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Belei O, Basaca DG, Heredea ER, Iacob ER, Olariu L, Folescu R, Motoc AGM, Nanu AM, Mărginean O. Chronic Diarrhea Caused by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Secreting Tumor. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1974. [PMID: 37895355 PMCID: PMC10608053 DOI: 10.3390/life13101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
VIPomas are a type of neuroendocrine tumor that independently produces vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIPomas causing watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria (WDHA) syndrome are not frequently observed in adult patients without pancreatic ailments. However, in children, the occurrence of a VIPoma originating in the pancreas is exceedingly uncommon. Instead, WDHA syndrome is more commonly associated with neurogenic tumors that secrete VIP, often located in the retroperitoneum or mediastinum. Among infants, chronic diarrhea is a prevalent issue that often necessitates the attention of pediatric gastroenterologists. The underlying causes are diverse, and delays in arriving at a definitive diagnosis can give rise to complications affecting the overall well-being of the child. The authors present the case of an infant with chronic watery diarrhea, subocclusion manifestations, mild hypokalemia, and metabolic hyperchloremic acidosis secondary to a VIPoma in the retroperitoneum that was diagnosed via abdominal ultrasound and tomography. The laboratory results revealed lowered potassium levels and an excessive secretion of VIP. Following the surgical removal of the tumor, the diarrhea resolved, and both electrolyte levels and the imbalanced hormone levels returned to normal. Immunohistochemical examination confirmed the diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma, with N-MYC negative on molecular biology tests. We present the clinical and histo-genetic aspects of this rare clinical entity, with a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Belei
- First Pediatric Clinic, Disturbances of Growth and Development on Children Research Center, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (O.B.); (O.M.)
- Third Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Țurcanu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timișoara, Romania; (L.O.); (A.-M.N.)
| | - Diana-Georgiana Basaca
- First Pediatric Clinic, Disturbances of Growth and Development on Children Research Center, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (O.B.); (O.M.)
- Third Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Țurcanu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timișoara, Romania; (L.O.); (A.-M.N.)
| | - Elena Rodica Heredea
- Department of Pathology, “Louis Ţurcanu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timișoara, Romania;
- Department of Clinical Practical Skills, “Victor Babeş” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Emil Radu Iacob
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Laura Olariu
- Third Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Țurcanu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timișoara, Romania; (L.O.); (A.-M.N.)
- First Pediatric Clinic, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Folescu
- Department of Balneology, Medical Recovery, and Rheumatology, Family Medicine Discipline, Center for Preventive Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Andrei Gheorghe Marius Motoc
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Anda-Maria Nanu
- Third Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Țurcanu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timișoara, Romania; (L.O.); (A.-M.N.)
| | - Otilia Mărginean
- First Pediatric Clinic, Disturbances of Growth and Development on Children Research Center, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (O.B.); (O.M.)
- Third Pediatric Clinic, “Louis Țurcanu” Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timișoara, Romania; (L.O.); (A.-M.N.)
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Abbas AA, Samkari AMN. High-Risk Neuroblastoma: Poor Outcomes Despite Aggressive Multimodal
Therapy. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717666210805114226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
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Neuroblastoma (NBL) is a highly malignant embryonal tumor that originates from the
primordial neural crest cells. NBL is the most common tumor in infants and the most common extracranial
solid tumor in children. The tumor is more commonly diagnosed in children of 1-4 years
of age. NBL is characterized by enigmatic clinical behavior that ranges from spontaneous regression
to an aggressive clinical course leading to frequent relapses and death. Based on the likelihood
of progression and relapse, the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group classification system categorized
NBL into very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk, and high risk (HR) groups. HR NBL is
defined based on the patient's age (> 18 months), disease metastasis, tumor histology, and MYCN
gene amplification. HR NBL is diagnosed in nearly 40% of patients, mainly those > 18 months of
age, and is associated with aggressive clinical behavior. Treatment strategies involve the use of intensive
chemotherapy (CTR), surgical resection, high dose CTR with hematopoietic stem cell support,
radiotherapy, biotherapy, and immunotherapy with Anti-ganglioside 2 monoclonal antibodies.
Although HR NBL is now better characterized and aggressive multimodal therapy is applied, the
outcomes of treatment are still poor, with overall survival and event-free survival of approximately
40% and 30% at 3-years, respectively. The short and long-term side effects of therapy are tremendous.
HR NBL carries a high mortality rate accounting for nearly 15% of pediatric cancer deaths.
