1
|
Botman J, Hontoir F, Gustin P, Cambier C, Gabriel F, Dugdale A, Vandeweerd JM. Postanaesthetic effects of ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-medetomidine on gastrointestinal transit time in rabbits anaesthetised with isoflurane. Vet Rec 2019; 186:249. [PMID: 31611296 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal stasis is a common perianaesthetic complication in rabbits. The objective of this study was to assess the impact on gastrointestinal transit time of ketamine-midazolam (KMZ) versus ketamine-medetomidine (later antagonised by atipamezole) (KMT-A) in rabbits anaesthetised with isoflurane. METHODS This was a cross-over, randomised, single-blinded, controlled, experimental trial. Seven healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits were used. Gastrointestinal transit time was assessed by contrast radiography in awake rabbits. Presence of contrast medium in the small intestine (gastric transit time), in the caecum (small intestinal transit time) and in faeces in the colon was assessed. One week later, 55 minutes isoflurane anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (15 mg/kg) and either midazolam (3 mg/kg) or medetomidine (0.25 mg/kg) by intramuscular injection. Thirty minutes after discontinuation of isoflurane, atipamezole (0.5 mg/kg) was administered only to rabbits in KMT-A treatment. Gastrointestinal transit time was then assessed in both treatment groups, beginning 30 minutes after cessation of isoflurane administration. Two weeks later, the treatment groups were interchanged. RESULTS Gastric and small intestinal transit times were significantly longer with KMT-A (92±109 minutes and 214±119 minutes, respectively) than with KMZ (1±0 minutes and 103±6 minutes, respectively) and in the awake state (7±7 minutes and 94±32 minutes, respectively). CONCLUSION Clinicians should therefore be aware of the potential gastrointestinal side effects of KMT-A, particularly in rabbits at risk for gastrointestinal stasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Botman
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Namur Research Institute for Life Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, University of Liege Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fanny Hontoir
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Namur Research Institute for Life Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gustin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, University of Liege Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium
| | - Carole Cambier
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, University of Liege Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabien Gabriel
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Namur Research Institute for Life Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Alex Dugdale
- Chester Gates Veterinary Specialists, Chester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koontz AF, Kim DH, McLeod KR, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. Effect of fescue toxicosis on whole body energy and nitrogen balance, in situ degradation and ruminal passage rates in Holstein steers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine alteration of ruminal kinetics, as well as N and energy balance during fescue toxicosis. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (bodyweight (BW) = 217 ± 7 kg) were weight matched into pairs and pair fed throughout a crossover design experiment with a 2×2 factorial treatment structure. Factors were endophyte (infected, E+ vs. uninfected, E−) and feeding level (1100 (L) or 1800 (H) kJ/kG BW.75). During each period, after 8 days of feeding level adaptation, animals were ruminally dosed twice daily with ground fescue seed for the remainder of the period. One steer per pair was dosed with ground endophyte infected fescue seed (E+), the other with ground endophyte free fescue seed. In situ degradation of ground alfalfa was determined on Days 13–16. Total faecal and urinary collections were performed on Days 17–21, with animals placed into indirect calorimetry head-boxes during Days 20 and 21. Heat production (HP) was calculated using the Brower equation. Retained energy (RE) was calculated as intakeE – (faecalE + urinaryE + gaseousE + HP). Liquid and particulate passage rates were evaluated using Cr:EDTA and iADF respectively on Days 22 and 23. There was no difference (P > 0.9) in dry matter intake (DMI)/kg.75 between endophyte treatments, and DMI/kg.75 was different (P < 0.01) between H and L intake by design. Animals on H feeding had higher (P < 0.01) water, N and energy intakes. Energy and N excretion, as well as retained DE, ME, RE, and HP were higher (P < 0.03) for H versus L. There was no difference in retained N, DE, ME, or HP (P > 0.15) between endophyte treatments. Neither rate nor extent of in situ degradation was altered by intake level or endophyte treatment (P > 0.3). DM percentage and DM weight of rumen contents were increased (P < 0.01) by E+ dosing. Particulate passage increased (P = 0.0002) during H intake and decreased (P = 0.02) with E+ dosing. Ruminal liquid passage decreased (P < 0.03) with H feeding, while liquid flow rate tended to be reduced (P < 0.14) with E+ dosing. Total VFA concentration increased with both H feeding (P < 0.01) and E+ dosing (P < 0.0001). Despite these differences, the N and energy balance data indicate that the reductions in weight gain and productivity seen during fescue toxicosis are primarily due to reduced intake.
