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Romero-Estudillo I, Viveros-Ceballos JL, Cazares-Carreño O, González-Morales A, de Jesús BF, López-Castillo M, Razo-Hernández RS, Castañeda-Corral G, Ordóñez M. 000Synthesis of new α-aminophosphonates: Evaluation as anti-inflammatory agents and QSAR studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:2376-2386. [PMID: 30635220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis of a new series of α-aminophosphonates derivatives based in an efficient three-component reaction. All compounds prepared showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, being the compounds 1a, 1c, 1d, 1f, 2b and 2c the most promising ones, in terms of maximal efficacy (over 95%), potency (ED50 range between 0.7 and 10.1 mg/ear) and relative potency (range from 0.04 to 0.67). Compounds 1a, 1c, 1d and 1f significantly decrease the number of neutrophils (range from 46.7 to 63.0%) and monocytes (18.9-34.1%) in blood samples from the orbital sinus. Additionally, QSAR model revealed that the spherical molecular shape and the location of the HOMO on the phenyl ring improves the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds. The values of R2, Q2, s and F statistical parameters and the QUIK, asymptotic Q2 and Overfitting rules validate the descriptive and predictive ability of the QSAR model. Altogether these results suggest that these new α-aminophosphonates are potential agents for the treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Romero-Estudillo
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - José Luis Viveros-Ceballos
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Obed Cazares-Carreño
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Angelina González-Morales
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Berenice Flores de Jesús
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Leñeros esquina Iztaccíhuatl s/n, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico
| | - Misael López-Castillo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Leñeros esquina Iztaccíhuatl s/n, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Castañeda-Corral
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Leñeros esquina Iztaccíhuatl s/n, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico.
| | - Mario Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico.
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Bertino B, Blanchet‐Réthoré S, Thibaut de Ménonville S, Reynier P, Méhul B, Bogouch A, Gamboa B, Dugaret AS, Zugaj D, Petit L, Roquet M, Piwnica D, Vial E, Bourdès V, Voegel JJ, Nonne C. Brimonidine displays anti‐inflammatory properties in the skin through the modulation of the vascular barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1378-1387. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Méhul
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | | | | | | | - Didier Zugaj
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Laurent Petit
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Manon Roquet
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - David Piwnica
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Emmanuel Vial
- GALDERMA R&D‐Nestlé Skin Health Sophia Antipolis France
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Zeng WJ, Tan Z, Lai XF, Xu YN, Mai CL, Zhang J, Lin ZJ, Liu XG, Sun SL, Zhou LJ. Topical delivery of l-theanine ameliorates TPA-induced acute skin inflammation via downregulating endothelial PECAM-1 and neutrophil infiltration and activation. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:69-79. [PMID: 29458014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
l-theanine, the most abundant free amino acid in tea, has been documented to possess many different bioactive properties through oral or intragastrical delivery. However, little is known about the effect of topical delivery of l-theanine on acute inflammation. In the present study, by using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 2.5 μg/ear)-induced ear edema model in mice, we first found that single-dose local pretreatment of l-theanine 30 min before TPA time- and dose-dependently suppressed the increases in both skin thickness and weight. Subsequently l-theanine ameliorated TPA-induced erythema, vascular permeability increase, epidermal and dermal hyperplasia, neutrophil infiltration and activation via downregulating the expression of PECAM-1 (a platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1) in blood vessels and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is mainly expressed in neutrophils. It highlighted the potential of l-theanine as a locally administrable therapeutic agent for acute cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xing-Fei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chun-Lin Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen-Jia Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shi-Li Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dafeng Road 6th, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Khan MJ, Saraf S, Saraf S. Anti-inflammatory and associated analgesic activities of HPLC standardized alcoholic extract of known ayurvedic plant Schleichera oleosa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 197:257-265. [PMID: 27544002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. commonly known as 'Koshamra' in Ayurveda is a tropical tree readily found in Asia and is used to treat pain and rheumatism, as traditional medicine in different parts of India. However, scientific evidences to justify these claims are lacking. Considering the traditional use of S.oleosa and the lack of information about its pharmacological properties, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of the alcoholic extract of S.oleosa (SE) against different animal models in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated against carrageenan induced paw edema and TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) induced ear edema. To assess the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action the extract was tested against different phlogistic agents like histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and, prostaglandin E2. The analgesic activity was assessed against formalin induced pain. RESULTS The ethanolic extract of S. oleosa bark, did not exhibited any signs of toxicity up to a dose of 2000mg/kg. The extract significantly inhibited increase in paw edema and ear edema. A percent reduction of 60.84% was found against carrageenan induced paw edema by 400mg/kg dose of SE. The extract was effective against edema induced by serotonin, histamine and PGE2. In formalin test the extract inhibited both the neurogenic 1st and mainly the inflammatory 2nd phase. Significant reduction in tissue levels of inflammatory mediators was also observed (p<0.05 for NO and p<0.01 for MDA). The extract showed presence of potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds lupeol, lupeol acetate, betulin and betulinic acid on HPLC analysis which can be held responsible for its studied biological activity. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that SE is effective in inflammatory processes and targets multiple mediators of inflammation. Its action is markedly influenced by the inhibition of neutrophil migration, anti-oxidant action and reduction in inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Junaid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University Teaching Department, Sarguja University, 497001 Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Swarnlata Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, 492010 Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Shailendra Saraf
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, 492010 Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Protective effects of ginsenoside F2 on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin inflammation in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1713-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tomoo T, Nakatsuka T, Katayama T, Hayashi Y, Fujieda Y, Terakawa M, Nagahira K. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-(1-Aryl-1H-indol-5-yl)propanoic acids as new indole-based cytosolic phospholipase A2α inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7244-62. [PMID: 25102418 DOI: 10.1021/jm500494y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new indole-based cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α, a group IVA phospholipase A2) inhibitors. A screening-hit compound from our library, (E)-3-{4-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-3-nitrophenyl}acrylic acid (5), was used to design a class of 3-(1-aryl-1H-indol-5-yl)propanoic acids as new small molecule inhibitors. The resultant structure-activity relationships studied using the isolated enzyme and by cell-based assays revealed that the 1-(p-O-substituted)phenyl, 3-phenylethyl, and 5-propanoic acid groups on the indole core are essential for good inhibitory activity against cPLA2α. Optimization of the p-substituents on the N1 phenyl group led to the discovery of 56n (ASB14780), which was shown to be a potent inhibitor of cPLA2α via enzyme assay, cell-based assay, and guinea pig and human whole-blood assays. It displayed oral efficacy toward mice tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced ear edema and guinea pig ovalbumin-induced asthma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Tomoo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ‡R&D Administration, §Exploratory Technology, ∥Drug Discovery Technology, and ⊥Pharmacology I, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd. , 6-4-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Susunaga-Notario ADC, Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Zavala-Sánchez MA, Almanza-Pérez JC, Gutiérrez-Carrillo A, Arrieta-Báez D, López-López AL, Román-Ramos R, Flores-Sáenz JLE, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ. Bioassay-guided chemical study of the anti-inflammatory effect of Senna villosa (Miller) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae) in TPA-induced ear edema. Molecules 2014; 19:10261-78. [PMID: 25029073 PMCID: PMC6271645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna villosa (Miller) is a plant that grows in México. In traditional Mexican medicine, it is used topically to treat skin infections, pustules and eruptions and to heal wounds by scar formation. However, studies of its potential anti-inflammatory effects have not been performed. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts from the leaves of Senna villosa and to perform a bioassay-guided chemical study of the extract with major activity in a model of ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). The results reveal that the chloroform extract from Senna villosa leaves has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Nine fractions were obtained from the bioassay-guided chemical study, including a white precipitate from fractions 2 and 3. Although none of the nine fractions presented anti-inflammatory activity, the white precipitate exhibited pharmacological activity. It was chemically characterized using mass spectrometry and infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, resulting in a mixture of three aliphatic esters, which were identified as the principal constituents: hexyl tetradecanoate (C20H40O2), heptyl tetradecanoate (C21H42O2) and octyl tetradecanoate (C22H44O2). This research provides, for the first time, evidence of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties of compounds isolated from Senna villosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana del Carmen Susunaga-Notario
- Doctorado en Biología Experimental, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186 Colonia, Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico.
| | - Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Productos Naturales, Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán 04690, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Angel Zavala-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Productos Naturales, Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col, Villa Quietud, Coyoacán 04690, Mexico.
| | - Julio Cesar Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratory of Farmacología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186 Colonia, Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico.
| | - Atilano Gutiérrez-Carrillo
- Laboratory of RMN, Departamento de Química, D.C.B.I. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, México D.F. 09340, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Arrieta-Báez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CNMN, Calle, Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo A, Madero 07738, Mexico.
| | - Ana Laura López-López
- Doctorado en Biología Experimental, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186 Colonia, Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico.
| | - Rubén Román-Ramos
- Laboratory of Farmacología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186 Colonia, Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico.
| | - José Luis Eduardo Flores-Sáenz
- Laboratory of Farmacología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186 Colonia, Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Javier Alarcón-Aguilar
- Laboratory of Farmacología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No.186 Colonia, Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico.
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Bisson JF, Hidalgo-Lucas S, Bouschbacher M, Thomassin L. Effects of TLC-Ag dressings on skin inflammation. J Dermatol 2013; 40:463-70. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bisson
- Department of Cancerology, Human Pathologies and Toxicology; ETAP Research Center; Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy; France
| | - Sophie Hidalgo-Lucas
- Department of Cancerology, Human Pathologies and Toxicology; ETAP Research Center; Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy; France
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García-Serrano L, Gomez-Ferrería MA, Contreras-Jurado C, Segrelles C, Paramio JM, Aranda A. The thyroid hormone receptors modulate the skin response to retinoids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23825. [PMID: 21858227 PMCID: PMC3157470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoids play an important role in skin homeostasis and when administered topically cause skin hyperplasia, abnormal epidermal differentiation and inflammation. Thyroidal status in humans also influences skin morphology and function and we have recently shown that the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are required for a normal proliferative response to 12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in mice. Methodology/Principal findings We have compared the epidermal response of mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptor binding isoforms TRα1 and TRβ to retinoids and TPA. Reduced hyperplasia and a decreased number of proliferating cells in the basal layer in response to 9-cis-RA and TPA were found in the epidermis of TR-deficient mice. Nuclear levels of proteins important for cell proliferation were altered, and expression of keratins 5 and 6 was also reduced, concomitantly with the decreased number of epidermal cell layers. In control mice the retinoid (but not TPA) induced parakeratosis and diminished expression of keratin 10 and loricrin, markers of early and terminal epidermal differentiation, respectively. This reduction was more accentuated in the TR deficient animals, whereas they did not present parakeratosis. Therefore, TRs modulate both the proliferative response to retinoids and their inhibitory effects on skin differentiation. Reduced proliferation, which was reversed upon thyroxine treatment, was also found in hypothyroid mice, demonstrating that thyroid hormone binding to TRs is required for the normal response to retinoids. In addition, the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 and the chemotactic proteins S1008A and S1008B were significantly elevated in the skin of TR knock-out mice after TPA or 9-cis-RA treatment and immune cell infiltration was also enhanced. Conclusions/significance Since retinoids are commonly used for the treatment of skin disorders, these results demonstrating that TRs regulate skin proliferation, differentiation and inflammation in response to these compounds could have not only physiological but also therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Bralley EE, Greenspan P, Hargrove JL, Wicker L, Hartle DK. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Polygonum cuspidatum extract in the TPA model of mouse ear inflammation. