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Boustany A, Feuerstadt P, Tillotson G. The 3 Ds: Depression, Dysbiosis, and Clostridiodes difficile. Adv Ther 2024; 41:3982-3995. [PMID: 39276186 PMCID: PMC11480130 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-024-02972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
This paper explores the intricate relationship between depression, gut dysbiosis, and Clostridioides difficile infections, collectively termed "The 3 Ds". Depression is a widespread mental disorder increasing in prevalence. It is recognized for its societal burden and complex pathophysiology, encompassing genetic, environmental, and microbiome-related factors. The consequent increased use of antidepressants has led to growing concerns about their effects on the gut microbiome. Various classes of antidepressants and antipsychotics show antimicrobial activity, potentially leading to shifts in the gut microbiome and contributing to the development of dysbiosis. Dysbiosis, in turn, can predispose individuals to opportunistic infections like C. difficile, a significant healthcare concern due to its high recurrence rates and severe impact on patients' quality of life. Further, the link between antidepressant use and an increased risk of C. difficile infection (CDI) is explored and, finally, the emergence of live biotherapeutic products as novel treatment options for recurrent CDI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Boustany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul Feuerstadt
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- PACT-Gastroenterology Center, Hamden, CT, USA
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Li G, Hou Y, Zhang C, Zhou X, Bao F, Yang Y, Chen L, Yu D. Interplay Between Drug-Induced Liver Injury and Gut Microbiota: A Comprehensive Overview. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101355. [PMID: 38729523 PMCID: PMC11260867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a prevalent severe adverse event in clinical settings, leading to increased medical burdens for patients and presenting challenges for the development and commercialization of novel pharmaceuticals. Research has revealed a close association between gut microbiota and drug-induced liver injury in recent years. However, there has yet to be a consensus on the specific mechanism by which gut microbiota is involved in drug-induced liver injury. Gut microbiota may contribute to drug-induced liver injury by increasing intestinal permeability, disrupting intestinal metabolite homeostasis, and promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. Alterations in gut microbiota were found in drug-induced liver injury caused by antibiotics, psychotropic drugs, acetaminophen, antituberculosis drugs, and antithyroid drugs. Specific gut microbiota and their abundance are associated closely with the severity of drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, gut microbiota is expected to be a new target for the treatment of drug-induced liver injury. This review focuses on the association of gut microbiota with common hepatotoxic drugs and the potential mechanisms by which gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury, providing a more comprehensive reference for the interaction between drug-induced liver injury and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifu Hou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Changji Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Furong Bao
- Department of Nursing, Guanghan People's Hospital, Guanghan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Department of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dongke Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Maldonado-García JL, Pérez-Sánchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Alvarez-Herrera S, Pavón L, Sánchez-Torres L, Gutiérrez-Ospina G, Girón-Pérez MI, Damian-Morales G, Maldonado-Tapia JO, López-Santiago R, Moreno-Lafont MC. Imipramine Administration in Brucella abortus 2308-Infected Mice Restores Hippocampal Serotonin Levels, Muscle Strength, and Mood, and Decreases Spleen CFU Count. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1525. [PMID: 38004391 PMCID: PMC10674296 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis infection causes non-specific symptoms such as fever, chills, sweating, headaches, myalgia, arthralgia, anorexia, fatigue, and mood disorders. In mouse models, it has been associated with increased levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, a decrease in serotonin and dopamine levels within the hippocampus, induced loss of muscle strength and equilibrium, and increased anxiety and hopelessness. Imipramine (ImiP), a tricyclic antidepressant, is used to alleviate neuropathic pain. This study evaluated the effects of ImiP on Balb/c mice infected with Brucella abortus 2308 (Ba) at 14- and 28-days post-infection. Serum levels of six cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, MCP-1. and IL-10) were assessed by FACS, while the number of bacteria in the spleen was measured via CFU. Serotonin levels in the hippocampus were analyzed via HPLC, and behavioral tests were conducted to assess strength, equilibrium, and mood. Our results showed that mice infected with Brucella abortus 2308 and treated with ImiP for six days (Im6Ba14) had significantly different outcomes compared to infected mice (Ba14) at day 14 post-infection. The mood was enhanced in the forced swimming test (FST) (p < 0.01), tail suspension test (TST) (p < 0.0001), and open-field test (p < 0.0001). Additionally, there was an increase in serotonin levels in the hippocampus (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was an improvement in equilibrium (p < 0.0001) and muscle strength (p < 0.01). Lastly, there was a decrease in IL-6 levels (p < 0.05) and CFU count in the spleen (p < 0.0001). At 28 days, infected mice that received ImiP for 20 days (Im20Ba28) showed preservation of positive effects compared to infected mice (Ba28). These effects include the following: (1) improved FST (p < 0.0001) and TST (p < 0.0001); (2) better equilibrium (p < 0.0001) and muscle strength (p < 0.0001); (3) decreased IL-6 levels (p < 0.05); and (4) reduced CFU count in the spleen (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest the potential for ImiP to be used as an adjuvant treatment for the symptoms of brucellosis, which requires future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Maldonado-García
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Samantha Alvarez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Luvia Sánchez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de los Microorganismos, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina
- Laboratorio de Biología de Sistemas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Coordinación de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriela Damian-Morales
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Jesús Octavio Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Rubén López-Santiago
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Martha C Moreno-Lafont
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
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Katasonov AB. [Gut microbiome as a therapeutic target in the treatment of depression and anxiety]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:129-135. [PMID: 34932298 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a bi-directional connection between the gut microbiome and the brain. Changes in the composition of the microbiome affect emotions, behavior, and the stress response involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Depression and anxiety are often associated with dysbiosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Dysbiosis enhances stress response and low-grade systemic inflammation, and vice versa. This vicious circle may be responsible for the formation of depression. Antidepressants therapy should be accompanied by the elimination of dysbiosis. For these purposes diet, prebiotics, probiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation can be used. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered. The manipulation of microbiome composition has been shown to have great therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression and anxiety.