However, most mortalities are attributed to the high frequency of disease relapse (50%) and disease
reactiveness to therapy (20%). Newer treatment strategies are therefore urgently needed. Recent
discoveries in the field of biology and molecular genetics of NBL have led to the identification
of several targets that can improve the treatment results. In this review, we discuss the different
aspects of the epidemiology, biology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of HR
NBL, in addition to the recent developments in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Abdelhamed Abbas
- College of Medicine King Saud bin Abdulaziz, University for Health Sciences Consultant Pediatric Hematology / Oncology
& BMT The Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Section Princess Nourah Oncology Centre King Abdulaziz Medical
City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Mohammed Noor Samkari
- College of Medicine King Saud bin Abdulaziz, University for Health Sciences Consultant
Anatomical Pathologist Department of Laboratory Medicine King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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SIRTORI C, ROCK T, VERONESI U. Contributo Critico e Casistico Alla Conoscenza Dei Tumori Del Sistema Nervoso Simpatico. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 39:513-44. [PMID: 13169318 DOI: 10.1177/030089165303900602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Okamatsu C, London WB, Naranjo A, Hogarty MD, Gastier-Foster JM, Look AT, LaQuaglia M, Maris JM, Cohn SL, Matthay KK, Seeger RC, Saji T, Shimada H. Clinicopathological characteristics of ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma: a report from the CCG and COG. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53:563-9. [PMID: 19530234 PMCID: PMC2730988 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC) was the first to clearly define prognostic subgroups in ganglioneuroma (GN) and ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB). PROCEDURE Histopathology and tumor resectability of 552 GN/GNB cases from the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) and Children's Oncology Group (COG) neuroblastoma studies were reviewed. The results were analyzed along with clinical information and biological data of the cases. RESULTS According to the INPC, 300 tumors were classified into the Favorable Histology (FH) group and 252 were into the Unfavorable Histology (UH) group. Tumors in the FH group included 43 ganglioneuroma-maturing (GN-M), 198 ganglioneuroblastoma-intermixed (GNB-I), and 59 ganglioneuroblastoma-nodular, favorable subset (GNB-N-FS), and were often (91%) resected completely by single or multiple surgical procedures. Patients with the FH tumors had an excellent prognosis with no tumor-related deaths. The UH group included ganglioneuroblastoma-nodular, unfavorable subset (GNB-N-US) tumors. Patients with the UH tumors had a high incidence (53%) of distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and their prognosis significantly depended on clinical stage (5-year EFS: 80.1% for non-stage 4 patients; 16.7% for stage 4 patients): Complete primary tumor resection was not beneficial to those GNB-N-US patients, regardless of whether metastasis was present or not. MYCN amplification was detected in four tumors in the FH group and six tumors in the UH group. The majority (160/191, 84%) of GN-M and GNB-I tumors had a diploid pattern determined by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Stringent application of the INPC along with clinical staging was critical for prognostic evaluation of the patients with this group of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuko Okamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wendy B. London
- University of Florida and Children’s Oncology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Arlene Naranjo
- University of Florida and Children’s Oncology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael D. Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie M. Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - A. Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael LaQuaglia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John M. Maris
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan L. Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine K. Matthay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California- San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert C. Seeger
- Division of Hematology/Omcology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tsutomu Saji
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Hill DP, Robertson KA. Characterization of the cholinergic neuronal differentiation of the human neuroblastoma cell line LA-N-5 after treatment with retinoic acid. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 102:53-67. [PMID: 9298234 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(97)00076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the molecular factors that control cellular differentiation in mammalian embryos is difficult due to the small amount of material available from embryos and their inaccessibility during gestation. One way to circumvent these limitations is to use model systems that allow the study of differentiation in vitro. In this study we have characterized the response of a human neuroblastoma cell line, LA-N-5, to the differentiation-inducing agent, all-trans retinoic acid (RA) using 23 markers that are characteristic of neural crest cells and some of their derivatives. Following induction with RA, the neural crest-like LA-N-5 cells undergo differentiation into cholinergic neurons with increased expression of a variety of neural-specific markers including neurofilaments, growth associated protein-43, tetanus toxin binding sites, receptors for neurotrophic factors, neuropeptides, choline acetyl transferase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and acetylcholinesterase with a concomitant decrease in the expression of non-neuronal markers. These results provide the basis for the use of retinoic acid-induced differentiation of LA-N-5 cells as a model system to study molecular events associated with the differentiation of cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202-5225, USA
