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Axelsson LG, Midtvedt T, Bylund-Fellenius AC. The Role of Intestinal Bacteria, Bacterial Translocation and Endotoxin in Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis in the Mouse. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609609166463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.-G. Axelsson
- Pharmacia and Upjohn AB, Department of Pharmacology, S-751 82, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Uppsala University, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Midtvedt
- Laboratory of Medical Microbial Ecology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, S-104 01, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A.-C. Bylund-Fellenius
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Masubuchi Y, Enoki K, Horie T. Down-Regulation of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Rats with Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:597-603. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.018754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Dikopoulos N, Schmid RM, Bachem M, Buttenschoen K, Adler G, Chiang JYL, Weidenbach H. Bile synthesis in rat models of inflammatory bowel diseases. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37:222-30. [PMID: 17359490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad spectrum of hepatobiliary disorders are found in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of the present work was to study interactions between gut and liver in experimental rat models of colitis and small bowel inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colitis was induced either by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or dextran sodium sulphate. Small-bowel inflammation was induced by indomethacin. Bile acid secretion, bile acid pool, and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase were studied. Cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase protein expression was analysed in the microsomal liver fraction. As portal mediators released form the inflamed gut we measured lipopolysaccharide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in portal serum. The hepatic inflammatory response was evaluated by binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB, activator protein-1 and alpha-2-macroglobulin. RESULTS Increased bile acid secretion, total bile acid content in gut and liver (bile acid pool size), and hepatic cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase protein and mRNA levels were found in the two colitis models associated with only a minor hepatic acute phase and cytokine response. In contrast, during indomethacin-induced small-bowel inflammation bile acid secretion, pool size, and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase decreased in parallel to a strong hepatic cytokine and acute phase response. CONCLUSIONS Colitis without portal cytokine release and acute phase reaction shows an induction of bile acid secretion, pool size, and cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase. In contrast, intestinal inflammation after indomethacin treatment is associated with an acute phase response and a repression of bile acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dikopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Fujita T, Imai T, Anazawa S. Influence of modest endotoxemia on postoperative antithrombin deficiency and circulating secretory immunoglobulin a levels. Ann Surg 2003; 238:258-63. [PMID: 12894020 PMCID: PMC1422681 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000082711.77096.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of modest endotoxemia on postoperative antithrombin deficiency and cholestasis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA It has not been determined whether endotoxin translocation in small amounts is a physiological phenomenon or whether it is a potential health hazard. METHODS Blood endotoxin, antithrombin III (ATIII), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which was selected as a marker of cholestasis, C-reactive protein (CRP), and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) concentrations were measured from the 20 patients undergoing curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer preoperatively and postoperatively. Portal and systemic blood samples were taken for the analysis of endotoxin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations during surgery in these patients. RESULTS Although plasma endotoxin levels showed a significant increase during surgery, we did not find a correlation with ATIII, sIgA, CRP, and IL-6 levels. Systemic blood endotoxin levels during surgery correlated with a postoperative rise of serum AAT levels. Plasma ATIII levels transiently decreased on the first and third postoperative day, and sIgA levels were shown to increase on the seventh postoperative day. There was a weak relationship between the extent of postoperative endotoxemia and a reduction in ATIII concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The influence of modest endotoxemia on postoperative antithrombin deficiency and cholestasis was limited, and increased translocational endotoxemia during abdominal surgery may be a physiological phenomenon to trigger off an acute-phase protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Fujita
- Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Buchman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Tjandra K, Le T, Swain MG. Experimental colitis attenuates development of toxin-induced cholangitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2002. [PMID: 12064794 DOI: 10.1023/a: 1015330809095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis frequently occurs in association with ulcerative colitis. This close association may be due to colitis predisposing patients to bile ductular injury. Therefore, we determined the susceptibility of rats with experimental colitis to toxin-induced cholangitis. Sprague-Dawley rats received 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonic-acid (TNBS) or ethanol vehicle intracolonically. Seven days later, rats received either the biliary epithelial cell toxin alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) or vehicle and were killed 24 hr later. Liver histology, serum biochemistries and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and hepatic interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA were determined. TNBS-treated rats showed extensive macroscopic colonic damage and a 10-fold increase in myeloperoxidase activity compared to ethanol-treated controls. ANIT-treated noncolitic rats showed portal inflammation centered on damaged bile ducts (cholangitis), which was markedly attenuated in ANIT-treated colitic rats. Hepatic IL-10 mRNA was twofold higher in colitic compared to noncolitic rats, with no difference in serum TNF-alpha. In conclusion, experimental colitis attenuates the development of toxin-induced cholangitis in rats, possibly by up-regulating hepatic IL-10 expression.
