect of the tumor promoter, the H1 pattern tended to revert to that of the nuclear donor cells in agreement with the phenotypic reversion, without any significant change in cell growth.
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Hayashi J, Tagashira Y, Yoshida MC. Absence of extensive recombination between inter- and intraspecies mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells. Exp Cell Res 1985; 160:387-95. [PMID: 2995099 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(85)90185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recombination of mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined using mouse X rat somatic cell hybrid clones and rat cybrid clones. The mouse X rat hybrids were isolated by fusion of chloramphenicol-sensitive (CAPs) mouse and CAP-resistant (CAPr) rat cells. The rat cybrids were isolated by fusion of rat cells with type B mtDNA and enucleated cells with type A mtDNA. Genetic and physical analyses showed that the mtDNAs of the hybrids and cybrids were simple mixtures of the two parental mtDNAs except in the following two cases: One was subclone H2-9 of mouse X rat hybrids, which was CAPr even though mtDNA from the CAPs mouse parent was predominantly retained. The other was rat cybrid subclones, Y12-24 and -61, which showed specific loss of one Hinf I fragment of type B mtDNA, B10. These observations suggest that, in contrast to the case with plant mtDNA, recombination of mammalian mtDNA occurs rarely, if at all.
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15
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White FA, Bunn CL. Segregation of mitochondrial DNA in human somatic cell hybrids. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 197:453-60. [PMID: 6098801 DOI: 10.1007/bf00329942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of mtDNA has been examined in human intraspecific hybrid cells constructed from the fusion of HEB7A, a HeLa tumor cell line carrying the mitochondrially coded chloramphenical (CAP) resistance mutation, and GM 2291, a limited lifespan human diploid fibroblast which is CAP sensitive. These two cells can be distinguished by a polymorphism in a site for the restriction endonuclease, HaeIII. Independently isolated clones of hybrid cells were characterized for their growth properties (either normal limited lifespan or transformed and "immortal"). Whole cell DNA preparations were made from each hybrid, digested with HaeIII, and the resultant fragments were detected by hybridization to 32P labelled mouse mtDNA as probe. Experiments with mixtures of HEB7A and GM 2291 DNA reveal that HEB7A mtDNA can be detected when it constitutes as little as 5% of the total cell mtDNA. The results indicate that the HEB7A mtDNA is lost from most hybrids, and when it does persist it is usually a minor component of total mtDNA. The addition of CAP at the time of fusion slightly increases the quantity of HEB7A mtDNA, but not enough to confer CAP resistance. Furthermore, five limited lifespan hybrids contained no detectable HEB7A mtDNA, while three transformed hybrids contained varying quantities of HEB7A mtDNA, suggesting that retention of this tumor form of mtDNA is associated with tumor growth behavior. These results suggest that cytoplasmic genetic incompatibility occurs in intraspecific hybrids.
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Hayashi J, Tagashira Y, Higashida H, Hirai S, Yoshida MC, Sekiguchi T. Isolation and characterization of intraspecific cybrids. Effect of mitochondrial DNA on their cellular properties. Exp Cell Res 1984; 154:357-66. [PMID: 6090185 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(84)90159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cybrid clones were obtained by fusing whole cells of rat glioma C6BU-1, resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), with cytoplasts of embryonic rat 3Y1CAP cells, resistant to chloramphenicol (CAP), in selective medium with BrdU and CAP. The clones resistant to BrdU and CAP were confirmed to be cybrids by chromosome and mtDNA analyses. More than half the mtDNA of all the cybrid clones was from the 3Y1CAP cells. After cultivation of a cybrid clone Y22 for 3 months in the absence of CAP, subclones were isolated. One subclone Y22-22 contained predominantly mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the 3Y1CAP cells. Using this subclone, the effects of the mitochondrial genome on cellular properties were examined. The growth patterns, expression of glioma-specific beta-adrenergic receptor, and composition of the major proteins of C6BU-1 cells were not affected by transmitted mtDNA from the 3Y1CAP cells. This procedure for isolating cells containing predominantly foreign mtDNA will be useful in studies on the interaction between genomes of the mitochondria and nucleus.
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Solus JF, Eisenstadt JM. Retention of mitochondrial DNA species in somatic cell hybrids using antibiotic selection. Exp Cell Res 1984; 151:299-305. [PMID: 6323197 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(84)90380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific cell hybrids were constructed by fusion of an antimycin-resistant, thymidine kinase- (TK-) Chinese hamster cell line with a chloramphenicol-resistant, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase- (HPRT-) mouse cell line. Hybrids were selected in HAT medium alone, or HAT supplemented with chloramphenicol, antimycin, or both antibiotics. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of these hybrids indicates that antibiotic selection directed at the mitochondrial populations results in retention of the resistant parental genome and loss of the sensitive parental genome.
