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Pagel PS, De Vry DJ, Lopez BE, Zdanovec AK, Price BN, Encarnación CO, Kryniak MP, Almassi GH. A Highly Mobile Mass in the Anterior Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Immediately Beneath a Heavily Calcified, Stenotic Aortic Valve: Vegetation, Thrombus, or Neoplasm? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 29:1740-2. [PMID: 26277438 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Minerva P Kryniak
- Pathology Services, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI
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2
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Taguchi E, Nakao K, Sassa T, Kamio T, Sakanashi M, Miyamoto S, Sakamoto T, Nishigami K, Uesugi H, Hirayama T. Resting angina due to papillary fibroelastoma of the right coronary cusp. Heart Vessels 2014; 31:114-7. [PMID: 25081095 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 63-year-old man with chest pain at rest was referred to our hospital. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a mobile ball-like mass at the top of the right coronary cusp. Subsequently, transesophageal echocardiography also showed a mobile mass at the right coronary cusp. Aortic valve replacement with a mechanical valve was performed under general anesthesia. We diagnosed this condition as papillary fibroelastoma based upon the pathological findings with hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Elastica van Gieson staining. Coronary angiography revealed no organic lesions. The operation was successful, and the patient remains asymptomatic. We speculate that the resting chest pain was induced by transient occlusion of the right coronary orifice by the tumor. We describe this rare case in detail including a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Taguchi
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, 5-3-1 Chikami, Minami-ku, Kumamoto, 861-4193, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakao
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, 5-3-1 Chikami, Minami-ku, Kumamoto, 861-4193, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Sassa
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takihiro Kamio
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mina Sakanashi
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, 5-3-1 Chikami, Minami-ku, Kumamoto, 861-4193, Japan
| | - Shinzo Miyamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, 5-3-1 Chikami, Minami-ku, Kumamoto, 861-4193, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, 5-3-1 Chikami, Minami-ku, Kumamoto, 861-4193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishigami
- Division of Cardiology, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, 5-3-1 Chikami, Minami-ku, Kumamoto, 861-4193, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Uesugi
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Touitsu Hirayama
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital Cardiovascular Center, Kumamoto, Japan
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3
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Strecker T, Scheuermann S, Nooh E, Weyand M, Agaimy A. Incidental papillary fibroelastoma of the tricuspid valve. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9:123. [PMID: 25011574 PMCID: PMC4104732 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-9-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cardiac tumors are very rare, papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) being the second most common benign tumor of the heart in previous series. However, as a consequence of increased imaging examinations, incidental PFE may represent the most common cardiac tumor. Their clinical presentation varies from incidental asymptomatic masses to severe life-threatening cardiovascular complications necessitating emergency surgery. Here we report the diagnostic evaluation and successful surgical resection of such a cardiac tumor in a 67-year-old woman. Histology confirmed diagnosis of a papillary fibroelastoma. This report demonstrates it’s necessary to include cardiac tumors in the differential diagnosis of subtle and non-specific cardiothoracic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Strecker
- Center of Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma associated with acute cerebral infarction: a case report. Case Rep Cardiol 2013; 2013:485029. [PMID: 24826289 PMCID: PMC4007801 DOI: 10.1155/2013/485029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An 80-year-old woman with a history of congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension was transferred to our institution with hematemesis. Her drug regimen included 2 mg warfarin potassium/day to prevent thromboembolic events. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) performed at 78 years of age revealed a mass attached to the noncoronary cusp and a cardiac tumor was suspected. The patient declined surgery and was meticulously followed up with periodic TTE. Upper gastroendoscopy revealed a gastric ulcer with an exposed blood vessel; anticoagulant therapy was ceased. On day 15 of admission, acute cerebral infarction occurred. Heparin sodium and warfarin potassium were administered rapidly, and her symptoms improved. TTE revealed no alteration of the mobile, string-like mass attached to the noncoronary cusp. Cardiac tumor was considered the cause of cerebral infarction, and the patient consented to surgical therapy. Pathological examination of the resected tumor suggested papillary fibroelastoma (PFE). Although no guidelines exist for PFE management, a mobile, cardiac tumor necessitates surgical resection to prevent thromboembolic events, even when small in size.
