N-benzyl-N-lactyl dithiocarbamate treatment of mice after chronic cadmium administration

The tetraethylammonium salt of monensic acid-An antidote for subacute cadmium intoxication: a study using an ICR mouse model

In this study, the ability of the chelating agent monensic acid (administered as the tetraethylammonium salt) to reduce the cadmium (Cd) concentration in the kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, spleen and testes of Cd-intoxicated mice was investigated. Chelation therapy with the tetraethylammonium salt of monensic acid led to a significant decrease of the Cd concentration in all of the organs of the Cd-treated mice. This effect varied from 50% in the kidneys to 90% in the hearts of the sacrificed animals (compared to the Cd-treated controls). No redistribution of the toxic metal ions to the brain of the animals as a result of the detoxification with the chelating agent was observed. The detoxification of the animals with the antibiotic salt did not perturb the endogenous levels of copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn). The tetraethylammonium salt of monensic acid significantly ameliorated the Cd-induced total iron (Fe) depletion in the liver and spleen of Cd-treated mice. It also restored to control levels the values of transferrin-bound Fe and the total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of the plasma. These results imply that the tetraethylammonium salt of monensic acid could be an efficient antidote in cases of Cd-intoxication.

Effect of monoisoamyl meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate on the pathology of acute cadmium intoxication

The ability of monoisoamyl meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate (Mi-ADMS) to offset the characteristic organ pathology of intraperitoneally administered cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and that of the cadmium-cysteine complex has been examined in male Wistar rats. The tissues examined for damage were the testes, kidney, liver, pancreas, and bone marrow. At a high dose of CdCl2 (0.03 mmol/kg, ip) testicular damage was completely prevented by Mi-ADMS (0.50 mmol/kg, ip) given immediately. A decrease in the protective ability of the antagonist was observed following delayed administration of Mi-ADMS given at 1, 2, 4, and 24 h post CdCl2. At a lower dose of CdCl2 (0.006 mmol/kg, ip), Mi-ADMS furnished essentially full protection from testicular damage when given (0.50 mmol/kg, sc) at 0 and 1 h after CdCl2. The administration of cadmium-cysteine complex (0.01 mmol/kg, ip) induced notable renal tubular damage, which was antagonized by the administration of Mi-ADMS (0.50 mmol/kg, ip) as late as 4 h after the complex. At a 24-h delay, extensive tubular necrosis was found on sacrifice after 4 d. The administration of cadmium-cysteine complex ip reduced, but did not eliminate, the characteristic damage of the seminiferous tubules found for cadmium alone. There is a progressive reduction of testicular weight as the interval between cadmium and antagonist administration increases. The average kidney weights of the animals given CdCl2-cysteine complex were increased in comparison to normal controls. The antagonistic effects of Mi-ADMS treatment on cadmium intoxication in the kidneys and the testes of rats is very similar to that found for effective dithiocarbamate antagonists. In order to obtain complete protection of the testes from the deteterious effects of cadmium, such antagonists must be administered no later than about 1 h after the cadmium.

Cadmium mobilization by monoaralkyl- and monoalkyl esters of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and by a dithiocarbamate

Syntheses and relative cadmium mobilizing properties are described for three new monoaralkyl esters (HOOCCH(SH)CH(SH)COOR, where R = phenylethyl ((CH2)2C6H5), MPhEDMS; R = 3-phenylpropyl ((CH2)3C6H5), MPhPDMS; and R = 2-phenoxyethyl ((CH2)2OC6H5). MPhOEDMS) of meso-2,3-dimercaptusuccinic acid. These were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding alcohol with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in aqueous HCl. When administered intraperitoneally to cadmium-loaded mice at 0.50 mmol/kg/day for four consecutive days, all induced significant reductions in the whole body cadmium levels. MPhEDMS, 60%; MPhPDMS, 66%; and MPhOEDMS, 58% in comparison with control levels. At the same dosage monoisoamyl meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate (Mi-ADMS) and a dithiocarbamate, sodium N-benzyl-4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucamine-N-carbodithioate++ + (BLDTC) induced reductions of 65% and 57%, respectively. Hepatic and renal cadmium were also depleted significantly, while brain cadmium levels were unchanged. These compounds induced a significant reduction in the cadmium levels of the spleen, and one, MPhOEDMS, produced a 10% decrease in pancreatic cadmium. The manner in which the later injections removed smaller fractions of the total body cadmium is consistent with a bodily distribution of these compounds by which they are concentrated primarily in the kidneys and the liver, with much smaller amounts reaching other organs. It is proposed that these compounds enter renal and hepatic cells through an anion transport system.