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Weidenbach H, Leiz S, Nussler AK, Dikopoulos N, Bachem M, Buttenschoen K, Reinshagen M, Beger HG, Adler G, Schmid RM. Disturbed bile secretion and cytochrome P450 function during the acute state of experimental colitis in rats. J Hepatol 2000; 32:708-17. [PMID: 10845656 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS A variety of hepatobiliary abnormalities has been described in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to these liver alterations are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate parameters of liver function in a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNB)-induced rat colitis model. METHODS Glucose output, bile acid secretion, bile acid uptake, and the cytochrome P-450 metabolic capacity during TNB-colitis were studied in the perfused liver model. Furthermore, hepatic bile acid- and glycogen content was measured. To evaluate the inflammatory response in the colon and liver, NF-kappaB/Rel was quantified by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. As an NF-kappaB/Rel regulated gene the inducible NO-synthase (NOS2) was evaluated by Western blot analysis. As possible mediators released from the inflamed colon into the portal vein, endotoxin and the stable metabolite of prostaglandin I2 (6-keto-prostaglandin-F1alpha) were determined. RESULTS Glucose output, bile acid secretion, bile acid uptake, and cytochrome P-450 metabolic capacity decreased on the first and second day of TNB-colitis. Hepatic bile acid content increased at day 14 of colitis. Glycogen content was reduced, most likely due to an inadequate chow intake of these animals. A low level of portal endotoxin was detectable during the first 2 days of colitis. In addition, 6-keto-prostaglandin-F1alpha was clearly increased in portal blood. NF-kappaB/Rel binding activity and inducible NOS2 were strongly positive in the colon during colitis. Although low levels of portal endotoxin were measured during the first 2 days of colitis, no significant NF-kappaB/Rel activity and NOS2 induction were detected in the liver. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that during the acute state of the TNB-colitis, bile acid secretion and cytochrome P-450 function are disturbed in the absence of distinct inflammatory changes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weidenbach
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Germany.
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Rath HC, Ikeda JS, Linde HJ, Schölmerich J, Wilson KH, Sartor RB. Varying cecal bacterial loads influences colitis and gastritis in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:310-9. [PMID: 9922311 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recent data support an important role of resident luminal bacteria in experimental colitis. We determined how altered cecal bacterial loads influence colitis and gastritis. METHODS A cecal self-filling blind loop (SFBL) was created or the cecum was excluded from the fecal stream in specific pathogen-free HLA-B27 transgenic (TG) rats with early colitis and in nontransgenic (nonTG) littermates; controls underwent sham operation (SHAM). Luminal bacterial concentrations were determined by culture and counting chamber. RESULTS TG rats with SFBL had more severe cecal inflammation and leukocytosis than TG SHAM controls. TG excluded rats with low cecal bacterial loads had no cecal inflammation and less colitis and gastritis than SHAM controls, despite having normal distal colonic and gastric bacterial concentrations. Metronidazole attenuated cecal inflammation and eliminated Bacteroides in SFBL TG rats. NonTG SFBL rats had mild cecal inflammation and no gastritis and colitis. The ratio of total anaerobic to aerobic bacteria was 1000-fold greater in SFBL than in SHAM rats, with a 10,000-fold increased ratio of Bacteroides spp. to aerobes. CONCLUSIONS The luminal bacterial load and composition determines the activity of cecal inflammation in genetically susceptible hosts. Lowering cecal bacterial concentrations can diminish inflammation in remote organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Rath
- Center for GI Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Sartor RB, Rath HC, Lichtman SN, van Tol EA. Animal models of intestinal and joint inflammation. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY 1996; 10:55-76. [PMID: 8674149 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(96)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent rodent models have been exploited to explore mechanisms of intestinal and joint inflammation. HLA-B27 transgenic rats develop colitis, gastritis, and arthritis when raised in a conventional environment, but have no evidence of inflammation under germfree (sterile) conditions. Metronidazole treatment attenuates gastrointestinal inflammation, suggesting that anaerobic bacteria are important. Experimental bacterial over-growth of predominantly anaerobic bacteria reactivates arthritis in Lewis rats which have been previously injected intra-articularly with bacterial cell wall polymers. Reactivation arthritis is mediated by interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and can be blocked by metronidazole. Intramural injection of the bacterial cell wall polymer, peptidoglycan-polysaccharide, leads to biphasic, chronic granulomatous enterocolitis and peripheral arthritis in Lewis rats, but only transient intestinal inflammation and no arthritis in Buffalo or MHC-matched Fischer rats. Chronic granulomatous inflammation is mediated by T lymphocytes and interleukin-1 and is dependent on persistent antigenic stimulation by poorly biodegradable bacterial polymers. Results in these models firmly incriminate resident normal enteric flora (especially anaerobes), bacterial products, and host genetic susceptibility in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthropathies. We suggest that increased uptake of luminal bacterial components across the inflamed mucosa leads to systemic distribution of these arthropathic products. The genetically susceptible host develops reactive arthritis due to defective downregulation of inflammation in response to immunologically active bacterial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Sartor