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Cussotto S, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Psychotropics and the Microbiome: a Chamber of Secrets…. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1411-1432. [PMID: 30806744 PMCID: PMC6598948 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut contains trillions of symbiotic bacteria that play a key role in programming different aspects of host physiology in health and disease. Psychotropic medications act on the central nervous system (CNS) and are used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. There is increasing emphasis on the bidirectional interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. An expanding body of evidence supports the notion that microbes can metabolise drugs and vice versa drugs can modify the gut microbiota composition. In this review, we will first give a comprehensive introduction about this bidirectional interaction, then we will take into consideration different classes of psychotropics including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, anticonvulsants/mood stabilisers, opioid analgesics, drugs of abuse, alcohol, nicotine and xanthines. The varying effects of these widely used medications on microorganisms are becoming apparent from in vivo and in vitro studies. This has important implications for the future of psychopharmacology pipelines that will routinely need to consider the host microbiome during drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cussotto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
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Kocabalkanlı A, Cihan-Üstündağ G, Naesens L, Mataracı-Kara E, Nassozi M, Çapan G. Diclofenac-Based Hydrazones and Spirothiazolidinones: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Kocabalkanlı
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gökçe Cihan-Üstündağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Emel Mataracı-Kara
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mebble Nassozi
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gültaze Çapan
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
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The antidepressant sertraline provides a promising therapeutic option for neurotropic cryptococcal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3758-66. [PMID: 22508310 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00212-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic treatment for systemic mycoses is severely hampered by the extremely limited number of antifungals. The difficulty of treatment of fungal infections in the central nervous system is further compounded by the poor central nervous system (CNS) penetration of most antifungals due to the blood-brain barrier. Only a few fungistatic azole drugs, such as fluconazole, show reasonable CNS penetration. Here we demonstrate that sertraline (Zoloft), the most frequently prescribed antidepressant, displays potent antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, the major causative agent of fungal meningitis. In in vitro assays, this neurotropic drug is fungicidal to all natural Cryptococcus isolates tested at clinically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, sertraline interacts synergistically or additively with fluconazole against Cryptococcus. Importantly, consistent with our in vitro observations, sertraline used alone reduces the brain fungal burden at an efficacy comparable to that of fluconazole in a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis. It works synergistically with fluconazole in reducing the fungal burden in brain, kidney, and spleen. In contrast to its potency against Cryptococcus, sertraline is less effective against strains of Candida species and its interactions with fluconazole against Candida strains are often antagonistic. Therefore, our data suggest the unique application of sertraline against cryptococcosis. To understand the antifungal mechanisms of sertraline, we screened a whole-genome deletion collection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for altered sertraline susceptibility. Gene ontology analyses of selected mutations suggest that sertraline perturbs translation. In vitro translation assays using fungal cell extracts show that sertraline inhibits protein synthesis. Taken together, our findings indicate the potential of adopting this antidepressant in treating cryptococcal meningitis.
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In vitro efficacy of diclofenac against Listeria monocytogenes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 27:315-9. [PMID: 18188616 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is often futile in systemic listeriosis, translating to being a peril to public health. There is, thus, an imperative need for novel antilisterial compounds, possibly acting through mechanisms dissimilar to those of existing drugs. The present study describes one such agent-the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac sodium (Dc). The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), mode of action, and two mechanisms of action, i.e., on bacterial DNA and membrane, have been characterized with respect to Dc. The drug showed noteworthy inhibitory action (MIC90 = 50 microg/ml) against Listeria strains, demonstrated cidal (minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC]=100 microg/ml) activity, inhibited listerial DNA synthesis (45.48%; incorporation of [methyl-3H] thymidine), and possessed bacterial membrane-damaging activity (37.33%; BacLight assay). Dc could be used as a lead compound for the synthesis of new, more active agents perhaps devoid of side effects. Further, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies will contribute to a new generation of promising adjuvants to existing antilisterial drugs.
