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Kumar V, Subramanian J, Marimuthu M, Subbarayalu M, Ramasamy V, Gandhi K, Ariyan M. Diversity and functional characteristics of culturable bacterial endosymbionts from cassava whitefly biotype Asia II-5, Bemisia tabaci. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:100. [PMID: 38456084 PMCID: PMC10914660 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a carrier of cassava mosaic disease (CMD), poses a significant threat to cassava crops. Investigating culturable bacteria and their impact on whiteflies is crucial due to their vital role in whitefly fitness and survival. The whitefly biotype associated with cassava and transmitting CMD in India has been identified as Asia II 5 through partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequencing. In this study, bacteria associated with adult B. tabaci feeding on cassava were extracted using seven different media. Nutrient Agar (NA), Soyabean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM), Luria Bertani agar (LBA), and Reasoner's 2A agar (R2A) media resulted in 19, 6, 4, and 4 isolates, respectively, producing a total of 33 distinct bacterial isolates. Species identification through 16SrRNA gene sequencing revealed that all isolates belonged to the Bacillota and Pseudomonadota phyla, encompassing 11 genera: Bacillus, Cytobacillus, Exiguobacterium, Terribacillus, Brevibacillus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Brucella, Novosphingobium, Lysobacter, and Pseudomonas. All bacterial isolates were tested for chitinase, protease, siderophore activity, and antibiotic sensitivity. Nine isolates exhibited chitinase activity, 28 showed protease activity, and 23 displayed siderophore activity. Most isolates were sensitive to antibiotics such as Vancomycin, Streptomycin, Erythromycin, Kanamycin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, and Ciprofloxacin, while they demonstrated resistance to Bacitracin and Colistin. Understanding the culturable bacteria associated with cassava whitefly and their functional significance could contribute to developing effective cassava whitefly and CMD control in agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03949-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Jeyarani Subramanian
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Mohankumar Subbarayalu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Venkatachalam Ramasamy
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Karthikeyan Gandhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Manikandan Ariyan
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Poleatewich A, Backman P, Nolen H. Evaluation of Endospore-Forming Bacteria for Suppression of Postharvest Decay of Apple Fruit. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010081. [PMID: 36677372 PMCID: PMC9862789 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of microbial biocontrol agents for control of postharvest disease has been the subject of intensive research over the past three decades resulting in commercialization of several biocontrol products. The objective of this research was to test endospore-forming bacteria collected from apple leaves for suppression of bitter rot and blue mold on apple. Bacteria were collected from abandoned, low-input, organic, and conventionally managed orchards in Pennsylvania and were screened for their ability to produce endospores, hydrolyze chitin, reduce pathogen growth in vitro, and suppress postharvest disease in vivo. Several isolates reduced bitter rot lesion size on 'Rome Beauty' from 40-89% compared to untreated controls. Bacillus megaterium isolates, A3-6 and Ae-1, resulted in the greatest suppression of bitter rot lesion size. One isolate, A3-2, suppressed blue mold lesion size. Scanning electron microscopy of inoculated apple wounds suggests parasitism as a mode of action explains the suppression of bitter rot lesion size by isolate A3-6. Of the top seventeen isolates exhibiting biocontrol potential, 70% were collected from abandoned or unmanaged locations. This research demonstrates abandoned apple orchards can be a source of new biocontrol agents for control of postharvest diseases of apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Poleatewich
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Paul Backman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Haley Nolen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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Biasato I, Chemello G, Oddon SB, Ferrocino I, Corvaglia M, Caimi C, Resconi A, Paul A, van Spankeren M, Capucchio M, Colombino E, Cocolin L, Gai F, Schiavone A, Gasco L. Hermetia illucens meal inclusion in low-fishmeal diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, selected gut health traits, and health status indices. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Weththasinghe P, Rocha SDC, Øyås O, Lagos L, Hansen JØ, Mydland LT, Øverland M. Modulation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic capacity by feeding diets with processed black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meals and fractions. