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Yang H, Zhang J, Li H. Strategies of NaCl Tolerance in Saline-Alkali-Tolerant Green Microalga Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3495. [PMID: 37836235 PMCID: PMC10575140 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Studying how freshwater cells modify metabolism and membrane lipids in response to salt stress is important for understanding how freshwater organisms adapt to salt stress and investigating new osmoregulatory ways. Physiological, biochemical, metabolic, and proteomic analyses were applied in a novel saline-alkali-tolerant microalga Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 under different NaCl concentrations. Cells adopt a variety of strategies to adapt to salt stress, including increasing ion transport and osmolytes, regulating cell cycle and life history, and accumulating triacylglycerol (TAG). A large number of metabolic activities point to TAG accumulation. With increasing NaCl concentration, the C resource for TAG accumulation went from photosynthetically fixed C and a small amount of lipid remodeling to macromolecule degradation and a mass of lipid remodeling, respectively. The energy for TAG accumulation went from linear electron transfer and oxidative phosphate pentose pathway to cyclic electron flow, substrate phosphorylation, oxidation phosphorylation, and FA oxidation. Additionally, digalacturonic acid and amino acids of the N-acetyl group, which usually were the osmotica for marine organisms, were important for M. dybowskii LB50. Freshwater organisms evolved many biological ways to adapt to salt stress. This insight enriches our understanding of the adaptation mechanisms underlying abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Jing Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Center of Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
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Lipid production in Dunaliella salina under autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic conditions. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gunde-Cimerman N, Plemenitaš A, Oren A. Strategies of adaptation of microorganisms of the three domains of life to high salt concentrations. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Plemenitaš
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 1, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Zheng Z, Gao S, He Y, Li Z, Li Y, Cai X, Gu W, Wang G. The enhancement of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway maybe involved in resolving imbalance between photosystem I and II in Dunaliella salina. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Morales-Sánchez D, Kim Y, Terng EL, Peterson L, Cerutti H. A multidomain enzyme, with glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities, is involved in a chloroplastic pathway for glycerol synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1079-1092. [PMID: 28273364 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the unique features of algal metabolism may be necessary to realize the full potential of algae as feedstock for the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Under nitrogen deprivation, the green alga C. reinhardtii showed substantial triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation and up-regulation of a gene, GPD2, encoding a multidomain enzyme with a putative phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) motif fused to glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) domains. Canonical GPD enzymes catalyze the synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). G3P forms the backbone of TAGs and membrane glycerolipids and it can be dephosphorylated to yield glycerol, an osmotic stabilizer and compatible solute under hypertonic stress. Recombinant Chlamydomonas GPD2 showed both reductase and phosphatase activities in vitro and it can work as a bifunctional enzyme capable of synthesizing glycerol directly from DHAP. In addition, GPD2 and a gene encoding glycerol kinase were up-regulated in Chlamydomonas cells exposed to high salinity. RNA-mediated silencing of GPD2 revealed that the multidomain enzyme was required for TAG accumulation under nitrogen deprivation and for glycerol synthesis under high salinity. Moreover, a GPD2-mCherry fusion protein was found to localize to the chloroplast, supporting the existence of a GPD2-dependent plastid pathway for the rapid synthesis of glycerol in response to hyperosmotic stress. We hypothesize that the reductase and phosphatase activities of PSP-GPD multidomain enzymes may be modulated by post-translational modifications/mechanisms, allowing them to synthesize primarily G3P or glycerol depending on environmental conditions and/or metabolic demands in algal species of the core Chlorophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Morales-Sánchez
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Yeongho Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ee Leng Terng
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Laura Peterson
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Heriberto Cerutti
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Jeon H, Jeong J, Baek K, McKie-Krisberg Z, Polle JE, Jin E. Identification of the carbonic anhydrases from the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina strain CCAP 19/18. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xu Y, Ibrahim IM, Harvey PJ. The influence of photoperiod and light intensity on the growth and photosynthesis of Dunaliella salina (chlorophyta) CCAP 19/30. