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Batool R, Marghoob U, Kalsoom A. Estimation of Exopolysaccharides (EPS) Producing Ability of Cr (VI) Resistant Bacterial Strains from Tannery Effluent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.6000/1927-5129.2017.13.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Gulfam A, Guo G, Tajebe S, Chen L, Liu Q, Yuan X, Bai Y, Saho T. Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolates and their effect on the fermentation quality of Napier grass silage at three high temperatures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1931-1938. [PMID: 27539868 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor fermentation quality of silage is an important issue for silage production during the high temperatures of summer. Pediococcus acidilactici GG13 (GG13) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG26 (GG26) isolated from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage were characterised by morphological and physiological tests and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, and their effects, along with those of a commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant (CB), on the fermentation quality of facultative halophyte Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) ensiled at 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C were studied, respectively. RESULT The strains GG13 and GG26 grew well at 50 °C and pH 3.5, and were tolerant to 6.5% NaCl. After ensiling for 50 days, the strains GG13 and GG26 and the CB decreased (P < 0.001) the pH and acetic acid and ammonia-N contents and increased (P < 0.001) the lactic acid contents at 30 °C, and decreased (P < 0.001) the ammonia-N contents at 40 °C in Napier grass. CB did not affect the fermentation quality at 50 °C, whereas both isolated strains improved the fermentation quality of Napier grass silage as indicated by the lower (P < 0.001) pH, butyric acid and ammonia-N contents and higher (P < 0.001) lactic acid contents. The strain GG13 is better than GG26 with regard to improvement in fermentation quality of Napier grass silage. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that strain GG13 is a good LAB inoculant for producing well-fermented silages during the high temperatures of summer times. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gulfam
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, 70050, Pakistan
| | - Gang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Seare Tajebe
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qinhua Liu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Tao Saho
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Description of a new anaerobic thermophilic bacterium, Thermoanaerobacterium butyriciformans sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:86-91. [PMID: 28057375 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Strain USBA-019T, an anaerobic and thermophilic strain, was identified as a new member of the genus Thermoanaerobacterium. USBA-019T cells are gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, thermophilic, chemoorganotrophic, moderately acidophilic, non-motile, endospore-forming, slightly curved, and rod-shaped. Cells measure 0.4×3.0-7.0μm. Optimal growth occurs at 50-55°C (35-65°C). Optimum pH is 5.0-5.5 (4.0-8.5). Thiosulfate, elemental sulfur and nitrate were utilized as electron acceptors. Fermentation of glucose, lactose, cellobiose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, starch and xylan primarily produced acetate and butyrate. Xylan, starch and cellobiose produced ethanol and starch, cellobiose, galactose, arabinose and mannose produced lactic acid. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison and genomic relatedness indices show the close relation of USBA-019T to Thermoanaerobacterium thermostercoris and Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense (similarity value: 99%). Hybridization of USBA-019T, Th. thermostercoris DSM22141T and Th. aotearoense DMS10170T found DNA-DNA relatedness of 33.2% and 18.2%, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, along with low identity at whole genome level, USBA-019T is a novel species of the genus Thermoanaerobacterium which we propose to name Thermoanaerobacterium butyriciformans sp. nov. The type strain is USBA-019T (=CMPUJ U-019T=DSM 101588T).