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:9. [PMID: 35033208 PMCID: PMC8760679 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is a promising insect species to use as a novel ingredient in fish feeds. Black soldier fly larvae consists of three major fractions, namely protein, lipid, and exoskeleton. These fractions contain bioactive compounds that can modulate the gut microbiota in fish such as antimicrobial peptides, lauric acid, and chitin. However, it is not certain how, or which fractions of black solider fly would affect gut microbiota in fish. In the present study, black soldier fly larvae were processed into three different meals (full-fat, defatted and de-chitinized) and two fractions (oil and exoskeleton), and included in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Atlantic salmon pre-smolts were fed with these diets in comparison with a commercial-like control diet for eight weeks to investigate the effects of insect meals and fractions on the composition and predicted metabolic capacity of gut microbiota. The gut microbiota was profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the predicted metabolic capacities of gut microbiota were determined using genome-scale metabolic models. RESULTS The inclusion of insect meals and fractions decreased abundance of Proteobacteria and increased abundance of Firmicutes in salmon gut. The diets that contained insect chitin, i.e., insect meals or exoskeleton diets, increased abundance of chitinolytic bacteria including lactic acid bacteria and Actinomyces in salmon gut, with fish fed full-fat meal diet showing the highest abundances. The diets that contained insect lipids, i.e., insect meals and oil diets enriched Bacillaceae in fish gut. The fish fed diets containing full-fat insect meal had a unique gut microbiota composition dominated by beneficial lactic acid bacteria and Actinomyces, and showed a predicted increase in mucin degradation compared to the other diets. CONCLUSIONS The present results showed that the dietary inclusion of insect meals and fractions can differently modulate the composition and predicted metabolic capacity of gut microbiota in Atlantic salmon pre-smolts. The use of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal in diets for salmon is more favorable for beneficial modulation of gut microbiota than larvae processed by separation of lipid or exoskeleton fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabodha Weththasinghe
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Sérgio D. C. Rocha
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ove Øyås
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Ø. Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Liv T. Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Li Y, Gajardo K, Jaramillo-Torres A, Kortner TM, Krogdahl Å. Consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon fed insect meal diets. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:8. [PMID: 35012688 PMCID: PMC8750867 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being part of fish's natural diets, insects have become a practical alternative feed ingredient for aquaculture. While nutritional values of insects have been extensively studied in various fish species, their impact on the fish microbiota remains to be fully explored. In an 8-week freshwater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either a commercially relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet wherein black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal comprised 60% of total ingredients. Microbiota of digesta and mucosa origin from the proximal and distal intestine were collected and profiled along with feed and water samples. RESULTS The insect meal diet markedly modulated the salmon intestinal microbiota. Salmon fed the insect meal diet showed similar or lower alpha-diversity indices in the digesta but higher alpha-diversity indices in the mucosa. A group of bacterial genera, dominated by members of the Bacillaceae family, was enriched in salmon fed the insect meal diet, which confirms our previous findings in a seawater feeding trial. We also found that microbiota in the intestine closely resembled that of the feeds but was distinct from the water microbiota. Notably, bacterial genera associated with the diet effects were also present in the feeds. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that salmon fed the insect meal diets show consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota. The next challenge is to evaluate the extent to which these alterations are attributable to feed microbiota and dietary nutrients, and what these changes mean for fish physiology and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Li
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Karina Gajardo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Jaramillo-Torres
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Rimoldi S, Antonini M, Gasco L, Moroni F, Terova G. Intestinal microbial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) may be improved by feeding a Hermetia illucens meal/low-fishmeal diet. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:365-380. [PMID: 33389354 PMCID: PMC8026480 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With demands and reliance on aquaculture still growing, there are various challenges to allow sustainable growth and the shift from fishmeal (FM) to other protein sources in aquafeed formulations is one of the most important. In this regard, interest in the use of insect meal (IM) in aquafeeds has grown rapidly. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary IM from Hermetia illucens (Hi) larvae included in a low-FM diet on gut microbial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), in terms of both composition and function of microbiome. A feeding trial was conducted using 192 trout of about 100-g mean initial weight. Fish were fed in quadruplicate (4 tanks/diet) for 131 days with two diets: the control (Ctrl) contained 20% of FM as well as other protein sources, whereas the Hi diet contained 15% of Hi larvae meal to replace 50% of the FM contained in the Ctrl diet. