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Humphrey OS, Young SD, Bailey EH, Crout NMJ, Ander EL, Watts MJ. Iodine soil dynamics and methods of measurement: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:288-310. [PMID: 29302664 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health: insufficient intake can have multiple effects on development and growth, affecting approximately 1.9 billion people worldwide. Previous reviews have focussed on iodine analysis in environmental and biological samples, however, no such review exists for the determination of iodine fractionation and speciation in soils. This article reviews the geodynamics of both stable 127I and the long-lived isotope 129I (t1/2 = 15.7 million years), alongside the analytical methods for determining iodine concentrations in soils, including consideration of sample preparation. The ability to measure total iodine concentration in soils has developed significantly from rudimentary spectrophotometric analysis methods to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analysis with ICP-MS has been reported as the best method for determining iodine concentrations in a range of environmental samples and soils due to developments in extraction procedures and sensitivity, with extremely good detection limits typically <μg L-1. The ability of ICP-MS to measure iodine and its capabilities to couple on-line separation tools has the significance to develop the understanding of iodine geodynamics. In addition, nuclear-related analysis and recent synchrotron light source analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphrey
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
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2
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Zhang LY, Hou XL. Speciation analysis of 129I and its applications in environmental research. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
129I, a long-lived radionuclide, is important in view of geological repository of nuclear waste, and environmental tracing applications related to diverse natural processes of iodine. The environmental behaviors and bioavailability of 129I are highly related to its species. A number of methods have been reported for speciation analysis of 129I in a variety of environmental samples. These methods have been applied in many researches, including conversion processes of iodine species in marine and terrestrial systems, migration and retention of iodine in soil and sediment, geochemical cycling of iodine, as well as studies on atmospheric chemistry of iodine. This article aims to review these methods and their applications in environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Zhang
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - X. L. Hou
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
- Xi’an AMS Center, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi’an 710075, China
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k 0-RNAA used in determination of 129I in a mixed resin sample. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Doll C, Finn E, Cantaloub M, Greenwood L, Kephart J, Kephart RF. Comparison of impurities in charcoal sorbents found by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Krausová I, Kučera J, Světlík I. Determination of 129I in biomonitors collected in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Applications of neutron activation analysis in determination of natural and man-made radionuclides, including PA-231. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s10582-999-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmidt A, Schnabel C, Handl J, Jakob D, Michel R, Synal HA, Lopez JM, Suter M. On the analysis of iodine-129 and iodine-127 in environmental materials by accelerator mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1998; 223:131-156. [PMID: 9861732 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Based on a review of literature about the abundances of 129I (T1/2 = 15.7 Ma) in the environment we show that there is a severe lack of knowledge, in particular about natural, pre-nuclear levels. Among the two analytical techniques which are sensitive enough to investigate 129I in environmental materials, namely radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), only AMS is capable of covering the natural, pre-nuclear levels. Since such AMS measurements require chemical separation of iodine from the matrix, a wide variety of separation schemes are necessary for environmental analyses. We report here on such schemes for the analysis of soils, plants and soft tissue. They are applied exemplarily to analyses of soils from the vicinity of Chernobyl. For chemical separations prior to analysis, contamination control and blank analyses are essential. Here, we discuss quality control procedures in detail, both for RNAA and AMS. In the case of AMS we use ion-chromatography (IC) for the determination of stable iodine. The IC analysis is included in the separation schemes for environmental materials. First AMS-analyses of terrestrial biospheric materials demonstrate that natural environmental levels of 129I are lower than previously deduced from investigations using RNAA, but higher than expected from model calculations. AMS is capable of providing the missing knowledge about the radioecology of 129I.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Zentrum für Strahlenschutz und Radiökologie (ZSR), Universität Hannover, Germany
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Parry SJ, Bennett BA, Benzing R, Lally AE, Birch CP, Fulker MJ. The determination of 129I in milk and vegetation using neutron activation analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1995; 173-174:351-360. [PMID: 8560227 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been developed to measure 129I in the environment with detection limits below 10 mBq/kg of vegetation and 10 mBq/l of cows' milk. The method is based on extraction of 129I from the milk or vegetation sample, onto an ion exchange resin. An inactive carrier of 127I is added to the sample before separation, to monitor losses throughout the entire procedure. The ion exchange resin is irradiated for 7.5 h in a neutron flux of 10(16) n m-2 s-1 to induce the 129I(n, gamma) 130I reaction with thermal neutrons. The 127I carrier undergoes a (n,2n) reaction with fast neutrons to produce 126I. Iodine is extracted from the ion exchange resin after irradiation with an elution scheme which removes contamination from the radionuclide 82Br, the main interference in the analysis. Finally iodine is precipitated as AgI for gamma ray analysis. The sample is counted for 3 h on a Ge semiconductor detector to measure the radionuclide 130I, which has a half life of 12.4 h and 126I, which has a half life of 13.0 days. The measured 130I activity is compared to a known standard to deduce the amount of 129I in the sample, and the concentrations are corrected for losses during processing using the measured activity of 126I. The detection limits for 129I by this method are below 10 mBq/l for milk samples and 10 mBq/kg for vegetation. In addition to routine monitoring of milk and grass samples the method has been used to measure 129I deposition on grass and soils in a field near the Sellafield plant. Results of these analyses, along with measurements of 129I in air and rainfall using the same methodology, have been used to determine deposition velocity and retention coefficients of 129I to grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Parry
- Centre for Analytical Research in the Environment, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
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Schmitz K, Aumann DC. A study on the association of two iodine isotopes, of natural127I and of the fission product129I, with soil components using a sequential extraction procedure. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02038260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Iodine-129 and natural iodine-127 in deer thyroids from the environment of a small nuclear fuel reprocessing plant and from sites remote from nuclear facilities. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02164733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Determination of gaseous and particulate129I in atmospheric air by neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Non-conventional measurement techniques for the determination of some long-lived radionuclides produced in nuclear fuel a literature survey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02219871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bunzl K, Kracke W. Enzymatic degradation of large vegetation samples for the simultaneous determination of129I, actinides and strontium. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02037419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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De Kok J, van den Hamer CJ, de Goeij JJ. Iodine-129 as a protein label for studies of plasma protein turnover and its measurement with neutron activation analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART B, NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 17:303-7. [PMID: 2341286 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2897(90)90057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iodine-129 (t 1/2 = 1.57 x 10(7) y) was used as a protein label for the measurement of the turnover rate of albumin in two human subjects. Plasma samples were assayed for 129I using destructive neutron activation analysis. The experiment entailed an estimated radiation dose of 0.2 muSv to the total body of the subjects. The turnover parameters showed reasonable agreement with literature values. When in a rabbit the catabolism of (129I + 131I)-labeled autologous albumin was followed, the results obtained with both labels agreed well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Kok
- Department of Radiochemistry, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Wershofen H, Aumann DC. Dry deposition velocity of iodine-129 onto grass as obtained by field measurements in the environment of a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02162465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Analysis by nuclear reactions and activation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02046626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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