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2008; 5:1. [PMID: 18261214 PMCID: PMC2267461 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background This study tested the ability of a characterized extract of Polygonum cuspidatum (PCE) to inhibit mouse ear inflammation in response to topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Methods A 50% (wt:vol) ethanolic solution of commercial 200:1 PCE was applied to both ears of female Swiss mice (n = 8) at 0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ear 30 min after TPA administration (2 μg/ear). For comparison, 3 other groups were treated with TPA and either 1) the vehicle (50% ethanol) alone, 2) indomethacin (0.5 mg/ear), or 3) trans-resveratrol (0.62 mg/ear). Ear thickness was measured before TPA and at 4 and 24 h post-TPA administration to assess ear edema. Ear punch biopsies were collected at 24 h and weighed as a second index of edema. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured in each ear punch biopsy to assess neutrophil infiltration. Results PCE treatment at all doses significantly reduced ear edema compared to the TPA control. The PCE response was dose-dependent and 2.5 mg PCE significantly inhibited all markers of inflammation to a greater extent than indomethacin (0.5 mg). MPO activity was inhibited at PCE doses ≥ 1.25 mg/ear. Trans-resveratrol inhibited inflammation at comparable doses. Conclusion PCE inhibits development of edema and neutrophil infiltration in the TPA-treated mouse ear model of topical inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve E Bralley
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Nutraceutical Research Laboratories, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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11
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Gordon JS, Wolanin PM, Gonzalez AV, Fela DA, Sarngadharan G, Rouzard K, Perez E, Stock JB, Stock MB. Topical N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine inhibits mouse skin inflammation, and unlike dexamethasone, its effects are restricted to the application site. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:643-54. [PMID: 17882268 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC), a modulator of G protein and G-protein coupled receptor signaling, inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and other inflammatory responses in cell-based assays. Here, we show topical AFC inhibits in vivo acute inflammation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid using the mouse ear model of inflammation. AFC inhibits edema, as measured by ear weight, and also inhibits neutrophil infiltration as assayed by direct counting in histological sections and by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as a neutrophil marker. In addition, AFC inhibits in vivo allergic contact dermatitis in a mouse model utilizing sensitization followed by a subsequent challenge with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Unlike the established anti-inflammatories dexamethasone and indomethacin, AFC's action was restricted to the site of application. In this mouse model, both dexamethasone and indomethacin inhibited TPA-induced edema and MPO activity in the vehicle-treated, contralateral ear. AFC showed no contralateral ear inhibition for either of these end points. A marginally significant decrease due to AFC treatment was seen in TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia at 24 hours. This was much less than the 90% inhibition of neutrophil infiltration, suggesting that AFC does not act by directly inhibiting protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Gordon
- Signum Biosciences, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Tober KL, Hill KJ, Mitra S, Flavahan NA, Oberyszyn TM. The impact of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated inflammation on scarless fetal wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:753-61. [PMID: 15331400 PMCID: PMC1618587 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the prostaglandin products generated as a result of COX-2 activity mediate a variety of biological and pathological processes. Scarless healing occurs in fetal skin in the first and second trimesters of development. This scarless healing process is known to proceed without a significant inflammatory response, which appears to be important for the lack of scarring. Because the COX-2 pathway is an integral component of inflammation, we investigated its role in the fetal repair process using a mouse model of scarless fetal wound healing. COX-2 expression in scarless and fibrotic fetal wounds was examined. In addition, the ability of exogenous prostaglandin E(2) to alter scarless fetal healing was evaluated. The results suggest that the COX-2 pathway is involved in scar production in fetal skin and that targeting COX-2 may be useful for limiting scar formation in adult skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an animal model for testing efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs designed to treat external ear canal (EAC) disease. METHODS Histological and morphometric methods were used to characterize EAC inflammation produced by topical application of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) in mice. The effects