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Zuckerman SH, Solus JF, Gillespie FP, Eisenstadt JM. Retention of both parental mitochondrial DNA species in mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1984; 10:85-91. [PMID: 6583855 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific somatic cell hybrids were isolated following the fusion of an oligomycin-resistant derivative of LM (TK-) mouse cells to a chloramphenicol-resistant derivative of AK412 Chinese hamsters cells. Hybrids were selected in either HAT medium, HAT plus chloramphenicol (CAP), HAT plus oligomycin (OLI), or HAT plus chloramphenicol and oligomycin. Cytogenetic analysis of the hybrids indicated that their karyotype reflected the sum of the parents. Hybrids selected in HAT medium alone or HAT plus OLI retained primarily mouse mitochondrial DNA while those selected in HAT plus CAP, or HAT plus CAP plus OLI retained both species of mitochondrial DNA. There was no evidence for mitochondrial DNA recombination, despite the continued growth of these hybrids in CAP plus OLI. Hybrids that were removed from dual antibiotic selection for over three months retained both species of mitochondrial DNA in approximately equal amounts with no detectable loss or rearrangement.
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Hayashi J, Tagashira Y, Watanabe T, Sekiguchi T. Effect of mitochondrial DNA composition on the cellular properties of interspecific hybrid cells. Exp Cell Res 1983; 148:258-64. [PMID: 6628556 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Four subclones with single species of mitochondria and three subclones with both parental mitochondria were isolated from a mouse-rat hybrid cell line H2. The effects of the coexistence of different species of mitochondria on cellular properties were examined in these clones. Growth properties were studied by comparing the plating efficiencies and doubling times. The numbers of growing colonies and the doubling times of all the subclones were found to be almost the same, indicating that these growth properties were not affected by the presence of both mouse and rat mitochondria within the cells. The correlation between the expression of chloramphenicol (CAP)-resistance and the relative contents of mtDNA of CAP-resistant (CAPr) rat and CAP-sensitive (CAPs) mouse parent cells in the subclones were also examined. The expression of CAP resistance was measured as the relative plating efficiency. Subclones with a high content of mtDNA from CAPr rat parent cells showed high relative plating efficiency.
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Hayashi J, Tagashira Y, Yoshida MC, Ajiro K, Sekiguchi T. Two distinct types of mitochondrial DNA segregation in mouse-rat hybrid cells. Stochastic segregation and chromosome-dependent segregation. Exp Cell Res 1983; 147:51-61. [PMID: 6617768 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segregation were found in different mouse-rat hybrid cell lines. On mouse-rat hybrid cell line, H2, retained complete sets of chromosomes and mtDNAs of both mouse and rat. Even after cultivation for about one year after cloning, the H2 cell population still retained both parental mtDNAs. However, when mtDNAs of H2 subclones were examined, it was found that some individual cells in the H2 cell population contained only mouse or only rat mtDNA, although they still retained complete sets of both kinds of parental chromosomes. This type of mtDNA segregation, named stochastic segregation, is bidirectional and may be caused by the repetition of random sharing of mouse and rat mtDNAs with daughter cells. This segregation occurred spontaneously during long-term cultivation. The second type of mtDNA segregation, named chromosome-dependent segregation, was found in the other mouse-rat hybrid cell lines that segregated either mouse or rat chromosomes. In these hybrid cells, chromosomes and mtDNA of the same species co-segregated. This second type of segregation is unidirectional. The types of mtDNA segregation appear to depend on the stability of the parental chromosomes in the hybrid cells. When both mouse and rat chromosomes retain stably, mtDNA shows stochastic segregation. On the contrary, when either species of chromosomes is segregated from the cells, mtDNA shows chromosome-dependent segregation.
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Howell N. Origin, cellular expression, and cybrid transmission of mitochondrial CAP-R, PYR-IND, and OLI-R mutant phenotypes. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1983; 9:1-24. [PMID: 6836447 DOI: 10.1007/bf01544045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol-resistant (CAP-R) mouse and Chinese hamster lines were isolated in a single selection step in drug medium containing pyruvate. Cellular expression of the CAP-R phenotype required pyruvate--or an appropriate substitute--as a nutritional supplement. Subclone lines which were pyruvate independent (PYR-IND) arose in second-step selections at a high frequency. CAP-R PYR-IND Chinese hamster mutants could be directly isolated in single-step selections but at a very low frequency. Subclone lines (OLI-R) which were cross-resistant to oligomycin were isolated in a third selection cycle. The PYR-IND and OLI-R phenotypes were cotransmitted with the CAP-R mtDNA mutation but were expressed at the cellular level only if the number of mutant mitochondrial genomes exceeded a minimum threshold value. Analysis of a mtDNA restriction fragment alteration in one series of mutants supported this model. Threshold limits for cellular expression of mitochondrial mutant phenotypes are likely to be a general phenomenon and will constrain models of the origin and segregation of mtDNA mutations.
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Hayashi JI, Tagashira Y, Yoshida MC, Tosu M, Sekiguchi T. Stability of parental mitochondrial DNA species and expression of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes in mouse-rat hybrid cells. Exp Cell Res 1982; 138:261-70. [PMID: 6281044 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(82)90175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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