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:305-15. [PMID: 27231875 PMCID: PMC5250801 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The green microalga Dunaliella salina survives in a wide range of salinities via mechanisms involving glycerol synthesis and degradation and is exploited for large amounts of nutraceutical carotenoids produced under stressed conditions. In this study, D. salina CCAP 19/30 was cultured in varying photoperiods and light intensities to study the relationship of light with different growth measurement parameters, with cellular contents of glycerol, starch and carotenoids, and with photosynthesis and respiration. Results show CCAP 19/30 regulated cell volume when growing under light/dark cycles: cell volume increased in the light and decreased in the dark, and these changes corresponded to changes in cellular glycerol content. The decrease in cell volume in the dark was independent of cell division and biological clock and was regulated by the photoperiod of the light/dark cycle. When the light intensity was increased to above 1000 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), cells displayed evidence of photodamage. However, these cells also maintained the maximum level of photosynthesis efficiency and respiration possible, and the growth rate increased as light intensity increased. Significantly, the intracellular glycerol content also increased, >2-fold compared to the content in light intensity of 500 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), but there was no commensurate increase in the pool size of carotenoids. These data suggest that in CCAP 19/30 glycerol stabilized the photosynthetic apparatus for maximum performance in high light intensities, a role normally attributed to carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- University of Greenwich, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Iskander M Ibrahim
- University of Greenwich, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Patricia J Harvey
- University of Greenwich, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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Oren A. Glycerol metabolism in hypersaline environments. Environ Microbiol 2016; 19:851-863. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Oren
- The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus; Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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Wang Y, Hu B, Du S, Gao S, Chen X, Chen D. Proteomic Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Dunaliella salina Ds-26-16 Gene Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153640. [PMID: 27135411 PMCID: PMC4852897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously screened the novel gene Ds-26-16 from a 4 M salt-stressed Dunaliella salina cDNA library and discovered that this gene conferred salt tolerance to broad-spectrum organisms, including E. coli (Escherichia coli), Haematococcus pluvialis and tobacco. To determine the mechanism of this gene conferring salt tolerance, we studied the proteome of E. coli overexpressing the full-length cDNA of Ds-26-16 using the iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) approach. A total of 1,610 proteins were identified, which comprised 39.4% of the whole proteome. Of the 559 differential proteins, 259 were up-regulated and 300 were down-regulated. GO (gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) enrichment analyses identified 202 major proteins, including those involved in amino acid and organic acid metabolism, energy metabolism, carbon metabolism, ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging, membrane proteins and ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters, and peptidoglycan synthesis, as well as 5 up-regulated transcription factors. Our iTRAQ data suggest that Ds-26-16 up-regulates the transcription factors in E. coli to enhance salt resistance through osmotic balance, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress protection. Changes in the proteome were also observed in E. coli overexpressing the ORF (open reading frame) of Ds-26-16. Furthermore, pH, nitric oxide and glycerol content analyses indicated that Ds-26-16 overexpression increases nitric oxide content but has no effect on glycerol content, thus confirming that enhanced nitric oxide synthesis via lower intercellular pH was one of the mechanisms by which Ds-26-16 confers salt tolerance to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shipeng Du
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiwen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Defu Chen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Chengala AA, Hondzo M, Troolin D, Lefebvre PA. Kinetic responses of Dunaliella in moving fluids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:65-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Improvement of efficiency of genetic transformation for Dunaliella salina by glass beads method. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1433-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Taherzadeh MJ, Adler L, Lidén G. Strategies for enhancing fermentative production of glycerol—a review. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang J, Liu D, Xie D, Wang Y, Sun Y. Production of glycerol by fermentation using osmophilic yeast Candida krusei with different starchy substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bental M, Pick U, Avron M, Degani H. The role of intracellular orthophosphate in triggering osmoregulation in the alga Dunaliella salina. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 188:117-22. [PMID: 2318197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new hypothesis is presented for the mechanism of metabolic response during osmoregulation in the alga Dunaliella salina. We propose that the osmotic response is initiated by differential volume changes of the cytoplasm and the chloroplast (observed using the electron microscope) which alter the cytoplasmic orthophosphate concentration. This triggers a flow through the Pi/triose-phosphate shuttle, activating chloroplast enzymes in the direction of either starch or glycerol synthesis. The Pi-dependent response was investigated in vivo using NMR. The rates of glycerol synthesis or elimination following osmotic shocks were modulated by the intracellular Pi level as predicted by the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bental