of both single and repeated TPA applications were studied. A treatment trial was performed to evaluate the effects of a ciprofloxacin/hydrocortisone suspension on TPA-induced EAC inflammation. In 10 animals, two bilateral applications of TPA were made, spaced 24 hours apart. Immediately after the second TPA application, otic suspension was applied unilaterally four times over a 48-hour period. The contralateral EACs were left untreated to provide TPA-only controls. RESULTS Twenty-four hours after a single TPA application, EAC skin showed polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte infiltration, vascular dilation, and thickening of the dermis and epidermis. Dermal and epidermal thickening were more pronounced after two TPA applications and PMN leukocyte infiltration remained high 48 hours after a second TPA placement. After treatment with the otic suspension, PMN leukocyte counts were reduced by an average of 76% relative to EACs that received TPA only. There was also statistically significant reduction of dermal swelling and a trend toward reduced epidermal thickness. Vascular dilation was clearly reduced as well EACs that received four applications of the suspension alone showed no adverse effects compared with those that received saline. CONCLUSION TPA-induced inflammation of the mouse EAC provides a suitable model for testing the therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents being considered for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Wright
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9035, USA
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14
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Mani I, Iversen L, Ziboh VA. Evidence of nuclear PKC/MAP-kinase cascade in guinea pig model of epidermal hyperproliferation. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:42-8. [PMID: 9886262 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to delineate the biochemical events in the nuclear compartment of an in vivo proliferating epidermis, we produced a model of hyperproliferative epidermis by topical application of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) on guinea pig skin. Employing this model we demonstrated: (i) that protein kinase C (PKC)-a and atypical PKC-zeta are the two major PKC isozymes in the normal epidermal nuclear membrane, in contrast to PKC-alpha and PKC-beta in the epidermal plasma membrane; (ii) that topical application of docosahexaenoic acid induced epidermal hyperproliferation and enhanced total nuclear PKC, particularly nuclear PKC-alpha and the atypical PKC-zeta isozymes. The increase in the nuclear PKC isozymes paralleled a marked increase in the expression of nuclear mitogen-activated protein-kinase. These data suggest that epidermal hyperproliferative activity is accompanied by the upregulation of nuclear PKC/mitogen-activated protein-kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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15
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Mani I, Iversen L, Ziboh VA. Upregulation of nuclear PKC and MAP-kinase during hyperproliferation of guinea pig epidermis: modulation by 13-(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE). Cell Signal 1998; 10:143-9. [PMID: 9481490 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(97)00099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
13-(S)-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), the lipoxygenase metabolite of linoleic acid, has been shown to reverse the epidermal hyperproliferation induced by topical application of docosahexaenoic acid (DNA, 22:6 n-3) on guinea pig skin. Our initial studies demonstrated that 13-HODE exerts a selective inhibition of the membrane-bound PKC-beta activity in the hyperproliferative skin. To delineate the antiproliferative effects of 13-HODE, we investigated the nuclear events associated with this process. Our data demonstrated that the major PKC isozymes in the epidermal nuclear fraction are alpha and zeta. Epidermal hyperproliferation induced by DHA caused an increase in nuclear total PKC and atypical PKC activities, and this was accompanied by an increase in the two nuclear isozymes, alpha and zeta (P < 0.05). This increase was reversed after topical application of 13-HODE. Similarly, 13-HODE suppressed elevated nuclear MAP-kinase. Taken together, these data suggest that nuclear signalling events in the epidermis involve PKC-MAP-kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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16