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Schmidt ML, Salwen HR, Chagnovich D, Bauer KD, Crawford SE, Cohn SL. Evidence for molecular heterogeneity in human ganglioneuroblastoma. PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY 1993; 13:787-96. [PMID: 8108298 DOI: 10.3109/15513819309048265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ganglioneuroblastomas are tumors of sympathetic cell origin that contain both primitive neuroblastomatous and mature ganglioneuromatous elements. It is thought that these tumors arise from a single cellular clone and that the morphologically distinct components of ganglioneuroblastomas represent cells in different stages of differentiation. Two pathologic variants of this tumor, composite and diffuse, have been described; metastasis is more commonly seen with composite ganglioneuroblastomas. We analyzed a composite ganglioneuroblastoma for N-myc copy number at initial resection and 2 years later after progressive disease. In the second sample the more differentiated portion of the tumor was analyzed separately from the neuroblastic foci for N-myc copy number and DNA ploidy. The DNA content and N-myc copy number differed in the two morphologically discrete areas of the tumor, suggesting that at least two clones were present. More composite ganglioneuroblastomas need to be examined to determine whether these tumors are largely composed of tumor cell populations with molecular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Chicago 60614
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Abstract
A case of primary ganglioneuroblastoma located in the anterior mediastinum is described. The tumour was found incidentally at autopsy in a 61-year-old woman who died of coronary artery thrombosis. There was no evidence of metastases. Histologically the tumour was a ganglioneuroblastoma of the diffuse type. There was no pure neuroblastomatous tissue present and maturation to ganglioneuroma was not observed. Regressive changes like fibrosis and calcification were present. Review of the literature failed to reveal any recorded cases of ganglioneuroblastoma occurring in the anterior mediastinum. Although ganglioneuroblastoma occurs predominantly in children, 24 cases occurring in adults have been reported in the literature.
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Abstract
The pathology and clinical course of 80 cases of ganglioneuroblastoma (GNB) of the posterior mediastinum are presented. Many neoplasms in this series had previously been classified as differentiating neuroblastomas or immature ganglioneuromas. The prognosis for this group is far better than that for either neuroblastomas or intra-abdominal GNBs. Follow-up was obtained for 72 patients, of whom 55 were followed for 2-23 years. The five-year actuarial survival rate was 88%. Prognosis was related to histologic growth pattern, age, and extent of disease at diagnosis. Stage I tumors were curable by simple excision; children with Stage II tumors treated with surgery and radiation responded as favorably as did those who received adjunctive chemotherapy. In contrast to those associated with late recurrences, the only examples of fatal primary tumors, with one exception, were those patients with Stage IV lesions at the time of initial diagnosis. The therapeutic implications and need for uniform terminology in classifying GNBs are discussed.
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Abstract
Ganglioneuroblastoma is a rare neoplasm of adults. Some information about the natural history and response to therapy can be obtained from two cases seen recently at our hospital and 17 cases in the literature. These tumors occur in adults of any age and are usually located in the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, or neck. Evidence of the tumor may be present years before diagnosis. Elevations of urinary catecholamines were documented in three cases and the levels correlated with progression or resection of the neoplasm. The tumor spreads either by local invasion or distant metastasis. Attempts at radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the treatment of unresectable or disseminated tumor has not resulted in objective improvement. This contrasts with the widely reported objective successes and cures of ganglioneuroblastomas occurring in childhood. Surgical excision of localized disease was the only curative therapeutic modality in the cases we reviewed.
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14
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Kissane JM, Ackerman LV. Maturation of tumours of the sympathetic nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1955; 7:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2242(55)80004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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STEINBERG SH. Presacral retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in a 4 1/2-year-old child; report of a case and review of the literature. J Pediatr 1955; 46:562-72. [PMID: 14368464 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(55)80262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Kehrer E. Ein retroperitoneales Ganglioneurom im Becken und seine operative Entfernung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1934. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01714522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Seiler J. Histogenetische Untersuchungen an einem malignen Ganglioneurom des Bauchsympathicus mit stark neurinomatösem Einschlag. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1932. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02866137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Berblinger W. Zur Frage der genitalen Hypertrophie bei Tumoren der Zirbeldrüse und zum Einfluß embryonalen Geschwulstgewebes auf die Drüsen mit innerer Sekretion. Virchows Arch 1920. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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