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Berezina OV, Rykov SV, Schwarz WH, Liebl W. Xanthan: enzymatic degradation and novel perspectives of applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:227. [PMID: 38381223 PMCID: PMC10881899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular heteropolysaccharide xanthan, synthesized by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas, is widely used as a thickening and stabilizing agent across the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. Expanding the scope of its application, current efforts target the use of xanthan to develop innovative functional materials and products, such as edible films, eco-friendly oil surfactants, and biocompatible composites for tissue engineering. Xanthan-derived oligosaccharides are useful as nutritional supplements and plant defense elicitors. Development and processing of such new functional materials and products often necessitate tuning of xanthan properties through targeted structural modification. This task can be effectively carried out with the help of xanthan-specific enzymes. However, the complex molecular structure and intricate conformational behavior of xanthan create problems with its enzymatic hydrolysis or modification. This review summarizes and analyzes data concerning xanthan-degrading enzymes originating from microorganisms and microbial consortia, with a particular focus on the dependence of enzymatic activity on the structure and conformation of xanthan. Through a comparative study of xanthan-degrading pathways found within various bacterial classes, different microbial enzyme systems for xanthan utilization have been identified. The characterization of these new enzymes opens new perspectives for modifying xanthan structure and developing innovative xanthan-based applications. KEY POINTS: • The structure and conformation of xanthan affect enzymatic degradation. • Microorganisms use diverse multienzyme systems for xanthan degradation. • Xanthan-specific enzymes can be used to develop xanthan variants for novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana V Berezina
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Academician Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Rykov
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Academician Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Wolfgang H Schwarz
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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An Insight into the Essential Role of Carbohydrate-Binding Modules in Enzymolysis of Xanthan. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065480. [PMID: 36982553 PMCID: PMC10049358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, due to the low accessibility of enzymes to xanthan substrates, the enzymolysis of xanthan remains deficient, which hinders the industrial production of functional oligoxanthan. To enhance the enzymatic affinity against xanthan, the essential role of two carbohydrate binding modules—MiCBMx and PspCBM84, respectively, derived from Microbacterium sp. XT11 and Paenibacillus sp. 62047—in catalytic properties of endotype xanthanase MiXen were investigated for the first time. Basic characterizations and kinetic parameters of different recombinants revealed that, compared with MiCBMx, PspCBM84 dramatically increased the thermostability of endotype xanthanase, and endowed the enzyme with higher substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency. Notably, the activity of endotype xanthanase was increased by 16 times after being fused with PspCBM84. In addition, the presence of both CBMs obviously enabled endotype xanthanase to produce more oligoxanthan, and xanthan digests prepared by MiXen-CBM84 showed better antioxidant activity due to the higher content of active oligosaccharides. The results of this work lay a foundation for the rational design of endotype xanthanase and the industrial production of oligoxanthan in the future.
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Moroz OV, Jensen PF, McDonald SP, McGregor N, Blagova E, Comamala G, Segura DR, Anderson L, Vasu SM, Rao VP, Giger L, Sørensen TH, Monrad RN, Svendsen A, Nielsen JE, Henrissat B, Davies GJ, Brumer H, Rand KD, Wilson KS. Structural Dynamics and Catalytic Properties of a Multimodular Xanthanase. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Moroz
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Pernille F. Jensen
- Protein Analysis Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sean P. McDonald
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicholas McGregor
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elena Blagova
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Comamala
- Protein Analysis Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Anderson
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshojvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvard, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lars Giger
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshojvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvard, Denmark
| | - Trine Holst Sørensen
- Department of Science and Environment, INM, Roskilde University, 1 Universitetsvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Svendsen
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshojvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvard, Denmark
| | | | - Bernard Henrissat
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC 1408, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, F-13288, UMR 7857 CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, F-13288 Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Protein Analysis Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keith S. Wilson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Ashraf S, Soudi MR, Ghadam P. Production of Xanthanases by Paenibacillus spp.: Complete Xanthan Degradation and Possible Applications. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:120-127. [PMID: 29845059 PMCID: PMC5811053 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background: A number of microorganisms and their enzymes have been reported as xanthan depolymerizers. Paenibacillus species are well-known polysaccharide hydrolyzing bacteria. However, Paenibacillus alginolyticus and Paenibacillus sp. XD are the only species in the genus which are now known to degrade xanthan. Objectives: Complete biodegradation of the xanthan exopolysaccharide is a rarely found capability among microorganisms. The aim of this study is to survey xanthanase producing bacteria with an appropriate bioactivity for the biopolymer degradation under different environmental conditions. Materials and Methods: The bacteria were isolated based on viscosity reduction of the xanthan solution. Bacterial isolates were identified using rep-PCR (repetitive element-based genomic fingerprinting) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Xanthanases were identified using rep-PCR (repetitive element-based genomic fingerprinting) and 16S rDNA sequencing. Xanthanases were characterized by measuring their activity at different temperatures, pH values, and NaCl concentrations. Degradation of other polysaccharides and xanthan degradation products were investigated based on the screening plate method and TLC (thin-layer chromatography), respectively. Results:Six isolates from different Paenibacillus species with a complete xanthan degrading capability were isolated from Urmia Lake. Phylogenetic analysis placed these strains within the genus Paenibacillus with the closest relatives that were found to be P. nanensis, P. phyllosphaerae, P. agaridevorans, P. agarexedens, and P. taohuashanense. These isolates displayed different levels of the xanthan biodegradation activity in temperatures ranging from 15 to 55°C and pH values from 4 to 11. Xanthanolytic activity was generally prevented in presence of NaCl (> 0.1 mol.L-1). Furthermore, the isolated Paenibacillus spp. could degrade several other polysaccharides including xylan, CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), starch, alginate, and pectin. Conclusion: Novel strains of the six different Paenibacillus species that were introduced in the present study are able to produce xanthanases with interesting characteristics. In light of the results from this study, special applications, particularly in healthcare, medicine, and the environment is hereby proposed for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Ashraf
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Postal code:1993893973. Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Soudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Postal code:1993893973. Iran
| | - Parinaz Ghadam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Postal code:1993893973 Iran
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Production and purification of a novel xanthan lyase from a xanthan-degrading Microbacterium sp. strain XT11. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:368434. [PMID: 25054177 PMCID: PMC4099120 DOI: 10.1155/2014/368434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A xanthan lyase was produced and purified from the culture supernatant of an excellent xanthan-modifying strain Microbacterium sp. XT11. Xanthan lyase was induced by xanthan but was inhibited by its structural monomer glucose. Its production by strain XT11 is much higher than that by all other reported strains. The purified xanthan lyase has a molecular mass of 110 kDa and a specific activity of 28.2 U/mg that was much higher than that of both Paenibacillus and Bacillus lyases. It was specific on the pyruvated mannosyl residue in the intact xanthan molecule, but about 50% lyase activity remained when xanthan was partially depyruvated. Xanthan lyase was optimally active at pH 6.0–6.5 and 40°C and alkali-tolerant at a high pH value of 11.0. The metal ions including K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Li+ strongly stimulated xanthan lyase activity but ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ were its inhibitor. Xanthan lyase should be a novel enzyme different from the other xanthan lyases ever reported.
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Hashimoto W, Miki H, Tsuchiya N, Nankai H, Murata K. Polysaccharide lyase: molecular cloning, sequencing, and overexpression of the xanthan lyase gene of Bacillus sp. strain GL1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:713-20. [PMID: 11157235 PMCID: PMC92639 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.2.713-720.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When grown on xanthan as a carbon source, the bacterium Bacillus sp. strain GL1 produces extracellular xanthan lyase (75 kDa), catalyzing the first step of xanthan depolymerization (H. Nankai, W. Hashimoto, H. Miki, S. Kawai, and K. Murata, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2520-2526, 1999). A gene for the lyase was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The gene contained an open reading frame consisting of 2,793 bp coding for a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 99,308. The polypeptide had a signal peptide (2 kDa) consisting of 25 amino acid residues preceding the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme and exhibited significant homology with hyaluronidase of Streptomyces griseus (identity score, 37.7%). Escherichia coli transformed with the gene without the signal peptide sequence showed a xanthan lyase activity and produced intracellularly a large amount of the enzyme (400 mg/liter of culture) with a molecular mass of 97 kDa. During storage at 4 degrees C, the purified enzyme (97 kDa) from E. coli was converted to a low-molecular-mass (75-kDa) enzyme with properties closely similar to those of the enzyme (75 kDa) from Bacillus sp. strain GL1, specifically in optimum pH and temperature for activity, substrate specificity, and mode of action. Logarithmically growing cells of Bacillus sp. strain GL1 on the medium with xanthan were also found to secrete not only xanthan lyase (75 kDa) but also a 97-kDa protein with the same N-terminal amino acid sequence as that of xanthan lyase (75 kDa). These results suggest that, in Bacillus sp. strain GL1, xanthan lyase is first synthesized as a preproform (99 kDa), secreted as a precursor (97 kDa) by a signal peptide-dependent mechanism, and then processed into a mature form (75 kDa) through excision of a C-terminal protein fragment with a molecular mass of 22 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hashimoto