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Huang J, Wang S, Zhang L, Wu J, Xu Z, Liao X, Hao Y, Zhang Y. Isolation and identification of high pressure-resistant bacteria naturally contaminating strawberry pulp. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing; China Agricultural University; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing; China Agricultural University; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - LiYun Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing; China Agricultural University; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - Jihong Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing; China Agricultural University; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - Zenghui Xu
- Beijing Food Research Institute; Beijing; 100162; China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing; China Agricultural University; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - Yanling Hao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing; China Agricultural University; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit & Vegetable Processing; China Agricultural University; Beijing; 100083; China
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Van Beelen P, Wouterse MJ, Masselink NJ, Spijker J, Mesman M. The application of a simplified method to map the aerobic acetate mineralization rates at the groundwater table of the Netherlands. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2011; 122:86-95. [PMID: 21185620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A simplified method is used to assess the microbial activity of subsoils and soils across a broad geographic scale. Acetate was selected because it is a major intermediate in catabolic biochemical pathways. In order to get minimal disturbance, only a small amount of tritium labelled acetate and water is added to the subsoil material. After an incubation time, the subsoil material is separated from the water by centrifugation and the formed tritium labelled water is separated from the remaining acetate by evaporation. The data of 128 locations in the Netherlands were plotted in a soil map and were also compared with the depth, dry weight, electric conductivity, pH and nitrate concentration. The peat areas consisted of limed meadows with a high groundwater level whereas the sand areas often showed deeper groundwater levels and a lower pH. The subsoils at the groundwater table of the peat areas, which are in contact with soil air, showed a higher mineralization rate compared with the surface soils in our study. In contrast, the mineralization rate of the subsoil at the groundwater table of sandy soils showed on average a factor 30 lower rate. Nevertheless, the self purification capacity of the subsoil can be vital under weather conditions where the surface soil becomes less active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Van Beelen
- Laboratory for Ecological Risk Assessment, RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Bengtsson G. Bacterial exopolymer and PHB production in fluctuating ground-water habitats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1991.tb01734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Šnajdr J, Valášková V, Merhautová V, Cajthaml T, Baldrian P. Activity and spatial distribution of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes during forest soil colonization by saprotrophic basidiomycetes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Snajdr J, Baldrian P. Production of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes and changes in soil bacterial communities during the growth ofPleurotus ostreatus in soil with different carbon content. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:579-90. [PMID: 17455795 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular enzyme activity and changes in soil bacterial community during the growth of the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatus were determined in nonsterile soil with low and high available carbon content. In soil with P. ostreatus, the activity of ligninolytic enzymes laccase and Mn-peroxidase was several orders of magnitude higher than in soil without the fungus. Addition of lignocellulose to soil increased the activity of cellulolytic fungi and the production of Mn-peroxidase by P. ostreatus. The counts of heterotrophic bacteria were more significantly affected by the presence of lignocellulose than by P. ostreatus. The effects of both substrate addition and time (succession) were more significant factors affecting the soil bacterial community than the presence of P. ostreatus. Bacterial community structure was affected by fungal colonization in low carbon soil, where a decrease of diversity and changes in substrate utilization profiles were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Snajdr
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Wood-Rotting Fungi, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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Baldrian P. Increase of laccase activity during interspecific interactions of white-rot fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2004; 50:245-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Fusconi R, Godinho MJL. Screening for exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria from sub-tropical polluted groundwater. BRAZ J BIOL 2002; 62:363-9. [PMID: 12489408 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842002000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A selection of exopolysaccharide (EPS)--producing bacterial strains was conducted in groundwater adjacent to an old controlled landfill in the City of São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil). The strains were isolated in P and E media under aerobic and microacrophilic conditions at 25 degrees C. A total of 26 strains were isolated and based on the mucoid mode of the colonies, 6 were selected and their morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects were characterized. All strains presented pigmentation, ranging from yellow to orange and from pink to salmon, with a shiny glistening aspect in all tested media. Strains Lb, Lc and Lg, which excelled the others with regard to the mucoid mode of the colonies, were selected to be cultured in E medium with alternate sucrose and glucose as carbon sources in anaerobiosis at 25 degrees C to analyze the production of EPS. Strains Lc and Lg were classified as being of order Actinomycelates, suborder Corynebacterineae. Lg strain was identified as Gordonia polyisoprenivorans and Lc strain did not correspond to a known description and therefore a more detailed study is under preparation. Considering all ecological aspects and the metabolic potential associated with the microorganisms of the environment studied, as well as the capacity to produce pigment and EPS, and the presence of G. polyisoprenivorans, a rubber degrader bacterium, the potential of the groundwater analyzed is evident as a source of microorganisms to be utilized in studies related to environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fusconi