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5
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Cardiac fibroelastoma: a rare cause of stroke in young adults. Case Rep Cardiol 2013; 2013:250808. [PMID: 24826279 PMCID: PMC4007804 DOI: 10.1155/2013/250808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 26-year-old man presenting with a transient episode of dysarthria and dizziness, 3 weeks prior to admission, was referred to our center to be evaluated for transient ischemic attack (TIA). The patient had been previously admitted to a different hospital and echocardiography was reported normal at that center, but upon presenting to our institution strand-like masses in the left ventricle (LV) were detected. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed two distinct mobile LV masses suggesting a diagnosis of papillary fibroelastoma. CT angiography and histopathological studies confirmed this diagnosis.
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6
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Papillary fibroelastoma prolapsing into the left ventricular outflow tract: diagnosis using three-dimensional TEE. Herz 2010; 35:503-5. [PMID: 20857078 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-010-3380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A 72-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with exertional dyspnea and atrial tachycardia due to atypical atrial flutter. Comprehensive three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE) with offline reconstruction of the dataset (Siemens Foursight TEE, Erlangen, Germany) allowed visualization of the origin of the tumor and gave important additional information about the tumor: the tumor surface was floppy, it had the appearance of a "sea anemone", and it was attached to the endocardium of the head of the papillary muscle by a short stalk. The tumor was assessed to be 1.9 × 1.4 × 0.9 cm, and a prolapsing of the tumor into the left ventricular outflow tract during systole was demonstrated.A tumor size of 8 × 10 mm and an infiltration of the head of the anterior papillary muscle were found during surgery. The histopathological findings were typical for a papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) with involvement of the head of the papillary muscle.Our case indicates that a PFE might be difficult to distinguish from myxoma by echocardiography. Thus, the multimodal imaging approach and the three-dimensional visualization of the surface, the localization, and the attachment of the tumor to the head of a papillary muscle were very helpful for the identification of a fibroelastoma in this particular case.
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7
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Mariscalco G, Bruno VD, Borsani P, Dominici C, Sala A. Papillary Fibroelastoma: Insight to a Primary Cardiac Valve Tumor. J Card Surg 2010; 25:198-205. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2009.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lund GK, Schröder S, Koschyk DH, Nienaber CA. Echocardiographic diagnosis of papillary fibroelastoma of the mitral and tricuspid valve apparatus. Clin Cardiol 2009; 20:175-7. [PMID: 9034648 PMCID: PMC6655266 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960200216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary fibroelastomas are rare and normally benign cardiac tumors typically attached to cardiac valves. This report describes two patients who were evaluated for intermittent dyspnea in one case and for the source of cerebral embolism in the other. In both patients transthoracic echocardiography revealed a pedunculated mobile mass adjacent to an atrioventricular valve, suggestive of papillary fibroelastoma. Postoperative histology was confirmatory of papillary fibroelastoma with a typical hyalinized hypocellular stroma covered by a single layer of endocardial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Lund
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Park MY, Shin JS, Park HR, Lim HE, Ahn JC, Song WH. Papillary fibroelastoma of the pulmonary valve. Heart Vessels 2007; 22:284-6. [PMID: 17653525 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-006-0965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A papillary fibroelastoma is rare, but it is the most common primary tumor of the cardiac valves. Most papillary fibroelastomas affect the left-sided heart valves, such as the aortic and mitral valves; however, they also rarely affect the pulmonary valve. Generally, surgical removal is strongly recommended to prevent its potential thromboembolic risks, especially in cases of left-sided cardiac involvement. However, there are few reports on the treatment of asymptomatic, small, right-sided cardiac fibroelastomas. We present a rare case of an asymptomatic papillary fibroelastoma occurring on the pulmonary valve, which was detected by transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and a 64-slice cardiac computed tomography scan, and which was surgically removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Park
- Department of Cardiology, Korea University Hospital, 516 Gojan 1 dong, Danwon-ku, Ansan-si, Kyungki-do 425-727, South Korea