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Jones LH, Abdalla DS, Freitas JC. Effects of indole-3-acetic acid on croton oil- and arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema. Inflamm Res 1995; 44:372-5. [PMID: 8846194 DOI: 10.1007/bf01797863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a plant growth hormone (auxin) being considered as a tryptophan metabolite in animals. The main purpose of this work was to verify IAA's topical anti-inflammatory action using croton oil- or arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema, in comparison to known anti-inflammatory agents. IAA antioxidant activity was also verified by measuring the inhibition of brain homogenate lipid peroxidation with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) test. IAA inhibited the action of both croton oil-and arachidonic acid-induced edema in a dose-dependent manner (4.0 mumoles IAA inhibited 75.8% in croton oil and 82.5% in arachidonic acid induced ear edema). Both IAA (5.3 mM) and indomethacin (8.0 mM) inhibited TBARS formation. Data suggest that IAA exhibits antiinflammatory effect possibly by its anti-oxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Jones
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Fretland DJ, Gokhale R, Mathur L, Baron DA, Paulson SK, Stolzenbach J. Dermal inflammation in primates, mice, and guinea pigs: attenuation by second-generation leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, SC-53228. Inflammation 1995; 19:333-46. [PMID: 7628862 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte infiltration is a prominent feature of human psoriasis. Psoriatic lesional skin contains abnormally high amounts of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent granulocyte chemotaxin in vivo and in vitro. SC-53228 [(+)-(S)-7-(3-}2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-methoxy-4- [(methylamino)carbonyl]phenoxy}propoxy}-3,4-dihydro-8-propyl-2H-1- benzopyran-2-propanoic acid], a second-generation LTB4 receptor antagonist, was tested topically and orally in phorbol ester-induced dermal inflammation in three species. Skin inflammation was induced by topical application of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-(PMA/TPA) and assessed by ear thickness, levels of the neutrophil marker enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) and histological examination. In mice, SC-53228 inhibited inflammation with a topical ED50 value of 200 +/- 18 micrograms. When applied to guinea pigs, SC-53228 (100 micrograms) inhibited the MPO increase by 86%, while 1000 micrograms abrogated inflammation in rhesus macaques with no plasma accumulation of the drug. A 1% gel formulation was also efficacious in guinea pig PMA-induced epidermal inflammation. Furthermore, single oral dose administration to mice was efficacious (ED50 < 2.5 mg/kg) as was multidose administration to rhesus macaques. PMA-induced skin inflammation possesses some of the attributes of human psoriasis and an agent such as SC-53228 may have utility in the medical management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Fretland
- Department of Inflammatory Diseases Research, Searle Research and Development, Skokie, Illinois 60077, USA
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18
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the skin-sensitizing agent 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) would elicit the same morphological and biochemical events that are characteristic of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). While single applications of 0.1% or 0.2% DNFB produced only mild epidermal hyperplasia, multiple applications produced pronounced hyperplasia. Compared with TPA, a single application of DNFB produced small increases in ODC activity, although a second DNFB treatment produced a greater response. Both DNFB and TPA caused marked induction of ODC, c-fos and c-jun mRNA. Vascular permeability increased significantly in response to DNFB, such that after 15 hr the response was quantitatively the same as for TPA. Repeated TPA produced the same response as a single application, but repeated DNFB resulted in a response that was half that of TPA. In contrast to TPA, DNFB failed to activate partially purified protein kinase C (PKC), although it did cause transient down-regulation of activity 15 hr after treatment. The ability of DNFB to induce ODC activity, however, was unaffected by prior down-regulation of PKC. DNFB was also shown to promote tumors in initiated SSIN mice. Twice-weekly applications of 0.1% or 0.2% DNFB resulted in approximately 65% and 85% of the mice developing an average of 2.0 or 3.2 tumors each, respectively. These results demonstrate that DNFB elicits many of the same changes as TPA and that it does so in a PKC-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Maldve
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, Smithville 78957
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19