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to identify the major feed and gut bacterial taxa, whereas Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis was performed on gut bacterial genomes to identify the major active biological pathways. The inclusion of IM led to an increase in Firmicutes, mainly represented by Bacilli class and to a drastic reduction of Proteobacteria. Beneficial genera, such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus, were enriched in the gut of fish fed with the Hi diet, whereas the number of bacteria assigned to the pathogenic Aeromonas genus was drastically reduced in the same fish group. The metagenome functional data provided evidence that dietary IM inclusion can shape the metabolic activity of trout gut microbiota. In particular, intestinal microbiome of fish fed with IM may have the capacity to improve dietary carbohydrate utilization. Therefore, H. illucens meal is a promising protein source for trout nutrition, able to modulate gut microbial community by increasing the abundance of some bacteria taxa that are likely to play a key role in fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rimoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Micaela Antonini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Moroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Genciana Terova
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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Li Y, Bruni L, Jaramillo-Torres A, Gajardo K, Kortner TM, Krogdahl Å. Differential response of digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota to dietary insect meal during the seawater phase of Atlantic salmon. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:8. [PMID: 33500000 PMCID: PMC7934271 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal digesta is commonly used for studying responses of microbiota to dietary shifts, yet evidence is accumulating that it represents an incomplete view of the intestinal microbiota. The present work aims to investigate the differences between digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and how they may respond differently to dietary perturbations. In a 16-week seawater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon were fed either a commercially-relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet containing ~ 15% black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. The digesta- and mucosa-associated distal intestinal microbiota were profiled by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Regardless of diet, we observed substantial differences between digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota. Microbial richness and diversity were much higher in the digesta than the mucosa. The insect meal diet altered the distal intestinal microbiota resulting in higher microbial richness and diversity. The diet effect, however, depended on the sample origin. Digesta-associated intestinal microbiota showed more pronounced changes than the mucosa-associated microbiota. Multivariate association analyses identified two mucosa-enriched taxa, Brevinema andersonii and Spirochaetaceae, associated with the expression of genes related to immune responses and barrier function in the distal intestine, respectively. Conclusions Our data show that salmon intestinal digesta and mucosa harbor microbial communities with clear differences. While feeding insects increased microbial richness and diversity in both digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota, mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota seems more resilient to variations in the diet composition. To fully unveil the response of intestinal microbiota to dietary changes, concurrent profiling of digesta- and mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota is recommended whenever feasible. Specific taxa enriched in the intestinal mucosa are associated to gene expression related to immune responses and barrier function. Detailed studies are needed on the ecological and functional significance of taxa associated to intestinal microbiota dwelling on the mucosa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-020-00071-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Li
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Leonardo Bruni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alexander Jaramillo-Torres
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karina Gajardo
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Identification and Characterization of a Newly Isolated Chitinase-Producing Strain Bacillus licheniformis SSCL-10 for Chitin Degradation. ARCHAEA (VANCOUVER, B.C.) 2020; 2020:8844811. [PMID: 33223963 PMCID: PMC7669355 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8844811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases or chitinolytic enzymes have different applications in the field of medicine, agriculture, and industry. The present study is aimed at developing an effective hyperchitinase-producing mutant strain of novel Bacillus licheniformis. A simple and rapid methodology was used for screening potential chitinolytic microbiota by chemical mutagenesis with ethylmethane sulfonate and irradiation with UV. There were 16 mutant strains exhibiting chitinase activity. Out of the chitinase-producing strains, the strain with maximum chitinase activity was selected, the protein was partially purified by SDS-PAGE, and the strain was identified as Bacillus licheniformis (SSCL-10) with the highest specific activity of 3.4 U/mL. The induced mutation model has been successfully implemented in the mutant EMS-13 (20.2 U/mL) that produces 5-6-fold higher yield of chitinase, whereas the mutant UV-11 (13.3 U/mL) has 3-4-fold greater chitinase activity compared to the wild strain. The partially purified chitinase has a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The wild strain (SSCL-10) was identified as Bacillus licheniformis using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. This study explores the potential applications of hyperchitinase-producing bacteria in recycling and processing chitin wastes from crustaceans and shrimp, thereby adding value to the crustacean industry.