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Ruijssenaars HJ, Hartmans S, Verdoes JC. A novel gene encoding xanthan lyase of Paenibacillus alginolyticus strain XL-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3945-50. [PMID: 10966413 PMCID: PMC92243 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.9.3945-3950.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2000] [Accepted: 07/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthan-modifying enzymes are powerful tools in studying structure-function relationships of this polysaccharide. One of these modifying enzymes is xanthan lyase, which removes the terminal side chain residue of xanthan. In this paper, the cloning and sequencing of the first xanthan lyase-encoding gene is described, i. e., the xalA gene, encoding pyruvated mannose-specific xanthan lyase of Paenibacillus alginolyticus XL-1. The xalA gene encoded a 100, 823-Da protein, including a 36-amino-acid signal sequence. The 96, 887-Da mature enzyme could be expressed functionally in Escherichia coli. Like the native enzyme, the recombinant enzyme showed no activity on depyruvated xanthan. Compared to production by P. alginolyticus, a 30-fold increase in volumetric productivity of soluble xanthan lyase was achieved by heterologous production in E. coli. The recombinant xanthan lyase was used to produce modified xanthan, which showed a dramatic loss of the capacity to form gels with locust bean gum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Ruijssenaars
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Division of Industrial Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Nankai H, Hashimoto W, Miki H, Kawai S, Murata K. Microbial system for polysaccharide depolymerization: enzymatic route for xanthan depolymerization by Bacillus sp. strain GL1. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2520-6. [PMID: 10347037 PMCID: PMC91372 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.6.2520-2526.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzymatic route for the depolymerization of a heteropolysaccharide (xanthan) in Bacillus sp. strain GL1, which was closely related to Brevibacillus thermoruber, was determined by analyzing the structures of xanthan depolymerization products. The bacterium produces extracellular xanthan lyase catalyzing the cleavage of the glycosidic bond between pyruvylated mannosyl and glucuronyl residues in xanthan side chains (W. Hashimoto et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3765-3768, 1998). The modified xanthan after the lyase reaction was then depolymerized by extracellular beta-D-glucanase to a tetrasaccharide, without the terminal mannosyl residue of the side chain in a pentasaccharide, a repeating unit of xanthan. The tetrasaccharide was taken into cells and converted to a trisaccharide (unsaturated glucuronyl-acetylated mannosyl-glucose) by beta-D-glucosidase. The trisaccharide was then converted to the unsaturated glucuronic acid and a disaccharide (mannosyl-glucose) by unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase. Finally, the disaccharide was hydrolyzed to mannose and glucose by alpha-D-mannosidase. This is the first complete report on xanthan depolymerization by bacteria. Novel beta-D-glucanase, one of the five enzymes involved in the depolymerization route, was purified from the culture fluid. This enzyme was a homodimer with a subunit molecular mass of 173 kDa and was most active at pH 6.0 and 45 degrees C. The enzyme specifically acted on xanthan after treatment with xanthan lyase and released the tetrasaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nankai
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Ruijssenaars HJ, de Bont JA, Hartmans S. A pyruvated mannose-specific xanthan lyase involved in xanthan degradation by Paenibacillus alginolyticus XL-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2446-52. [PMID: 10347025 PMCID: PMC91360 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.6.2446-2452.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/1998] [Accepted: 03/24/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The xanthan-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus alginolyticus XL-1, isolated from soil, degrades approximately 28% of the xanthan molecule and appears to leave the backbone intact. Several xanthan-degrading enzymes were excreted during growth on xanthan, including xanthan lyase. Xanthan lyase production was induced by xanthan and inhibited by glucose and low-molecular-weight enzymatic degradation products from xanthan. A xanthan lyase with a molecular mass of 85 kDa and a pI of 7.9 was purified and characterized. The enzyme is specific for pyruvated mannosyl side chain residues and optimally active at pH 6.0 and 55 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Ruijssenaars
- Division of Industrial Microbiology, Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ahlgren JA. Purification and properties of a xanthan depolymerase from a heat-stable salt-tolerant bacterial consortium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Characterization of Xanthan Gum Degrading Enzymes from a Heat-stable, Salt-tolerant Bacterial Consortium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7361(09)70049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ahlgren JA. Purification and Characterization of a Pyruvated-Mannose-Specific Xanthan Lyase from Heat-Stable, Salt-Tolerant Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:2523-8. [PMID: 16348550 PMCID: PMC183613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.9.2523-2528.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A xanthanase complex secreted by a consortium of heat-stable, salt-tolerant bacteria includes a lyase that specifically removes terminal pyruvated β-
d
-mannose residues from the side chains of xanthan gum. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the culture broth following ion-exchange chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. It consists of a single subunit of molecular weight 33,000. The enzyme is stable to 55�C for more than 6 h in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 0.25 M NaCl. Optimal enzyme activity was observed at 0.05 M NaCl and a pH of 5. The enzyme has a pI of 3.7. It does not remove unsubstituted terminal β-
d
-mannose residues from xanthan side chains nor does it hydrolyze
p
-nitrophenyl-β-
d
-mannose. Treatment of xanthan with purified lyase results in a polysaccharide containing side chains terminating in an unsaturated 4,5-
ene
-glucuronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ahlgren
- Biopolymer Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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