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Chang HJ, Zúñiga A, Conejero I, Voyvodic PL, Gracy J, Fajardo-Ruiz E, Cohen-Gonsaud M, Cambray G, Pageaux GP, Meszaros M, Meunier L, Bonnet J. Programmable receptors enable bacterial biosensors to detect pathological biomarkers in clinical samples. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5216. [PMID: 34471137 PMCID: PMC8410942 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biosensors, or bactosensors, are promising agents for medical and environmental diagnostics. However, the lack of scalable frameworks to systematically program ligand detection limits their applications. Here we show how novel, clinically relevant sensing modalities can be introduced into bactosensors in a modular fashion. To do so, we have leveraged a synthetic receptor platform, termed EMeRALD (Engineered Modularized Receptors Activated via Ligand-induced Dimerization) which supports the modular assembly of sensing modules onto a high-performance, generic signaling scaffold controlling gene expression in E. coli. We apply EMeRALD to detect bile salts, a biomarker of liver dysfunction, by repurposing sensing modules from enteropathogenic Vibrio species. We improve the sensitivity and lower the limit-of-detection of the sensing module by directed evolution. We then engineer a colorimetric bactosensor detecting pathological bile salt levels in serum from patients having undergone liver transplant, providing an output detectable by the naked-eye. The EMeRALD technology enables functional exploration of natural sensing modules and rapid engineering of synthetic receptors for diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and control of therapeutic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Chang
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Zúñiga
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ismael Conejero
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Inserm Unit 1061, Montpellier, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Nimes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter L Voyvodic
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Gracy
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Fajardo-Ruiz
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cambray
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Georges-Philippe Pageaux
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Magdalena Meszaros
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucy Meunier
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Bonnet
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM U1054, CNRS UMR5048, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Li YS, Li QJ, Gao XF. A novel immobilization fluorescence capillary analysis method and its applications. Analyst 2020; 145:1980-1996. [PMID: 31984395 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence capillary analysis (FCA) realizes trace-level analysis of micro-volume samples; it is easy to operate, extremely low in analytical cost and can significantly lessen environmental pollution from analytical chemistry waste. FCA has the characteristics of green analytical chemistry and has been applied in clinical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food safety and other fields. FCA basically involves a micro-volume glass capillary, a capillary holder and an ordinary fluorescence detector. The capillary is not only a container for chemical reaction and detection but also functions as a carrier to immobilize enzymes, gene probes or reagents; it can be used repeatedly or can be disposable. In analysis, the capillary which is modified with functional reagents sucks in a measured liquid for the reaction and is then inserted into the holder within the fluorescent detector for measurement. The immobilized FCA method has been successfully used in the determination of reduced coenzyme I, ethanol in liqueur, lactic acid in dairy products, pyruvic acid and glucose in serum, trace-level sulfated bile acid in urine, the ratio of pyruvic/lactic acid in serum, and pyruvic acid in cells as well as in DNA end-labeling and dyeing methods. Further, FCA can also be extended to capillary arrays to complete multipurpose simultaneous determinations and can be combined with mobile phones as fluorescence detectors for use in mobile health analytical technology. FCA will produce considerable social benefits in medicine, pharmacy, fermentation of food, environmental protection and other fields. Therefore, the relevant contents are presented in this tutorial review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 6100651, China.
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van Rijs P, Fogliano V. Roasting carob flour decreases the capacity to bind glycoconjugates of bile acids. Food Funct 2020; 11:5924-5932. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01158d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Carob is the fruit obtained from Ceratonia siliqua L. and it is a source of bioactive compounds that have been linked to several health promoting effects, including lowering blood cholesterol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phylyne van Rijs
- Food quality and design group
- AFSG department Wageningen University and Research
- Wageningen
- The Netherland
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food quality and design group
- AFSG department Wageningen University and Research
- Wageningen
- The Netherland
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Alnouti Y. Bile Acid sulfation: a pathway of bile acid elimination and detoxification. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:225-46. [PMID: 19131563 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase-2A1 catalyzes the formation of bile acid-sulfates (BA-sulfates). Sulfation of BAs increases their solubility, decreases their intestinal absorption, and enhances their fecal and urinary excretion. BA-sulfates are also less toxic than their unsulfated counterparts. Therefore, sulfation is an important detoxification pathway of BAs. Major species differences in BA sulfation exist. In humans, only a small proportion of BAs in bile and serum are sulfated, whereas more than 70% of BAs in urine are sulfated, indicating their efficient elimination in urine. The formation of BA-sulfates increases during cholestatic diseases. Therefore, sulfation may play an important role in maintaining BA homeostasis under pathologic conditions. Farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and vitamin D receptor are potential nuclear receptors that may be involved in the regulation of BA sulfation. This review highlights current knowledge about the enzymes and transporters involved in the formation and elimination of BA-sulfates, the effect of sulfation on the pharmacologic and toxicologic properties of BAs, the role of BA sulfation in cholestatic diseases, and the regulation of BA sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Miyata M, Watase H, Hori W, Shimada M, Nagata K, Gonzalez FJ, Yamazoe Y. Role for enhanced faecal excretion of bile acid in hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase-mediated protection against lithocholic acid-induced liver toxicity. Xenobiotica 2008; 36:631-44. [PMID: 16864508 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600776827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficient clearance of toxic bile acids such as lithocholic acid (LCA) requires drug-metabolizing enzymes. We therefore assessed the influence of pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) treatment on LCA-induced hepatotoxicity and disposition of LCA metabolites using female farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-null and wild-type mice. Marked decreases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, and hepatic tauroLCA (TLCA) concentrations were found in LCA-fed wild-type mice co-treated with PCN. Whereas induction of Cyp3a and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (Sult2a) proteins was observed in FXR-null and wild-type mice, clear increases in biliary 3alpha-sulfated TLCA but not total 6alpha-hydroxy LCA (taurohyodeoxycholic acid and hyodeoxycholic acid) were only observed in PCN-treated wild-type mice. Biliary 3alpha-sulfated TLCA output rate was increased 7.2-fold, but accounts for only 4.2% of total bile acid output rate in LCA and PCN-co-treated wild-type mice. Total 3alpha-sulfated LCA (LCA and TLCA) was, however, the most abundant bile acid component in faeces suggesting that efficient faecal excretion of biliary 3alpha-sulfated TLCA through escape from enterohepatic circulation. FXR-null mice, which have constitutively high levels of the Sult2a protein, were fed a diet supplemented with 1% LCA and 0.4% dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a typical Sult2a substrate/inhibitor. The faecal total 3alpha-sulfated bile acid excretion was reduced to 62% of FXR-null mice fed only the LCA diet. Hepatic TLCA concentration and serum AST activity were significantly higher in FXR-null mice fed DHEA and LCA diet than in FXR-null mice fed the LCA diet or DHEA diet. These results suggest that hepatic formation of 3alpha-sulfated TLCA is a crucial factor for protection against LCA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyata
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aramaki, Sendai, Japan.