- Department of Digestive Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7080, USA
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Neilly PJ, Gardiner KR, Kirk SJ, Jennings G, Anderson NH, Elia M, Rowlands BJ. Endotoxaemia and cytokine production in experimental colitis. Br J Surg 1995; 82:1479-82. [PMID: 8535797 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800821110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic endotoxaemia is a well recognized feature of inflammatory bowel disease but its pathogenic role remains uncertain. This study examined plasma endotoxin and cytokine concentrations and the acute-phase protein response in a hapten-induced model of experimental colitis. On days 2, 8 and 14 after induction of colitis with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid in ethanol (TNBS-E), plasma endotoxin, immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM endotoxin-core antibody (EndoCAb), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 6 and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) concentrations and colon macroscopic inflammation score were determined. At all time points there was significant colonic inflammation when compared with control values (P < 0.0001). Animals treated with TNBS-E had raised concentrations of endotoxin at all time points (P < 0.04). In TNBS-E-treated animals EndoCAb concentrations were reduced on day 2 (P < 0.0001) and later increased. There were increases in IL-6 and alpha 2M concentrations in TNBS-E-treated animals but no significant change in TNF concentrations. Endotoxin concentrations correlated with macroscopic inflammation score, IL-6 and alpha 2M concentrations. There was a less consistent correlation between EndoCAb concentrations and these parameters. These results suggest that endotoxin is a mediator of the systemic response in this model of experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Neilly
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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Lichtman SN. Role of endogenous enteric organisms in the reactivation of arthritis. MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 1995; 1:385-91. [PMID: 9415185 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(95)93891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive arthritis is an acute form of arthritis apparently caused by a combination of bacterial infection and genetic influences. Recent experiments using an animal model suggest that certain bacterial cell wall polymers originating from endogenous enteric bacteria may be responsible for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Lichtman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7220, USA
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Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Rats develop hepatobiliary injury due to small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO) that, at specimen, resembles cholangiography sclerosing cholangitis. To better visualize the smaller bile ducts, we used microcholangiography to determine the spectrum of biliary lesions in this and five other models of liver disease. METHODS The models studied were as follows: (1) Surgically created jejunal, self-filling blind loops induce SBBO. (2) Intraperitoneal injection of a bacterial cell wall polymer, peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS), causes granulomatous hepatitis. (3) Intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) causes sinusoidal congestion and shock. (4) Bile duct ligation induces bile duct proliferation. (5) Alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) induces bile duct proliferation. (6) Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) causes fibrosis and cirrhosis. Warmed barium sulfate, gelatin, and saline were injected in the extrahepatic bile duct. Liver slices (2 mm) underwent microradiographic techniques, and images were correlated with histology. RESULTS Rats with SBBO had irregular and dilated extrahepatic bile ducts with thickened walls. Rats treated with endotoxin and CCl4 had normal microcholangiograms. Bile duct proliferation was identified following ANIT and bile duct ligation. Rats given PG-PS demonstrated irregular intrahepatic bile ducts. Microcholangiograms following SBBO and PG-PS showed similarities including focal ductal dilatation, narrowing, proliferation, and destruction. CONCLUSION Various models of liver injury induce characteristic cholangiographic appearances. Microcholangiography is useful in examining biliary tract lesions and complements histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Lichtman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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