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Altaher AY, Alkharfy KM, Al-Hadiya BM, Khan RMA. Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac in sheep following intravenous and intramuscular administration. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006; 33:241-5. [PMID: 16764589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to examine the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac (DCLF) in sheep after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) dosing. ANIMALS Healthy male Najdi sheep. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diclofenac (1 mg kg(-1)) was administered to ten clinically healthy-male Najdi sheep IV or IM (n = 5 each). Blood samples (5 mL) were collected and serum was separated for drug analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Diclofenac pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS Diclofenac is quickly eliminated from sheep with a terminal T(1/2lambda) of 2-3 hours for both routes of administration. Total DCLF clearance after IV and IM administration was 87.86 +/- 24.10 and 85.69 +/- 40.76 mL kg(-1) hour(-1) respectively. The absolute bioavailability of IM DCLF appears to be approximately 100%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The drug should be administered two to three times daily in sheep by IM or IV injection to maintain therapeutic concentrations. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the route of elimination of DCLF in sheep including metabolites formation and the significance of enterohepatic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Y Altaher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Houfof, Saudi Arabia.
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Hagiwara M, Kataoka K, Arimochi H, Kuwahara T, Ohnishi Y. Role of unbalanced growth of gram-negative bacteria in ileal ulcer formation in rats treated with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2004; 51:43-51. [PMID: 15000255 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.51.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induced formation of intestinal ulcers as side effects, in which an unbalanced increase in the number of gram-negative bacteria in the small intestine plays an important role. To clarify how intestinal microflora are influenced by NSAIDs, we examined the effects of 5-bromo-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl) thiophene (BFMeT), an NSAID, on intestinal motility and on the growth of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Transit index, a marker of peristalsis, was not different in BFMeT-treated and solvent-treated rats, indicating that BFMeT increased the number of gram-negative bacteria without suppression of peristalsis. The factors that affect the growth of intestinal bacteria were not found in intestinal contents of BFMeT-treated rats, because the growth of E. coli and that of L. acidophilus in the supernatants of small intestinal contents of BFMeT-treated rats and solvent-treated rats were not different. The mechanism of the increase in the number of gram-negative bacteria is still unclear, but heat-killed E. coli cells and their purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused deterioration of BFMeT-induced ileal ulcers, while they could not cause the ulcers by themselves without the NSAID. Concentration of LPS and myeloperoxidase activity level were elevated correlatively in the intestinal mucosa of rats treated with LPS and BFMeT. These results suggest that an increase in the number of gram-negative bacteria and their LPS in the mucosa induces activation of neutrophils together with the help of NSAID action and causes ulcer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hagiwara
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Dastidar SG, Ganguly K, Chaudhuri K, Chakrabarty AN. The anti-bacterial action of diclofenac shown by inhibition of DNA synthesis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 14:249-51. [PMID: 10773497 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were inhibited by 50-100 mg/l of the anti-inflammatory agent, diclofenac sodium (Dc). In vivo test using 30 or 50 microg Dc per 20 g mouse (Swiss Albino variety) significantly (P <0.001) protected the animals when challenged with 50 MLD of a virulent Salmonella typhimurium. The anti-bacterial action of Dc was found to be due to inhibition of DNA synthesis which was demonstrated using 2 micro Ci (3H) deoxythymidine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Dastidar
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 700 032, Calcutta, India
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Munoz-Bellido JL, Munoz-Criado S, Garcìa-Rodrìguez JA. Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 14:177-80. [PMID: 10773485 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(99)00154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychotropic drugs have been shown to have antimicrobial activity against several groups of microorganisms. Some of these drugs, such as the new antidepressant agents sertraline, fluoxetine and paroxetine are known to act as efflux pump inhibitors in human cells. Their activity has been studied, alone and combined with antibiotics, against bacterial species, mainly in multiply resistant strains. These agents have surprising activity, mainly against Gram positive microorganisms. They also show synergistic activity when combined with some antibiotics against several bacteria, shown by a decrease in MICs, that converts strains previously resistant to the category of sensitive, and modify physiological aspects related with pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Munoz-Bellido
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente 108, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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Gunics G, Motohashi N, Amaral L, Farkas S, Molnár J. Interaction between antibiotics and non-conventional antibiotics on bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 14:239-42. [PMID: 10773495 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The individual activity of antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and gentamicin in combination with compounds known to modify bacterial resistance to given antibiotics was studied using the checkerboard method. The combination of promethazine with either ampicillin, tetracycline or erythromycin or the combination of methylene blue and erythromycin produced significant synergistic activity against Escherichia coli. Verapamil, however, in combination with ampicillin reduced the activity of ampicillin against E. coli. Combinations of clomipramine with either tetracycline or erythromycin, promethazine and erythromycin or verapamil and ampicillin were synergistic against Staphylococcus epidermidis that was resistant to these antibiotics. The only synergy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown by the combination of methylene blue and gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gunics
- Department of Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gybrgyi Medical University, Szeged, Hungary
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Muñoz-Criado S, Muñoz-Bellido J, Alonso-Manzanares M, Gutiérrez-Zufiaurre M, García-Rodríguez J. Psychotropic drugs inhibit swarming in Proteus spp. and related genera. Clin Microbiol Infect 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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