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Huang WM, Seubert DE, Donnelly JG, Liu M, Javitt NB. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: detection with urinary bile acid assays. J Perinat Med 2008; 35:486-91. [PMID: 18052835 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2007.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine sensitivity and specificity of urine bile acid sulfate (UBAS) and non-sulfated urine bile acid (UBA) assays for detection of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). METHODS Urine was collected prospectively from healthy and pruritic patients evaluated for ICP. Results were expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine. RESULTS Of 20 patients evaluated for ICP, 14 had confirmed ICP by serum testing and six had pruritus only. UBAS results were higher with ICP (P<0.001) and increased with gestational age in healthy controls. Adjusted for gestational age, the multiples of the median (MoM) were still higher (2.64+/-1.11, 1.05+/-0.54, P<0.001). The sensitivity was 100% and specificity 83% at 1.5 MoM in pruritic patients. UBA results were higher with ICP (23.0+/-9.8, 12.8+/-7.4, P<0.001), with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 50% at 10.2 micromol/g cretinine. CONCLUSION Urinary bile acids can detect or exclude ICP with serum abnormalities. Urine bile acid sulfates have higher specificity than non-sulfated urine bile acids at equivalent sensitivities, but co-detection of progestin sulfates is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Goto T, Myint KT, Sato K, Wada O, Kakiyama G, Iida T, Hishinuma T, Mano N, Goto J. LC/ESI-tandem mass spectrometric determination of bile acid 3-sulfates in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:69-77. [PMID: 16949895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We developed a highly sensitive and quantitative method to detect bile acid 3-sulfates in human urine employing liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. This method allows simultaneous analysis of bile acid 3-sulfates, including nonamidated, glycine-, and taurine-conjugated bile acids, cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and lithocholic acid (LCA), using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) analysis. The method was applied to analyze bile acid 3-sulfates in human urine from healthy volunteers. The results indicated an unknown compound with the nonamidated common bile acid 3-sulfates on the chromatogram obtained by the selected reaction monitoring analysis. By comparison of the retention behavior and MS/MS spectrum of the unknown peak with the authentic specimen, the unknown compound was identified as 3beta,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanoic acid 3-sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Goto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Kitada H, Miyata M, Nakamura T, Tozawa A, Honma W, Shimada M, Nagata K, Sinal CJ, Guo GL, Gonzalez FJ, Yamazoe Y. Protective role of hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase in lithocholic acid-induced liver toxicity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:17838-44. [PMID: 12637555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210634200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplement of 1% lithocholic acid (LCA) in the diet for 5-9 days resulted in elevated levels of the marker for liver damage aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in both farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-null and wild-type female mice. The levels were clearly higher in wild-type mice than in FXR-null mice, despite the diminished expression of a bile salt export pump in the latter. Consistent with liver toxicity marker activities, serum and liver levels of bile acids, particularly LCA and taurolithocholic acid, were clearly higher in wild-type mice than in FXR-null mice after 1% LCA supplement. Marked increases in hepatic sulfating activity for LCA (5.5-fold) and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (St) 2a (5.8-fold) were detected in liver of FXR-null mice. A 7.4-fold higher 3alpha-sulfated bile acid concentration was observed in bile of FXR-null mice fed an LCA diet compared with that of wild-type mice. Liver St2a content was inversely correlated with levels of alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, microsomal LCA 6beta-hydroxylation was not increased and was in fact lower in FXR-null mice compared in wild-type mice. Clear decreases in mRNA encoding sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1, and liver-specific organic anion transporter-1 function in bile acid import were detected in LCA-fed mice. These transporter levels are higher in FXR-null mice than wild-type mice after 1% LCA supplement. No obvious changes were detected in the Mrp2, Mrp3, and Mrp4 mRNAs. These results indicate hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase-mediated LCA sulfation as a major pathway for protection against LCA-induced liver damage. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis using FXR-null, pregnane X receptor-null, and FXR-pregnane X receptor double-null mice suggests a repressive role of these nuclear receptors on basal St2a expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kitada
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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GAO XF, LI YS, KARUBE I. Development of a rapid analytical method for the determination of sulfated bile acids in urine based on flow-injection spectrophotometry by using immobilized enzyme technology. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2003. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.52.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Feng GAO
- Department of Medical Test, College of Medicine, University of Beihua
| | - Yong-Sheng LI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Northeast China Institute of Electrical Power Engineering
| | - Isao KARUBE
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo
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