- Department of Isotope Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Bental M, Pick U, Avron M, Degani H. Metabolic studies with NMR spectroscopy of the alga Dunaliella salina trapped within agarose beads. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 188:111-6. [PMID: 2318196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A technique for the entrapment of the unicellular algae Dunaliella salina in agarose beads and their perfusion during NMR measurements is presented. The trapped cells maintained their ability to proliferate under normal growth conditions, and remained viable and stable under steady-state conditions for long periods during NMR measurements. Following osmotic shock in the dark, prominent changes were observed in the intracellular level of ATP and polyphosphates, but little to no changes in the intracellular pH or orthoposphate content. When cells were subjected to hyperosmotic shock, the ATP level decreased. The content of NMR-visible polyphosphates decreased as well, presumably due to the production of longer, NMR-invisible structures. Following hypoosmotic shock, the ATP content increased and longer polyphosphates were broken down to shorter, more mobile polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bental
- Department of Isotope Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Bate GC, Sültemeyer DF, Fock HP. (16)O 2/ (18)O 2 analysis of oxygen exchange in Dunaliella tertiolecta. Evidence for the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in the light. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 16:219-31. [PMID: 24429529 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/1987] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A mass spectrometric (16)O2/(18)O2-isotope technique was used to analyse the rates of gross O2 evolution, net O2 evolution and gross O2 uptake in relation to photon fluence rate by Dunaliella tertiolecta adapted to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 M NaCl at 25°C and pH 7.0.At concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon saturating for photosynthesis (200 μM) gross O2 evolution and net O2 evolution increased with increasing salinity as well as with photon fluence rate. Light compensation was also enhanced with increased salinities. Light saturation of net O2 evolution was reached at about 1000 μmol m(-2)s(-1) for all salt concentrations tested. Gross O2 uptake in the light was increased in relation to the NaCl concentration but it was decreased with increasing photon fluence rate for almost all salinities, although an enhanced flow of light generated electrons was simultaneously observed. In addition, a comparison between gross O2 uptake at 1000 μmol photons m(-2)s(-1), dark respiration before illumination and immediately after darkening of each experiment showed that gross O2 uptake in the light paralleled but was lower than mitochondrial O2 consumption in the dark.From these results it is suggested that O2 uptake by Dunaliella tertiolecta in the light is mainly influenced by mitochondrial O2 uptake. Therefore, it appears that the light dependent inhibition of gross O2 uptake is caused by a reduction in mitochondrial O2 consumption by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bate
- Department of Botany, University of Port Elizabeth, PO BOX 1600, 6000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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de la Noue J, de Pauw N. The potential of microalgal biotechnology: A review of production and uses of microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 1988; 6:725-70. [PMID: 14550037 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(88)91921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the various aspects, promises and limitations of microalgal biotechnology is presented. The factors of importance in microalgal cultivation as well as the culture systems are briefly described. Microalgal biomasses can fulfil the nutritional requirements of aquatic larvae and organisms. The biochemical composition of algae can be improved by the manipulation of culture conditions. The nutritive value of the microalgal biomasses for human and animal consumption is also commented upon as well as some socio-economical aspects. Among the sources of required nutrients (N, P), wastewaters and manures can upgraded as culture media for microalgae the safety of which has to be evaluated. Harvesting of the biomass is one of the bottlenecks. The various techniques, physical, physico-chemical and biological are outlined and their feasibility and economic interest examined. Microalgal biomasses can be submitted to various technological transformations. Various processes are reviewed in the light of their effects on safety and nutritional value. The possible extraction of fine chemicals and the preparation of protein concentrates is also reported on. The various uses of microalgae lead to a possible competition, to be evaluated, between systems for the production of food, energy and chemicals. The review finally covers the application of genetic manipulation to microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de la Noue
- Groupe de Recherche en Recyclage Biologique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Vasiliadis GE, Sloan J, Marshall JH, May JW. Glycerol and dihydroxyacetone metabolizing enzymes in fission yeasts of the genus Schizosaccharomyces. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00463486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Isolation of the plasma-membrane of the halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina using sulforhodamine B as a probe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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13C- and 1H-NMR studies of osmoregulation in Dunaliella. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(85)90001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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BECKETT JOANNE, DIBIASIO DAVID, KEOUGH PATRICIAA, CHEN BILLJ. ALGAL GLYCEROL PRODUCTION: INITIAL GLYCEROL SYNTHESIS KINETICS. CHEM ENG COMMUN 1985. [DOI: 10.1080/00986448508911656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JOANNE BECKETT
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609
| | - DAVID DIBIASIO
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609
| | - PATRICIA A. KEOUGH
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609
| | - BILL J. CHEN
- a Chemical Engineering Department , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609
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Evans RW, Kates M. Lipid composition of halophilic species of Dunaliella from the dead sea. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00409771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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