1
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Maggini I, Kennedy LV, Bursian SJ, Dean KM, Gerson AR, Harr KE, Link JE, Pritsos CA, Pritsos KL, Guglielmo CG. Toxicological and thermoregulatory effects of feather contamination with artificially weathered MC 252 oil in western sandpipers (Calidris mauri). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:118-128. [PMID: 28457645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The external contamination of bird feathers with crude oil might have effects on feather structure and thus on thermoregulation. We tested the thermoregulatory ability of western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) in a respirometry chamber with oil applied either immediately prior, or three days before the experiment. The birds were then exposed to a sliding cold temperature challenge between 27°C and -3°C to calculate thermal conductance. After the experiment, a large blood sample was taken and the liver extracted to measure a range of parameters linked to toxicology and oxidative stress. No differences in thermal conductance were observed among groups, but birds exposed to oil for three days had reduced body temperatures and lost more body mass during that period. At necropsy, oiled birds showed a decrease in plasma albumin and sodium, and an increase in urea. This is reflective of dysfunction in the kidney at the loop of Henle. Birds, especially when exposed to the oil for three days, showed signs of oxidative stress and oxidative damage. These results show that the ingestion of externally applied oil through preening or drinking can cause toxic effects even in low doses, while we did not detect a direct effect of the external oil on thermoregulation over the temperature range tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Maggini
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9; Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lisa V Kennedy
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9.
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Ste 201, Boulder, CO 80302-5148, United States.
| | - Alexander R Gerson
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9.
| | | | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Chris A Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, United States.
| | - Karen L Pritsos
- University of Nevada-Reno, Max Fleischmann Agriculture Bldg. 210, Reno, NV 89557, United States
| | - Christopher G Guglielmo
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G9.
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2
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Bursian SJ, Alexander CR, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Ellis CK, Godard-Codding CA, Guglielmo CG, Hanson-Dorr KC, Harr KE, Healy KA, Hooper MJ, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Kennedy LV, Link JE, Maggini I, Moye JK, Perez CR, Pritsos CA, Shriner SA, Trust KA, Tuttle PL. Reprint of: Overview of avian toxicity studies for the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:4-10. [PMID: 28559122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes liability for injuries to natural resources because of the release or threat of release of oil. Assessment of injury to natural resources resulting from an oil spill and development and implementation of a plan for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement or acquisition of natural resources to compensate for those injuries is accomplished through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process. The NRDA process began within a week of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010. During the spill, more than 8500 dead and impaired birds representing at least 93 avian species were collected. In addition, there were more than 3500 birds observed to be visibly oiled. While information in the literature at the time helped to identify some of the effects of oil on birds, it was not sufficient to fully characterize the nature and extent of the injuries to the thousands of live oiled birds, or to quantify those injuries in terms of effects on bird viability. As a result, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed various assessment activities to inform NRDA injury determination and quantification analyses associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including avian toxicity studies. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of oral exposure to 1-20ml of artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 oil kg bw-1 day-1 from one to 28 days or one to five applications of oil to 20% of the bird's surface area. It was thought that these exposure levels would not result in immediate or short-term mortality but might result in physiological effects that ultimately could affect avian survival, reproduction and health. These studies included oral dosing studies, an external dosing study, metabolic and flight performance studies and field-based flight studies. Results of these studies indicated changes in hematologic endpoints including formation of Heinz bodies and changes in cell counts. There were also effects on multiple organ systems, cardiac function and oxidative status. External oiling affected flight patterns and time spent during flight tasks indicating that migration may be affected by short-term repeated exposure to oil. Feather damage also resulted in increased heat loss and energetic demands. The papers in this special issue indicate that the combined effects of oil toxicity and feather effects in avian species, even in the case of relatively light oiling, can significantly affect the overall health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - C R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - C K Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C A Godard-Codding
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - K A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - M J Hooper