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Gendimenico GJ, Mezick JA. Effects of topical antiinflammatory agents on Freund's adjuvant-induced skin lesions in rats. Inflamm Res 1995; 44:16-20. [PMID: 7664024 DOI: 10.1007/bf01630481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Freund's adjuvant, when administered intradermally to rats, causes polyarthritis as well as inflammation of the skin, eye, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. We assessed the effects of antiinflammatory drugs on ear skin lesions to determine if this might be a useful skin inflammation model. The hind paw of male Lewis rats was injected with Mycobacterium butyricum in paraffin oil. Lesions appeared between days 13 and 15 after adjuvant injection. Each ear exhibited on average 1 to 3 highly erythematous, elevated lesions, 2 to 3 mm in diameter. By histology, the lesions consisted of epidermal hyperplasia, with a prominent accumulation of inflammatory cells in the dermis. Ears were treated topically with glucocorticoids, cyclosporine and indomethacin on days 15 through 21 after adjuvant injection. By day 22, dexamethasone, fluocinolone acetonide, and cyclosporine caused near-complete clearing of lesions whereas indomethacin exacerbated the inflammation by causing increased numbers of skin lesions. These results show the potential usefulness of adjuvant-induced skin lesions in rats as a novel subchronic inflammation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Gendimenico
- R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, NJ 08869-0602, USA
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20
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Gherzi R, Sparatore B, Patrone M, Sciutto A, Briata P. Protein kinase C mRNA levels and activity in reconstituted normal human epidermis: relationships to cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 184:283-91. [PMID: 1373611 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although keratinocytes are a major target of phorbol ester actions, the activity and the expression of the eight cloned protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes have not been studied in detail in human epidermis. Starting from normal human keratinocytes, we reconstituted in culture a multilayered epithelial tissue which presents many hystological, biochemical, and molecular features of the authentic epidermis and we used it as a model to investigate the PKC activity and mRNA levels. We found that i) PKC activity is higher in differentiated than in non-differentiated cells; ii) the mRNA levels of PKC delta and -eta/L, while are differently affected by spontaneous keratinocyte differentiation, are down-regulated during phorbol esters-induced cell differentiation. Our findings could represent a basis to investigate the involvement of PKC isoforms in the keratinocyte differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gherzi
- Cellife Biotecnologie s.r.l., Università di Genova, Italy
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21
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Batt DG. 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and their anti-inflammatory activities. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1992; 29:1-63. [PMID: 1475368 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of agents have been reported as 5-LO inhibitors. The majority of the series appear to be lipophilic reducing agents, including phenols, partially saturated aromatics, and compounds containing heteroatom-heteroatom bonds. Many of these are not selective 5-LO inhibitors, but often affect CO and other LOs as well. In vivo systemic activity for many of these has been, in general, disappointing, probably because of poor bioavailability caused by lipophilicity and metabolic instability (oxidation, and conjugation of phenolic compounds). However, topically a number of agents have shown promise for skin inflammation, with Syntex's lonapalene the most advanced of these. Most results published to date appear more disappointing in the allergy/asthma field. More excitingly, a few structural types are selective 5-LO inhibitors which have shown systemic activity in vivo and in the clinic. Abbott's zileuton (136) appears to be one of the leading compounds in this category, along with other hydroxamates such as BW-A4C (129) from Burroughs-Wellcome. Recent selective non-reducing agents such as Wyeth-Ayerst's Wy-50,295 (143) and the similar ICI compounds such as ICI 216800 (145) also hold promise. The enantiospecific effects of (106) and (145) are especially interesting for the design of new inhibitors. If compounds like these validate the hypothesis that inhibition of 5-LO will have a significant anti-inflammatory effect, a redoubling of effort throughout the industry to find second- and third-generation selective agents may be expected. Part of the difficulty in interpreting and comparing the 5-LO literature is the plethora of test methods and activity criteria. As pointed out in the introduction, inhibition of product release from cells, often stimulated with A23187, has commonly been used to demonstrate 5-LO inhibition. However, this type of assay cannot be assumed to be diagnostic for 5-LO inhibition. Only if specificity for 5-LO product generation and (ideally) activity in cell-free enzymes is also shown should mechanistic interpretations be made. Recently, a new class of compounds was found at Merck which inhibited LT biosynthesis without inhibiting 5-LO, but apparently by a novel, specific mechanism. L-655,240 (169) and L-663,536 (MK-886) (170) were both active in human ISN, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Both also orally inhibited GPB (< 1 mg/kg). MK-886 was effective in Ascaris-induced asthma in squirrel monkeys, in rat carrageenan pleurisy, in rat Arthus pleurisy, and (topically) in guinea-pig ear oedema induced by A23187.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Batt