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Outomuro D, del Riego H, Grana DR, Milei J. Unusual location in the left ventricular outflow tract and atypical symptoms of cardiac papillary fibroelastoma. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2006; 7:768-70. [PMID: 17001239 DOI: 10.2459/01.jcm.0000247325.03278.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma, though potentially fatal, are rare benign tumours. Therefore, high index of suspicion is needed in order to identify these lesions and to limit complications at surgery or during long-term oral anticoagulation if the patient is not a surgical candidate. We present a case report of unusual location and presentation, highlighting the pathological findings. A 55-year-old white male, without risk factors for ischaemic cardiomyopathy, presented several episodes of chest pain. Nine years previously, the patient had had a convulsive attack without any organic neurological finding and was treated with different anticonvulsive drugs for five years. Echocardiography showed a mobile mass in the left ventricular outflow tract. The patient underwent surgical excision of the mass, which was later identified as cardiac papillary fibroelastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Outomuro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas Prof. Dr Alberto C. Taquini, CONICET, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Fox E, Brunson C, Campbell W, Aru G. Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma presents as an acute embolic stroke in a 35-year-old African American male. Am J Med Sci 2006; 331:91-4. [PMID: 16479182 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200602000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is an interesting case of a young patient suffering an acute embolic stroke in the middle cerebral artery distribution, who was later found to have a papillary fibroelastoma on the mitral valve. The mass was first recognized by transesophageal echocardiography and eventually resected surgically. The retrieved specimen had classic histologic findings of a papillary fibroelastoma. A thrombus was noted on the tip of the specimen, supporting the theory that these masses are risks for strokes secondary to damage along the endothelial lining predisposing to subsequent fibrin deposition and mural thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin Fox
- Department of Medicine, the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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12
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Gowda RM, Khan IA, Nair CK, Mehta NJ, Vasavada BC, Sacchi TJ. Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma: a comprehensive analysis of 725 cases. Am Heart J 2003; 146:404-10. [PMID: 12947356 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8703(03)00249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advent of echocardiography, cardiac papillary fibroelastoma (CPF) is being increasingly reported. The demographics, clinical characteristics, pathological features, treatment, and prognosis of CPF are examined. DATA COLLECTIONS Cases, case series and related articles on the subject in all languages were identified through a comprehensive literature search. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Seven hundred twenty-five cases of CPF were identified. Males comprised 55% of patients. Highest prevalence was in the 8th decade of life. The valvular surface was the predominant locations of tumor. The most commonly involved valve was the aortic valve, followed by the mitral valve. The left ventricle was the predominant nonvalvular site involved. No clear risk factor for development of CPF has been reported. Size of the tumor varied from 2 mm to 70 mm. Clinically, CPFs have presented with transient ischemic attack, stroke, myocardial infarction, sudden death, heart failure, presyncope, syncope, pulmonary embolism, blindness, and peripheral embolism. Tumor mobility was the only independent predictor of CPF-related death or nonfatal embolization. Symptomatic patients should be treated surgically because the successful complete resection of CPF is curative and the long-term postoperative prognosis is excellent. The symptomatic patients who are not surgical candidates could be offered long-term oral anticoagulation, although no randomized controlled data are available on its efficacy. Asymptomatic patients could be treated surgically if the tumor is mobile, as the tumor mobility is the independent predictor of death or nonfatal embolization. Asymptomatic patients with nonmobile CPF could be followed-up closely with periodic clinical evaluation and echocardiography, and receive surgical intervention when symptoms develop or the tumor becomes mobile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh M Gowda
- Division of Cardiology, Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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13