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - L V Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J K Moye
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K A Trust
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P L Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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3
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Dean KM, Cacela D, Carney MW, Cunningham FL, Ellis C, Gerson AR, Guglielmo CG, Hanson-Dorr KC, Harr KE, Healy KA, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Kennedy LV, Link JE, Lipton I, McFadden AK, Moye JK, Perez CR, Pritsos CA, Pritsos KL, Muthumalage T, Shriner SA, Bursian SJ. Testing of an oral dosing technique for double-crested cormorants, Phalacocorax auritus, laughing gulls, Leucophaeus atricilla, homing pigeons, Columba livia, and western sandpipers, Calidris mauri, with artificially weather MC252 oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:11-18. [PMID: 28781207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scoping studies were designed to determine if double-crested cormorants (Phalacocorax auritus), laughing gulls (Leucophaues atricilla), homing pigeons (Columba livia) and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) that were gavaged with a mixture of artificially weathered MC252 oil and food for either a single day or 4-5 consecutive days showed signs of oil toxicity. Where volume allowed, samples were collected for hematology, plasma protein electrophoresis, clinical chemistry and electrolytes, oxidative stress and organ weigh changes. Double-crested cormorants, laughing gulls and western sandpipers all excreted oil within 30min of dose, while pigeons regurgitated within less than one hour of dosing. There were species differences in the effectiveness of the dosing technique, with double-crested cormorants having the greatest number of responsive endpoints at the completion of the trial. Statistically significant changes in packed cell volume, white cell counts, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, gamma glutamyl transferase, uric acid, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, total glutathione, glutathione disulfide, reduced glutathione, spleen and liver weights were measured in double-crested cormorants. Homing pigeons had statistically significant changes in creatine phosphokinase, total glutathione, glutathione disulfide, reduced glutathione and Trolox equivalents. Laughing gulls exhibited statistically significant decreases in spleen and kidney weight, and no changes were observed in any measurement endpoints tested in western sandpipers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
| | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M W Carney
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - C Ellis
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - A R Gerson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - C G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - K E Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, 8712 53rd Pl W., Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA
| | - K A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - K E Horak
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J P Isanhart
- US Department of the Interior, Office of Restoration and Damage Assessment, DC, USA
| | - L V Kennedy
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - J E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Lipton
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A K McFadden
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J K Moye
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - K L Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - T Muthumalage
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S A Shriner
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - S J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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4
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Cunningham F, Dean K, Hanson-Dorr K, Harr K, Healy K, Horak K, Link J, Shriner S, Bursian S, Dorr B. Reprint of: Development of methods for avian oil toxicity studies using the double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:19-28. [PMID: 28571622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral and external dosing methods replicating field exposure were developed using the double crested cormorant (DCCO) to test the toxicity of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. The majority of previous oil dosing studies conducted on wild-caught birds used gavage methods to dose birds with oil and determine toxicity. However, rapid gut transit time of gavaged oil likely reduces oil absorption. In the present studies, dosing relied on injection of oil into live feeder fish for oral dosing of these piscivorous birds, or applying oil to body contour feathers resulting in transdermal oil exposure and oral exposure through preening. Both oral and external oil dosing studies identified oil-related toxicity endpoints associated with oxidative stress such as hemolytic anemia, liver and kidney damage, and immuno-modulation or compromise. External oil application allowed for controlled study of thermoregulatory stress as well. Infrared thermal images indicated significantly greater surface temperatures and heat loss in treated birds following external oil applications; however, measurements collected by coelomically implanted temperature transmitters showed that internal body temperatures were stable over the course of the study period. Birds exposed to oil externally consumed more fish than control birds, indicating metabolic compensation for thermal stress. Conversely, birds orally dosed with oil experienced hypothermia and consumed less fish compared to control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Cunningham
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States.