- Inflammatory Diseases Research, Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Wilmington, DE 19880-0353
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22
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Fretland DJ, Widomski DL, Zemaitis JM, Walsh RE, Levin S, Djuric SW, Shone RL, Tsai BS, Gaginella TS. Inflammation of guinea pig dermis. Effects of leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, SC-41930. Inflammation 1990; 14:727-39. [PMID: 1965311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00916375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMNL) infiltration is a prominent feature of human psoriasis. Psoriatic skin lesions contain abnormally high amounts of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), itself a potent PMNL chemoattractant both in vivo and in vitro. SC-41930 (7-[3-(4-acetyl-3-methoxy-2-propylphenoxy)-propoxy]-3,4-dihydro-8- propyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylic acid), an orally active LTB4 receptor antagonist, was tested topically in models of skin inflammation induced by 200 nmol of the calcium ionophore A23187 or 200 micrograms phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) applied topically to the guinea pig ear as assessed by ear weight, levels of the PMNL marker enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), and histological examination (PMA model) at 4 and 18 h respectively. When coapplied topically with A23187 or PMA, SC-41930 significantly inhibited epidermal inflammation with ED50 values of 0.6 and 4 mg, respectively. SC-41930 treatment also was associated with lowered dermal LTB4 levels in both models. The PMA-induced skin inflammation model also was assessed histologically and revealed acanthosis, edema, PMNL infiltration, and rete ridge prominence as long as 96 h after a single application that was completely inhibited by SC-41930 topical coapplication. Furthermore, oral treatment (40 mg/kg) significantly reduced edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in both models. These models possess many of the characteristics of human psoriasis, and agents such as SC-41930 that demonstrate activity in these models may well have therapeutic utility in the treatment of human psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Fretland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Searle Research and Development, Skokie, Illinois
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Blackham A, Griffiths RJ, Hallam C, Mann J, Mitchell PD, Norris AA, Simpson WT. FPL 62064, a topically active 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1990; 30:432-42. [PMID: 2117338 DOI: 10.1007/bf01966309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
FLP 62064 [N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-amine] is a dual inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase and 5-lipoxygenase. The compound had anti-inflammatory activity in vivo in a number of models. It inhibited peritoneal inflammation induced by immune-complex when given locally. When applied to the skin, FPL 62064 inhibited UV irradiation-induced erythema and PGE2 formation in the guinea pig and also oedema formation and eicosanoid production in the mouse ear produced by arachidonic acid. Co-injected with arachidonic acid in rabbit skin, FPL 62064 inhibited oedema and eicosanoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blackham
- Department of Biochemistry, Fisons plc-Pharmaecutical Division, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Fretland DJ, Widomski DL, Levin S, Gaginella TS. Colonic inflammation in the rabbit induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Inflammation 1990; 14:143-50. [PMID: 2157661 DOI: 10.1007/bf00917453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMNL) infiltration of inflamed colonic tissue is a prominent feature of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Colitis was established in New Zealand white rabbits by the intrarectal instillation of 1.5 mg/kg (in 10 ml 20% ethanol) phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and assessed by visual grading of colonic inflammation, levels of the neutrophil marker enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), and histological examination. After 24 h there was a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in MPO levels in the PMA-treated colons compared to ethanol control. There was also increased inflammation based on visual scoring. Histologically, PMA-treated colons were necrotic with focal ulceration, heavy PMNL infiltration and edema at 24 h; by 96 h colitis was sustained with mild edema, crypt abscesses, and a staining pattern suggesting altered mucus quality. These results suggest that PMA-induced colitis in rabbits may be a new model of IBD in which to evaluate drugs known to mitigate the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Fretland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Diseases Research, G. D. Searle and Co., Skokie, Illinois 60077
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