Clinical study on the antifungal activity of griseofulvin in the presence of surfactants

Pyridinium salts: from synthesis to reactivity and applications

This review highlights the pyridinium salts in terms of their natural occurrence, synthesis, reactivity, biological properties, and diverse applications.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of β-lactam antibiotic-based imidazolium- and pyridinium-type ionic liquids

We herein report the preparation and investigation of antibacterial activity of biocidal ionic liquids (ILs) consisting of cationic imidazolium or pyridinium and an anionic β-lactam antibiotic. The antibacterial properties were quantified by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecium. In general, the ILs had improved antibacterial activity than their parent materials, whether individually or in combination. In 83% of the experiments, the ampicillin ILs (Amp-ILs) had better antibacterial activities than their quaternary halide parent materials, whereas in 92% of the experiments, Amp-ILs outperformed the commercially available sodium ampicillin salt. Amp-ILs had up to 43 times improved antibacterial activity than sodium ampicillin. Overall, when normalized for ampicillin content, ILs had greater antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and E. faecium than sodium ampicillin alone.

Effect of surfactant on tetracycline absorption across everted rat intestine

Absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride (500 micrograms/ml) from oxygenated modified Krebs buffer in randomized everted rat jejunal segments was determined alone and in the presence of calcium, polysorbate 80, and calcium plus polysorbate 80. Surfactant increased absorption of tetracycline in the presence and absence of calcium, with 0.01% (w/v) polysorbate 80 increasing transfer to the greatest extent of the concentrations examined(0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 1%); tetracycline hydrochloride + 12.5 mM CaCl2, 143 +/- 45 micrograms/ml; tetracycline hydrochloride + polysorbate 80, 389 +/- 18 micrograms/ml; tetracycline hydrochloride + 12.5 mM CaCl2 + polysorbate 80, 255 +/- 31 micrograms/ml. On the premise that the effective surfactant concentration is similar to the critical micelle concentration, an absorption mechanism based on micellar solubilization is postulated.