| | - Karen Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kendal Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, Mukilteo, WA, United States
| | - Kate Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
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5
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Dean KM, Bursian SJ, Cacela D, Carney MW, Cunningham FL, Dorr B, Hanson-Dorr KC, Healy KA, Horak KE, Link JE, Lipton I, McFadden AK, McKernan MA, Harr KE. Changes in white cell estimates and plasma chemistry measurements following oral or external dosing of double-crested cormorants, Phalacocorax auritus, with artificially weathered MC252 oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 146:40-51. [PMID: 28844686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Scoping studies were designed whereby double-crested cormorants (Phalacocorax auritus) were dosed with artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil either daily through oil injected feeder fish, or by application of oil directly to feathers every three days. Preening results in oil ingestion, and may be an effective means of orally dosing birds with toxicant to improve our understanding of the full range of physiological effects of oral oil ingestion on birds. Blood samples collected every 5-6 days were analyzed for a number of clinical endpoints including white blood cell (WBC) estimates and differential cell counts. Plasma biochemical evaluations were performed for changes associated with oil toxicity. Oral dosing and application of oil to feathers resulted in clinical signs and statistically significant changes in a number of biochemical endpoints consistent with petroleum exposure. In orally dosed birds there were statistically significant decreases in aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, glucose, and total protein concentrations, and increases in plasma urea, uric acid, and phosphorus concentrations. Plasma electrophoresis endpoints (pre-albumin, albumin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin concentrations and albumin: globulin ratios) were decreased in orally dosed birds. Birds with external oil had increases in urea, creatinine, uric acid, creatine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), phosphorus, calcium, chloride, potassium, albumin, alpha-1 globulin and alpha-2 globulin. Decreases were observed in AST, beta globulin and glucose. WBC also differed between treatments; however, this was in part driven by monocytosis present in the externally oiled birds prior to oil treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Dean
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dave Cacela
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Michael W Carney
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Fred L Cunningham
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Katie C Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/APHIS/WS/NWRC-MS Field Station, MS State University, P.O. Box 6099, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Kate A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | | | - Jane E Link
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Ian Lipton
- Abt Associates, 1811 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | | | - Kendal E Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, 8712 53rd Pl W., Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA
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6
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Bursian SJ, Alexander CR, Cacela D, Cunningham FL, Dean KM, Dorr BS, Ellis CK, Godard-Codding CA, Guglielmo CG, Hanson-Dorr KC, Harr KE, Healy KA, Hooper MJ, Horak KE, Isanhart JP, Kennedy LV, Link JE, Maggini I, Moye JK, Perez CR, Pritsos CA, Shriner SA, Trust KA, Tuttle PL. Overview of avian toxicity studies for the Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:1-7. [PMID: 28376347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes liability for injuries to natural resources because of the release or threat of release of oil. Assessment of injury to natural resources resulting from an oil spill and development and implementation of a plan for the restoration, rehabilitation, replacement or acquisition of natural resources to compensate for those injuries is accomplished through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) process. The NRDA process began within a week of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, which occurred on April 20, 2010. During the spill, more than 8500 dead and impaired birds representing at least 93 avian species were collected. In addition, there were more than 3500 birds observed to be visibly oiled. While information in the literature at the time helped to identify some of the effects of oil on birds, it was not sufficient to fully characterize the nature and extent of the injuries to the thousands of live oiled birds, or to quantify those injuries in terms of effects on bird viability. As a result, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed various assessment activities to inform NRDA injury determination and quantification analyses associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, including avian toxicity studies. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of oral exposure to 1-20ml of artificially weathered Mississippi Canyon 252 oil kg bw-1 day-1 from one to 28 days or one to five applications of oil to 20% of the bird's surface area. It was thought that these exposure levels would not result in immediate or short-term mortality but might result in physiological effects that ultimately could affect avian survival, reproduction and health. These studies included oral dosing studies, an external dosing study, metabolic and flight performance studies and field-based flight studies. Results of these studies indicated changes in hematologic endpoints including formation of Heinz bodies and changes in cell counts. There were also effects on multiple organ systems, cardiac function and oxidative status. External oiling affected flight patterns and time spent during flight tasks indicating that migration may be affected by short-term repeated exposure to oil. Feather damage also resulted in increased heat loss and energetic demands. The papers in this special issue indicate that the combined effects of oil toxicity and feather effects in avian species, even in the case of relatively light oiling, can significantly affect the overall health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - C R Alexander