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Mehmood MA, Zhao H, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D, Fu Y. Sclerotia of a phytopathogenic fungus restrict microbial diversity and improve soil health by suppressing other pathogens and enriching beneficial microorganisms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 259:109857. [PMID: 32072956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a notorious soil-borne pathogen of various important crops, produces numerous sclerotia to oversummer in the soil. Considering that sclerotia may also be attacked by other microbes in the soil, we hypothesized that sclerotia in soil may affect the community of soil microbes directly and/or indirectly. In this study, we inoculated sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in soil collected from the field to observe changes in microbial diversity over three months using 16S rRNA and ITS2 sequencing techniques. Alpha diversity indices exhibited a decline in the diversity of microbial communities, while permanova results confirmed a significant difference in the microbial communities of sclerotia-amended and non-amended soil samples. In sclerotia-amended soil, fungal diversity showed enrichment of antagonists such as Clonostachys, Trichoderma, and Talaromyces and a drastic reduction in the plant pathogenic microbes compared to the non-amended soil. Sclerotia not only activated the antagonists but also enhanced the abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Chitinophaga, Burkholderia, and Dyella. Moreover, the presence of sclerotia curtailed the growth of several notorious plant pathogenic fungi belonging to various genera such as Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Cladosporium, Athelia, Alternaria, and Macrophomina. Thus, we conclude that S. sclerotiorum when dormant in soil can reduce the diversity of soil microbes, including suppressing plant pathogens and enriching beneficial microbes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a plant pathogen has been found in soil that can significantly suppress other pathogens. Our findings may provide novel cues to understand the ecology of crop pathogens in soil and maintaining soil conditions that could be beneficial for constructing a healthy soil microorganism community required for mitigating soil-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Abid Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Plant Pathology, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Huizhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Paenibacillus lutrae sp. nov., A Chitinolytic Species Isolated from A River Otter in Castril Natural Park, Granada, Spain. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120637. [PMID: 31810255 PMCID: PMC6955709 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly chitinolytic facultative anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic, endospore-forming, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped bacterial strain N10T was isolated from the feces of a river otter in the Castril Natural Park (Granada, Spain). It is a slightly halophilic, motile, catalase-, oxidase-, ACC deaminase- and C4 and C8 lipase-positive strain. It is aerobic, respiratory and has a fermentative metabolism using oxygen as an electron acceptor, produces acids from glucose and can fix nitrogen. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 16S rRNA, gyrB, recA and rpoB, as well as phylogenomic analyses indicate that strain N10T is a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, with the highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity (95.4%) to P. chitinolyticus LMG 18047T and <95% similarity to other species of the genus Paenibacillus. Digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANIb) were 21.1% and <75%, respectively. Its major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, C16:0, and iso-C15:0. G + C content ranged between 45%–50%. Using 16S rRNA phylogenetic and in silico phylogenomic analyses, together with chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, we demonstrate that type strain N10T (= CECT 9541T =LMG 30535T) is a novel species of genus Paenibacillus and the name Paenibacillus lutrae sp. nov. is proposed.
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Salas-Ovilla R, Gálvez-López D, Vázquez-Ovando A, Salvador-Figueroa M, Rosas-Quijano R. Isolation and identification of marine strains of Stenotrophomona maltophilia with high chitinolytic activity. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6102. [PMID: 30627485 PMCID: PMC6321750 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant organic compound in nature and represents a rich carbon and nitrogen source that is primarily transformed by bacterial communities. Bacteria capable of gradually hydrolyzing chitin into N-acetylglucosamine monomers can have applications in the transformation of residues from shrimp and other crustaceans. The objective of the present study was to isolate, characterize and identify microorganisms with high chitinolytic activity. These microorganisms were isolated and characterized based on macro- and microscopic morphological traits. Strains were selected on colloidal chitin agar medium primarily based on a hydrolysis halo larger than 2 mm and a growing phase no longer than 6 days. Secondary selection consisted of semi-quantitative evaluation of chitinolytic activity with a drop dilution assay. From the above, ten strains were selected. Then, strain-specific activity was evaluated. The B4 strain showed the highest specific activity, which was 6,677.07 U/mg protein. Molecular identification indicated that the isolated strains belong to the species Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Salas-Ovilla
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Didiana Gálvez-López
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