Collapse
|
3
|
Koontz AF, Kim DH, Foote AP, Bush LP, Klotz JL, McLeod KR, Harmon DL. Alteration of fasting heat production during fescue toxicosis in Holstein steers. J Anim Sci 2014; 91:3881-8. [PMID: 23908162 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine alteration of fasting heat production (FHP) during fescue toxicosis. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (BW = 348 ± 13 kg) were BW-matched into pairs and used in a 2 period crossover design experiment. Each period consisted of 2 temperature segments, one each at 22 and 30°C. During each period, 1 steer per pair was ruminally dosed twice daily with 0.5 kg of ground endophyte-infected fescue seed (E+) and the other with ground endophyte-free fescue seed (E-) for 7 d. Steers on E- treatment were pair-fed to E+ steers offered alfalfa cubes at 1.5 × NEm. On d 8 of each segment, steers were moved to individual metabolism stalls fitted with indirect calorimetry head boxes. Ruminal contents were removed, weighed, and subsampled for DM determinations. The reticulorumen was washed and filled with a buffer (NaCl = 96; NaHCO3 = 24; KHCO3 = 30; K2HPO4 = 2; CaCl2 = 1.5; MgCl2 = 1.5 mmol·kg buffer(-1)) that was gassed with a 75% N2 and 25% CO2 mixture before rumen incubation. During buffer incubation, an E+ or E- fescue seed extract was added at 12 h intervals to maintain treatment presentation to the animal. After a 12-h wait, heart rate, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and urinary output were recorded for 16 h. There was no difference (P = 0.931) in DMI/kg(0.75) between endophyte treatments by design; however, intake decreased (P = 0.004) at 30°C. Increased temperature had no effect (P > 0.10) on other measurements and there were no significant interactions (P > 0.11) of temperature and endophyte treatment. Heart rate was unaffected by fescue treatment or environmental temperature. Percent DM of ruminal contents as well as total rumen DM/kg(0.75) was increased (P < 0.0001) in E+ steers. Respiratory quotient was elevated (P = 0.02) in E+ steers. Oxygen consumption decreased (P = 0.04) and CO2 production tended to be reduced (P = 0.07) during E+ treatment. Calculated FHP (kcal/kg BW(0.75)) was also less (P = 0.006) in steers receiving E+ treatment. These data suggest that consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue by cattle results in a reduction in basal metabolic rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F Koontz
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Binding sites of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors in gastrointestinal tissues of dairy cows suffering from left displacement of the abomasum. Vet J 2010; 186:328-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
5
|
Marzok M, El-Khodery S. Sedative and analgesic effects of romifidine in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vet Anaesth Analg 2009; 36:352-60. [PMID: 19538572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and the sedative and analgesic effects of intravenous (IV) romifidine in camels. STUDY DESIGN Randomized prospective study. ANIMALS Eighteen healthy adult Dromedary camels. METHODS Romifidine was administered IV to camels (n = 6) at three different doses (40, 80 or 120 microg kg(-1)). Time of onset, degree and duration of sedation and analgesia were recorded immediately after drug administration. Heart rate, respiratory rate, ruminal contractions, muscle relaxation, response to auditory and tactile stimulation, distance between ears, distance from lower lip to the ground, and degree of ataxia were also recorded pre-administration and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes post-administration. Plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured. RESULTS Romifidine produced dose dependent sedation and analgesia. Significant decreases in heart rate (p < 0.001), ruminal contractions (p < 0.05), distance from lower lip to the ground (p < 0.001), response to auditory and tactile stimuli (p < 0.01), and significant increases in the degree of ataxia (p < 0.01), distance between the ear tips (p < 0.001) and blood glucose (p < 0.01) concentration were recorded after administration of romifidine until recovery. However, no significant changes in rectal temperature and respiratory rate were recorded. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intravenous administration of romifidine at three different doses appeared to be an effective sedative and analgesic agent for camels. Bradycardia, ruminal atony, and hyperglycemia were the most important adverse effects after IV administration of romifidine. The IV administration of romifidine at a dose rate of 120 microg kg(-1) caused profound sedation and analgesia. Romifidine could be used for chemical restraint for a variety of diagnostic and minor surgical procedures in camels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Kafer-Elsheikh University, Egypt.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morandi F, Nicoloso S. Transmitter-equipped darts in a protocol for chemically immobilizing free-ranging red deer ( Cervus elaphus) in Central Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Ontsouka EC, Blum JW, Steiner A, Meylan M. mRNA expression and binding sites for alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in muscle layers of the ileum and spiral colon of dairy cows. Am J Vet Res 2007; 67:1883-9. [PMID: 17078750 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.11.