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - D Cacela
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F L Cunningham
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - K M Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B S Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - C K Ellis
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C A Godard-Codding
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - K C Hanson-Dorr
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - K A Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
| | - M J Hooper
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K E Horak
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - L V Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Maggini
- Department of Biology, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - J K Moye
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C R Perez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - C A Pritsos
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S A Shriner
- US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K A Trust
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P L Tuttle
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration Office, Fairhope, AL, USA
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7
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Cunningham F, Dean K, Hanson-Dorr K, Harr K, Healy K, Horak K, Link J, Shriner S, Bursian S, Dorr B. Development of methods for avian oil toxicity studies using the double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:199-208. [PMID: 28349871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral and external dosing methods replicating field exposure were developed using the double crested cormorant (DCCO) to test the toxicity of artificially weathered Deepwater Horizon Mississippi Canyon 252 oil. The majority of previous oil dosing studies conducted on wild-caught birds used gavage methods to dose birds with oil and determine toxicity. However, rapid gut transit time of gavaged oil likely reduces oil absorption. In the present studies, dosing relied on injection of oil into live feeder fish for oral dosing of these piscivorous birds, or applying oil to body contour feathers resulting in transdermal oil exposure and oral exposure through preening. Both oral and external oil dosing studies identified oil-related toxicity endpoints associated with oxidative stress such as hemolytic anemia, liver and kidney damage, and immuno-modulation or compromise. External oil application allowed for controlled study of thermoregulatory stress as well. Infrared thermal images indicated significantly greater surface temperatures and heat loss in treated birds following external oil applications; however, measurements collected by coelomically implanted temperature transmitters showed that internal body temperatures were stable over the course of the study period. Birds exposed to oil externally consumed more fish than control birds, indicating metabolic compensation for thermal stress. Conversely, birds orally dosed with oil experienced hypothermia and consumed less fish compared to control birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Cunningham
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States.
| | - Karen Dean
- Abt Associates, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Katie Hanson-Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kendal Harr
- Urika Pathology LLC, Mukilteo, WA, United States
| | - Kate Healy
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Deepwater Horizon NRDAR Field Office, Fairhope, AL, United States
| | - Katherine Horak
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jane Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susan Shriner
- USDA/ APHIS/Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brian Dorr
- USDA/ APHIS/ Wildlife Services/National Wildlife Research Center, Starkville, MS, United States
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8
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Beck EM, Smits JEG, St Clair CC. Health of domestic mallards (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) following exposure to oil sands process-affected water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8847-8854. [PMID: 25003652 DOI: 10.1021/es501259x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen extraction from the oil sands of northern Alberta produces large volumes of process-affected water that contains substances toxic to wildlife. Recent monitoring has shown that tens of thousands of birds land on ponds containing this water annually, creating an urgent need to understand its effects on bird health. We emulated the repeated, short-term exposures that migrating water birds are thought to experience by exposing pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) to recycled oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). As indicators of health, we measured a series of physiological (electrolytes, metabolites, enzymes, hormones, and blood cells) and toxicological (metals and minerals) variables. Relative to controls, juvenile birds exposed to OSPW had higher potassium following the final exposure, and males had a higher thyroid hormone ratio (T3/T4). In adults, exposed birds had higher vanadium, and, following the final exposure, higher bicarbonate. Exposed females had higher bile acid, globulin, and molybdenum levels, and males, higher corticosterone. However, with the exception of the metals, none of these measures varied from available reference ranges for ducks, suggesting OSPW is not toxic to juvenile or adult birds after three and six weekly, 1 h exposures, but more studies are needed to know the generality of this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Beck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Z-708, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
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