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Iyer B, Rajput MS, Rajkumar S. Effect of succinate on phosphate solubilization in nitrogen fixing bacteria harbouring chick pea and their effect on plant growth. Microbiol Res 2017. [PMID: 28647122 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diverse nitrogen fixing bacteria harbouring chick pea rhizosphere and root nodules were tested for multiple plant growth promoting traits like tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and rock phosphate (RP) solubilization, production of ammonia, indole 3-acetic acid, chitinase, phytase and alkaline phosphatase. Isolates belonged to diverse genus like Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Ensifer, Klebsiella, etc. Most isolates solubilized TCP and RP along with the lowering of media pH, indicating acidification to be the chief mechanism behind this solubilization. However, lowering of media pH and P release decreased by 32-100% when media was supplemented with succinate, a major component of plant root exudates indicating succinate mediated repression of P solubilization. Maximum TCP and RP solubilization with P release of 850μg/mL and 2088μg/mL was obtained with lowering of media pH up to 2.8 and 3.3 for isolate E43 and PSB1 respectively. This pH drop changed to 4.4 and 4.8 with 80% and 87% decrease in P solubilization in the presence of succinate. Maximum 246μg/mL indole 3-acetic acid production in Lh3, 44.8U/mL chitinase activity in MB3, 11.3U/mL phytase activity in I91 and 9.4U/mL alkaline phosphatase activity in SM1 were also obtained. Most isolates showed multiple PGP traits which resulted in significant plant growth promotion of chick pea plants. Present study shows repression of P solubilization by succinate for various bacterial groups which might be one of the reasons why phosphate solubilizing bacteria which perform well in vitro often fail in vivo. Studying this repression mechanism might be critical in understanding the in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya Iyer
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mahendrapal Singh Rajput
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalini Rajkumar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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Mander P, Cho SS, Choi YH, Panthi S, Choi YS, Kim HM, Yoo JC. Purification and characterization of chitinase showing antifungal and biodegradation properties obtained from Streptomyces anulatus CS242. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:878-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bogatyrenko EA, Buzoleva LS. Characterization of the gut bacterial community of the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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García-Espejo CN, Mamani-Mamani MM, Chávez-Lizárraga GA, Álvarez-Aliaga MT. Evaluación de la actividad enzimática del Trichoderma inhamatum (BOL-12 QD) como posible biocontrolador. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsars.2016.070100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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A High Diversity in Chitinolytic and Chitosanolytic Species and Enzymes and Their Oligomeric Products Exist in Soil with a History of Chitin and Chitosan Exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:857639. [PMID: 26273652 PMCID: PMC4529920 DOI: 10.1155/2015/857639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant biomolecules on earth, and its partially de-N-acetylated counterpart, chitosan, is one of the most promising biotechnological resources due to its diversity in structure and function. Recently, chitin and chitosan modifying enzymes (CCMEs) have gained increasing interest as tools to engineer chitosans with specific functions and reliable performance in biotechnological and biomedical applications. In a search for novel CCME, we isolated chitinolytic and chitosanolytic microorganisms from soils with more than ten-years history of chitin and chitosan exposure and screened them for chitinase and chitosanase isoenzymes as well as for their patterns of oligomeric products by incubating their secretomes with chitosan polymers. Of the 60 bacterial strains isolated, only eight were chitinolytic and/or chitosanolytic, while 20 out of 25 fungal isolates were chitinolytic and/or chitosanolytic. The bacterial isolates produced rather similar patterns of chitinolytic and chitosanolytic enzymes, while the fungal isolates produced a much broader range of different isoenzymes. Furthermore, diverse mixtures of oligosaccharides were formed when chitosan polymers were incubated with the secretomes of select fungal species. Our study indicates that soils with a history of chitin and chitosan exposure are a good source of novel CCME for chitosan bioengineering.
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Isolation of novel chitinolytic bacteria and production optimization of extracellular chitinase. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Agrawal T, Kotasthane AS. Chitinolytic assay of indigenous Trichoderma isolates collected from different geographical locations of Chhattisgarh in Central India. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:73. [PMID: 23526575 PMCID: PMC3602610 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant polymer in nature after cellulose and plays a major role in fungal cell walls. As a producer of variety of chitinase enzymes Trichoderma has become an important means of biological control of fungal diseases. A simple and sensitive method based on the use of basal medium with colloidal chitin as sole carbon source supplemented with Bromo cresol purple (pH indicator dye) is proposed to evaluate large populations of Trichoderma for chitinase activity. The soluble substrate with pH indicator dye (Bromo cresol purple, BCP) for the assay of chitinase activity on solid media is sensitive, easy, reproducible semi-quantitative enzyme diffusion plate assay and economic option to determine chitinases. Colloidal chitin derived from Rhizoctonia cell wall and commercial chitin included as a carbon source in broth also allowed selection and comparison of chitinolytic and exochitinase activity in Trichoderma spectrophotometrically. Released N-acetyl-β--D-glucosamine (NAGA) ranged from 37.67 to 174.33 mg/ml and 37.67 to 327.67 mg/ml and p-nitrophenol (pNP) ranged from 0.17 to 35.78 X 10(-3) U/ml and 0.62 to 32.6 X 10(-3) U/ml) respectively with Rhizoctonia cell wall and commercial chitin derived colloidal chitin supplemented broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshy Agrawal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 492 006 Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Anil S Kotasthane
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 492 006 Chhattisgarh, India
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Functional assignment of YvgO, a novel set of purified and chemically characterized proteinaceous antifungal variants produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SF361. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2543-52. [PMID: 22307285 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07727-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports a novel class of antifungal protein derived from bacterial origin. Bacillus thuringiensis SF361, the strain also responsible for producing the novel bacteriocin thurincin H, exhibits broad antifungal activity against select members of several fungal genera, including Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium, as well as the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Optimal antifungal production and secretion were observed after-log phase growth when incubated at 37°C in a carbohydrate-free growth medium. High-performance liquid chromatography purification was performed after pH-selective ammonium sulfate precipitation and size-exclusion chromatography. Intact mass analysis and peptide mass fingerprinting identified the 13,484-Da protein to be a mass homolog to the YvgO protein construct sequenced from Bacillus cereus AH 1134. Further analysis via amino-terminal sequencing also revealed the existence of four distinct yet equally efficacious YvgO variants differing only within the first four N-terminal residues. YvgO was found to be remarkably stable, maintaining its antifungal activity under a wide pH and temperature range. When assayed against the toxigenic species Byssochlamys fulva H25, the selected primary filamentous fungal indicator, the MIC was estimated to be 1.5 ppm. Candida albicans 3153 was more resistant, exhibiting MICs between 25 and 800 ppm, depending on growth conditions. YvgO is unique among antifungals, showing no known sequential or functional homology to the typical classes of antifungal proteins, including common membrane-acting agents such as cellulases and glucanases. Due to its activity against an array of pathogenic and spoilage fungi, the potentials for clinical, agricultural, and food-processing applications are encouraging.
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Hao Z, Cai Y, Liao X, Liang X, Liu J, Fang Z, Hu M, Zhang D. Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1T, gen. nov., sp. nov., a chitin-degrading bacterium isolated from soil. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1732-8. [PMID: 21431834 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel aerobic mesophilic bacterial strain SYBC-H1(T) capable of degrading chitin was isolated and classified in this study. The strain exhibited strong chitinolytic activity and was a Gram-negative, curved, rod-shaped, and motile bacterium. Growth of this strain was observed between 10 and 41°C and between pH 3.5 and 9.5. The DNA G + C content of strain SYBC-H1(T) was 53.25 mol%. The cellular fatty acids (>5%) were 12:0 iso 3-OH (5.87%), 16:0 (28.16%), and 18:1ω7c (20.48%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity revealed that strain SYBC-H1(T) belonged to the family Neisseriaceae, and was distantly related (95.0% similarity) to the genus Chitiniphilus. Its phenotype was unique and genetic and phylogenetic analysis experiments suggested that strain SYBC-H1(T) represented the type strain (CGMCC 3438(T), ATCC BAA-2140(T)) of a novel genus, for which the name Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1(T) gen. nov., sp. nov. was proposed. The highest enzymatic activity of chitinase (9.6 U/ml) was obtained at 72 h in 250 ml shake flasks. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of SYBC-H1(T) has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number GQ981314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikui Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Bogatyrenko EA, Buzoleva LS, Chi Z. Potential probiotics of the Far Eastern trepang Apostychopus japonicus producing digestive enzymes. Microbiology (Reading) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261710020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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Das SN, Sarma PVSRN, Neeraja C, Malati N, Podile AR. Members of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli represent the culturable diversity of chitinolytic bacteria in chitin-enriched soils. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Jorgensen NOG, Brandt KK, Nybroe O, Hansen M. Delftia lacustris sp. nov., a peptidoglycan-degrading bacterium from fresh water, and emended description of Delftia tsuruhatensis as a peptidoglycan-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2195-9. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.008375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Behravan J, al Ahmadi KJ, Yazdi MT, Najafi MF, Shahverdi A, Faramarzi M, Zarrini G. Isolation and Characterization of a Chitionolytic Enzyme Producing Microorganism, Paenibacillus chitinolyticus JK2 from Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2008.395.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Jami Al A K, Tabatabaei M, Fathi Naja M, Shahverdi A, Faramarzi M, Zarrini G, Behravan J. Optimization of Medium and Cultivation Conditions for Chitinase Production by the Newly Isolated: Aeromonas sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2008.266.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Waldeck J, Daum G, Bisping B, Meinhardt F. Isolation and molecular characterization of chitinase-deficient Bacillus licheniformis strains capable of deproteinization of shrimp shell waste to obtain highly viscous chitin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:7879-85. [PMID: 17028230 PMCID: PMC1694268 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00938-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic but chitinase-deficient microbial cultures were isolated from shrimp shell waste and characterized. The most efficient isolate was found to be a mixed culture consisting of two Bacillus licheniformis strains, which were first determined microscopically and physiologically. Molecular characterization was carried out by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene of both strains. According to the residual protein and ash content, the chitin obtained by fermentation of such a mixed culture was found to be comparable to a commercially available, chemically processed product. However, the strikingly high viscosity (80 versus 10 mPa of the commercially available sample) indicates its superior quality. The two strains differed in colony morphology and in their secretion capabilities for degradative extracellular enzymes. Sequencing of the loci encoding amylase, cellulase, chitinases, and proteases, as well as the degS/degU operon, which is instrumental in the regulation of degradative enzymes, and the pga operon, which is responsible for polyglutamic acid production, revealed no differences. However, a frameshift mutation in chiA, encoding a chitinase, was validated for both strains, providing an explanation for the ascertained absence of chitinolytic activities and the concomitant possibility of producing highly viscous chitin in a fermentational deproteinization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Waldeck
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Vaidya RJ, Macmil SLA, Vyas PR, Chhatpar HS. The novel method for isolating chitinolytic bacteria and its application in screening for hyperchitinase producing mutant of Alcaligenes xylosoxydans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 36:129-34. [PMID: 12581369 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a novel, rapid and effective screening method for chitinase producing bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS A simple and rapid technique for screening of potential chitinolytic bacteria has been developed using the chitin binding dye calcofluor white M2R in chitin agar. Microorganisms possessing high chitinolytic potential gave a clear zone under ultraviolet light after 24-48 h of incubation. This method was successfully applied for isolating the hyperchitinase mutant of Alcaligenes xylosoxydans. The mutant Alc. xylosoxydans EMS 33 was found to produce 3.4 times more chitinase than the wild type. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the screening method for chitinase producing bacteria has been developed and it was applied to screen chitinase-overproducing mutant of Alc. xylosoxydans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The novel screening method for chitinase producer is more sensitive, rapid, user-friendly and reliable, which can also be used for screening of recombinants having chitinase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Vaidya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, MS University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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28
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Barboza-Corona JE, Nieto-Mazzocco E, Velázquez-Robledo R, Salcedo-Hernandez R, Bautista M, Jiménez B, Ibarra JE. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the chitinase gene chiA74 from Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1023-9. [PMID: 12571025 PMCID: PMC143672 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.1023-1029.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endochitinase gene chiA74 from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kenyae strain LBIT-82 was cloned in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha F'. A sequence of 676 amino acids was deduced when the gene was completely sequenced. A molecular mass of 74 kDa was estimated for the preprotein, which includes a putative 4-kDa signal sequence located at the N terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high degree of identity with other chitinases such as ChiB from Bacillus cereus (98%) and ChiA71 from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar pakistani (70%). Additionally, ChiA74 showed a modular structure comprised of three domains: a catalytic domain, a fibronectin-like domain, and a chitin-binding domain. All three domains showed conserved sequences when compared to other bacterial chitinase sequences. A ca. 70-kDa mature protein expressed by the cloned gene was detected in zymograms, comigrating with a chitinase produced by the LBIT-82 wild-type strain. ChiA74 is active within a wide pH range (4 to 9), although a bimodal activity was shown at pH 4.79 and 6.34. The optimal temperature was estimated at 57.2 degrees C when tested at pH 6. The potential use of ChiA74 as a synergistic agent, along with the B. thuringiensis insecticidal Cry proteins, is discussed.