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Sun JP, Asher CR, Yang XS, Cheng GG, Scalia GM, Massed AG, Griffin BP, Ratliff NB, Stewart WJ, Thomas JD. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of papillary fibroelastomas: a retrospective and prospective study in 162 patients. Circulation 2001; 103:2687-93. [PMID: 11390338 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.22.2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma (CPF) is a primary cardiac neoplasm that is increasingly detected by echocardiography. The clinical manifestations of this entity are not well described. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 16-year period, we identified patients with CPF from our pathology and echocardiography databases. A total of 162 patients had pathologically confirmed CPF. Echocardiography was performed in 141 patients with 158 CPFs, and 48 patients had CPFs that were not visible by echocardiography (<0.2 cm), leaving an echocardiographic subgroup of 93 patients with 110 CPFs. An additional 45 patients with a presumed diagnosis of CPF were identified. The mean age of the patients was 60+/-16 years of age, and 46.1% were male. Echocardiographically, the mean size of the CPFs was 9+/-4.6 mm; 82.7% occurred on valves (aortic more than mitral), 43.6% were mobile, and 91.4% were single. During a follow-up period of 11+/-22 months, 23 of 26 patients with a prospective diagnosis of CPF that was confirmed by pathological examination had symptoms that could be attributable to embolization. In the group of 45 patients with a presumed diagnosis of CPF, 3 patients had symptoms that were likely due to embolization (incidence, 6.6%) during a follow-up period of 552+/-706 days. CONCLUSIONS CPFs are generally small and single, occur most often on valvular surfaces, and may be mobile, resulting in embolization. Because of the potential for embolic events, symptomatic patients, patients undergoing cardiac surgery for other lesions, and those with highly mobile and large CPFs should be considered for surgical excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sun
- Cardiovascular Imaging Center, Department of Cardiology, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Horton C, Wanat FE, Nekkanti R, Nanda NC. Tricuspid valve fibroelastoma in an elderly patient: transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis and differentiation from a myxoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2001; 10:55-8. [PMID: 11413937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1076-7460.2001.90857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Horton
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
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Klarich KW, Enriquez-Sarano M, Gura GM, Edwards WD, Tajik AJ, Seward JB. Papillary fibroelastoma: echocardiographic characteristics for diagnosis and pathologic correlation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30:784-90. [PMID: 9283541 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of papillary fibroelastoma (PFE). BACKGROUND PFE is a rarely encountered cardiac tumor about which relatively little is known. METHODS Institutional records were reviewed for the years 1980 to 1995 for patients with pathologic or echocardiographic diagnosis of PFE. Group 1 included 17 patients with the pathologic diagnosis of PFE who also underwent echocardiography. Echocardiographic features of PFE were established in group 1. Group 2 included 37 patients with only echocardiographic evidence of PFE. RESULTS In group 1, 7 (41.2%) of 17 patients had symptoms related to PFE. Neurologic events occurred in 5 (29.4%) of 17 patients. All patients had the tumor surgically removed. During follow-up, no new embolic events occurred. Echocardiographic characteristics of PFE included a small tumor (12.1 +/- 6.5 x 9.0 +/- 4.3 mm), usually pedunculated (14 [94%] of 17 patients) and mobile, with a homogeneous speckled pattern and a characteristic stippling along the edges. PFEs were most common on valvular surfaces (12 [60%] of 20 PFEs) but were not uncommon on other endocardial surfaces (8 [40%] of 20 PFEs). The tumor did not cause valvular dysfunction. In group 2, 16 (43%) of 37 patients were asymptomatic. Five patients (13.5%) had a previous neurologic event. During follow-up (mean 31 months, range 1 to 77), nine neurologic events occurred. CONCLUSIONS PFEs are associated with embolism, can be diagnosed with echocardiography, are often an incidental clinical finding and do not cause valvular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Klarich
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 16-1997. A 42-year-old woman with a pulmonic-valve mass. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1512-6. [PMID: 9154772 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199705223362108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Hicks KA, Kovach JA, Frishberg DP, Wiley TM, Gurczak PB, Vernalis MN. Echocardiographic evaluation of papillary fibroelastoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996; 9:353-60. [PMID: 8736022 DOI: 10.1016/s0894-7317(96)90152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Papillary fibroelastomas comprise approximately 7.9% of benign primary cardiac tumors. Although papillary fibroelastomas were at first discovered incidentally at autopsy or during heart surgery, these tumors are increasingly being identified by echocardiography. This article reviews those papillary fibroelastomas detected by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography and discusses the echocardiographic features of these tumors, associated symptoms, and management. Echocardiography is important in influencing management decisions regarding excision, valve replacement, and valve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hicks
- Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA
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