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure maximum binding capacity (B(max)) and levels of mRNA expression for alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes in ileal and colonic muscle layers of healthy dairy cows. SAMPLE POPULATION Ileal and colonic muscle specimens from 6 freshly slaughtered cows. PROCEDURES Ileal and colonic muscle layers were obtained by scraping the mucosa and submucosa from full-thickness tissue specimens. Level of mRNA expression for alpha(2)-AR subtypes was measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis and expressed relative to the mean mRNA expression of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, ubiquitin, and 18S ribosomal RNA. Binding studies were performed with tritiated RX821002 ((3)H-RX821002) and subtype-selective ligands as competitors. RESULTS mRNA expression for alpha(2AD)-, alpha(2B)-, and alpha(2C)-AR subtypes was similar in ileal and colonic muscle layers. The mRNA expression for alpha(2AD)-AR was significantly greater than that for alpha(2B)- and alpha(2C)-AR subtypes, representing 92%, 6%, and 2%, respectively, of the total mRNA. Binding competition of (3)H-RX821002 with BRL44408, imiloxan, and MK-912 was best fitted by a 1-site model. The B(max) of alpha(2AD)- and alpha(2C)-AR sub-types was greater than that of alpha(2B)-AR. The B(max) and level of mRNA expression were only correlated (r = 0.8) for alpha(2AD)-AR. Ratio of B(max) to mRNA expression for alpha(2C)-AR was similar to that for alpha(2B)-AR, but significantly greater than for alpha(2AD)-AR. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Subtypes of alpha(2)-AR in bovine intestinal muscle layers are represented by a mixture of alpha(2AD)- and alpha(2C)-ARs and of alpha(2B)-AR at a lower density. Information provided here may help in clarification of the role of AR subtypes in alpha(2)-adrenergic mechanisms regulating bovine intestinal motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar C Ontsouka
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty of Berne, and the Division of Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition, and Housing, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kobel B, Engel L, Ontsouka EC, Graber HU, Blum JW, Steiner A, Meylan M. Quantitative mRNA analysis of adrenergic receptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and dairy cows with cecal dilatation-dislocation. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1367-76. [PMID: 16881849 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of mRNA coding for 9 adrenoceptor subtypes in the intestines of healthy dairy cows and cows with cecal dilatationdislocation (CDD). SAMPLE POPULATION Full-thickness specimens of the intestinal wall were obtained from the ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC), and external loop of the spiral colon (ELSC) of 15 cows with CDD (group 1) and 15 healthy (control) cows (group 2, specimens collected during laparotomy; group 3, specimens collected after slaughter). PROCEDURES Concentrations of mRNA for 9 adrenoceptor subtypes (alpha(1A), alpha(1B), alpha(1D), alpha(2AD), alpha(2B), alpha(2C), beta(1), beta(2), and beta(3)) were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Results were expressed relative to mRNA expression of a housekeeping gene. RESULTS Expression of mRNA for alpha(1B)-, alpha(2AD)-, alpha(2B)-, beta(1)-, and beta(2)-adrenoceptors was significantly lower in cows with CDD than in control cows. In the ileum, these receptors all had lower mRNA expression in cows with CDD than in control cows. The same effect was detected in the ELSC for mRNA for alpha(2AD)-, alpha(2B)-, beta(1)-, and beta(2)-adrenoceptors, and in the cecum and PLAC for alpha(2B)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors. Groups did not differ significantly for alpha(1A)-adrenoceptors. The mRNA expression for alpha(1D)-, alpha(2C)-, and beta(3)-adrenoceptors was extremely low in all groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Differences in expression of mRNA coding for adrenoceptors, most pronounced in the ileum and spiral colon, between cows with CDD and control cows support the hypothesis of an implication of adrenergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CDD in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kobel
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meylan M, Georgieva TM, Reist M, Blum JW, Martig J, Georgiev IP, Steiner A. Distribution of mRNA that codes for subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:1142-50. [PMID: 15334850 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the distribution of mRNA that codes for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the digestive tract of dairy cows. SAMPLE POPULATION Fresh full-thickness wall specimens from the abomasum (fundus, corpus, and antrum), ileum, cecum, proximal loop of ascending colon, and 4 locations of the spiral colon collected from 10 healthy cows at slaughter. PROCEDURE Concentrations of mRNA that code for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the bovine gastrointestinal tract (alpha1A, alpha1B, alpha1D, alpha2AD, alpha2B, alpha2C beta1, beta2, and beta3) were measured by use of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results were reported in relation to mRNA expression of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). RESULTS Mean mRNA contents of adrenergic receptors in the bovine digestive tract were low (range, 0.00006% to 5.04% of GAPDH). Distribution of receptor subtypes was similar in all tissues, with lowest expression of alpha1D receptors, followed by alpha2B, alpha2C, beta3, alpha1B, alpha1A, beta1, and beta2 in the abomasum, whereas alpha2AD and beta2 in the intestines were highest. In comparison with the intestines, relative concentrations of mRNA for receptors beta2 and beta3 were significantly lower in the abomasum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for adrenergic receptors differed among receptor subtypes and among locations in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Comparison of these values established in healthy cattle with results for cows with motility disorders, such as abomasal displacement and cecal dilatation, may lead to improved therapeutic or prophylactic approaches for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
van Miert AS, van Duin CT. Pharmacological and pathophysiological modulation of food intake and forestomach motility in small ruminants. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1998; 21:1-17. [PMID: 9507452 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.1998.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A S van Miert
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|