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Liu M, Cai QX, Liu HZ, Zhang BH, Yan JP, Yuan ZM. Chitinolytic activities in Bacillus thuringiensis and their synergistic effects on larvicidal activity. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:374-9. [PMID: 12174034 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the distribution of chitinase in Bacillus thuringiensis strains, and the enhancing effects of the chitinase-producing B. thuringiensis strains on insecticidal toxicity of active B. thuringiensis strain against Spodoptera exigua larvae. METHODS AND RESULTS The chitinolytic activities of B.thuringiensis strains representing the 70 serotypes were investigated by the whitish opaque halo and the colorimetric method. Thirty-eight strains produced different levels of chitinase at pH 7.0, and so did 17 strains at pH 10.0. The strain T04A001 exhibited the highest production, reaching a specific activity of 355 U ml(-1) in liquid medium. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting showed that the chitinase produced by some B. thuringiensis strains had a molecular weight of about 61 kDa. The bioassay results indicated that the chitinase-producing B. thuringiensis strains could enhance the insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis strain DL5789 against S. exigua larvae, with an enhancing ratio of 2.35-fold. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that chitinase was widely produced in B. thuringiensis strains and some of the strains could enhance the toxicity of active B. thuringiensis strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first investigation devoted exclusively to analyse the distribution of chitinase in B. thuringiensis. It infers that the chitinase produced by B. thuringiensis might play a role in the activity of the biopesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Wang SL, Hwang JR. Microbial reclamation of shellfish wastes for the production of chitinases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:376-382. [PMID: 11240194 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Shrimp and crab shell powder (SCSP), prepared by treating shellfish processing waste with boiling and crushing, was used as a substrate for isolating chitinolytic microorganisms. Three potential strains (E1, J1, and J1-1) were isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus, B. alvei, and B. sphaericus, respectively. Three extracellular chitinases (FB1, FB2, and FB3) were purified from the culture supernatants of Bacillus cereus E1, B. alvei J1, and B. sphaericus J1-1, respectively. The molecular weights of FB1, FB2, and FB3 were 71,000, 71,000, and 65,000, respectively, by SDS-PAGE. The pIs for FB1, FB2, and FB3 were 7.1, 7.2, and 7.4, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of FB1 were pH 9, 50 degrees C, pH 7 to 10, and 70 degrees C; those of FB2 were pH 9, 60 degrees C, pH 5 to 9, and 70 degrees C; and those of FB3 were pH 7, 50 degrees C, pH 5 to 9, and 60 degrees C. The activities of all enzymes were strongly inhibited by Hg(2+) and completely inhibited by glutathione, dithiothreitol, and 2-mercaptoethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S -L. Wang
- Department of Food Engineering, Da-Yeh University, 51505, Chang-Hwa, Taiwan
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Trachuk LA, Revina LP, Shemyakina TM, Chestukhina GG, Stepanov VM. Chitinases of Bacillus licheniformis B-6839: isolation and properties. Can J Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/m96-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Five chitinases were isolated from culture filtrates of Bacillus licheniformis B-6839 R and S variants by combination of hydrophobic, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography. The enzymes had molecular masses of 66, 62, 53, 49, and 42 kDa. The chitinases revealed two activity optima against colloidal chitin at pH 4.5–5.5 and 9.0–9.5 and they were rather stable at pH 4.0–9.5. The temperature optimum of activity was 90 °C for the 62-kDa chitinase and 70 °C for the other enzymes. The 66-, 53-, and 42-kDa chitinases showed pronounced similarities in their N-terminal sequences and apparently belonged to the same group, which might be related to Bacillus circulans chitinase A1. The 49- and 62-kDa enzymes did not reveal structural similarities with other chitinases produced by the studied B. licheniformis strain. No relationship was found with the 89- and 76-kDa chitinases isolated earlier from B. licheniformis X-7u.Key words: Bacillus licheniformis, chitinase, multiplicity.
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Latzko F, Hampel W. Enzyme formation by a yeast cell wall lytic Arthrobacter species: chitinolytic activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flach
- Institut de Biologie et de Physiologie Végétale de l'Université de Lausanne, Bâtiment de Biologie, Switzerland
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Takayanagi T, Ajisaka K, Takiguchi Y, Shimahara K. Isolation and characterization of thermostable chitinases from Bacillus licheniformis X-7u. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1078:404-10. [PMID: 1859830 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90163-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four kinds of thermostable chitinase were isolated from the cell-free culture broth of Bacillus licheniformis X-7u by successive column chromatographies on Butyl-Toyopearl, Q-Sepharose, and Sephacryl S-200. We named the enzymes chitinases I(89 kDa), II(76 kDa), III(66 kDa) and IV(59 kDa). Chitinases II, III and IV possessed extremely high optimum temperatures (70-80 degrees C), showing remarkable heat stability. Chitinases II, III and IV produced (GlcNAc)2 and GlcNAc from colloidal chitin and chitinase I predominantly produced (GlcNAc)2. The action pattern of chitinase I on PN-(GlcNAc)4 also showed a stronger propensity to cleave off the (GlcNAc)2 unit from the non-reducing end than the other three chitinases. Chitinases II, III and IV catalyzed a transglycosylation reaction that converted (GlcNAc)4 into (GlcNAc)6.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takayanagi
- Bioorganic Chemistry Division, Meiji Milk Products Co., Ltd., Odawara, Japan
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