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Av. Engenheiro Diniz, 1178, C.P. 593, CEP 38401-136, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Karapanagioti HK, Gossard CM, Strevett KA, Kolar RL, Sabatini DA. Model coupling intraparticle diffusion/sorption, nonlinear sorption, and biodegradation processes. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2001; 48:1-21. [PMID: 11291476 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-7722(00)00179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion, sorption and biodegradation are key processes impacting the efficiency of natural attenuation. While each process has been studied individually, limited information exists on the kinetic coupling of these processes. In this paper, a model is presented that couples nonlinear and nonequilibrium sorption (intraparticle diffusion) with biodegradation kinetics. Initially, these processes are studied independently (i.e., intraparticle diffusion, nonlinear sorption and biodegradation), with appropriate parameters determined from these independent studies. Then, the coupled processes are studied, with an initial data set used to determine biodegradation constants that were subsequently used to successfully predict the behavior of a second data set. The validated model is then used to conduct a sensitivity analysis, which reveals conditions where biodegradation becomes desorption rate-limited. If the chemical is not pre-equilibrated with the soil prior to the onset of biodegradation, then fast sorption will reduce aqueous concentrations and thus biodegradation rates. Another sensitivity analysis demonstrates the importance of including nonlinear sorption in a coupled diffusion/sorption and biodegradation model. While predictions based on linear sorption isotherms agree well with solution concentrations, for the conditions evaluated this approach overestimates the percentage of contaminant biodegraded by as much as 50%. This research demonstrates that nonlinear sorption should be coupled with diffusion/sorption and biodegradation models in order to accurately predict bioremediation and natural attenuation processes. To our knowledge this study is unique in studying nonlinear sorption coupled with intraparticle diffusion and biodegradation kinetics with natural media.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Karapanagioti
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
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Fusconi R, Godinho MJL. Bacteria and protozoa populations in groundwater in landfill area in São Carlos, SP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37141999000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The microbial populations of groundwaters were analyzed in a region under the influence of a landfill (piezometer L12) in the town of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, and in an area not influenced by the landfill (piezometer L5). Heterotrophic bacteria were counted by spread plate method and the number of protozoa was estimated by the most probable number method. There was a larger number of organisms in well L12, with a mean value of 15.76 x 104 CFU/ml for bacteria and 9.7 MPN/ml for protozoa, whereas the mean values for piezometer L5 were 2.88 x 104 CFU/ml for bacteria and 3.4 MPN/ml for protozoa. The greater abundance detected in piezometer L12 may be related to the influence of the leachate through the landfill on the microbial populations, also demonstrated by deoxygenation and by the high conductivity values (3530 µS/cm) compared to piezometer L5 (2.47 mg/L dissolved oxygen and 42 µS/cm conductivity). The most commonly detected protozoa were amoebae and flagellates. The density of flagellate protozoa determined under microaerophilic conditions was 10 times higher than that determined under aerobic conditions.
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Surange S, Wollum II AG, Kumar N, Nautiyal CS. Characterization of Rhizobium from root nodules of leguminous trees growing in alkaline soils. Can J Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1139/m97-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High temperature, pH, and salt stresses in tropical alkaline soils limit nodulation and dinitrogen fixation by strains of Rhizobium from the root nodules of nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs). This study was conducted to determine the variability among Rhizobium strains isolated from different NFTs in growth response to high temperature, pH, and salt concentrations. Variable response to increases in temperature, pH, and salt concentrations was observed. Rhizobium strain isolated from Albizia lebbek survived at 50 °C, while Rhizobium strains isolated from Sesbania formosa, Acacia farnesiana, and Dalbergia sissoo were well adapted to grow on pH 12.0. All the Rhizobium strains tolerated salt concentrations up to 5.0%. Strains were further characterized with respect to utilization of 27 carbon sources and for their effectiveness in substrate utilization at pH 7.0 and 9.0. Generally higher rates of O2 consumption were observed at pH 7.0 compared with pH 9.0.Key words: Rhizobium, leguminous trees, root nodules, stress tolerance.
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Abstract
Ethylenethiourea is an important degradation product of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides, which are widely used in different kinds of crops. The ethylenebisdithiocarbamate group includes maneb, zineb and mancozeb. The ethylenebisdithiocarbamates are not highly toxic and degrade rapidly in the presence of moisture and oxygen, forming different compounds. One of these is the polar ethylenethiourea, which is relatively stable. Thus, this compound appears to be a potential contaminant for groundwater. Batch experiments were carried out under biotic as well as abiotic conditions to study the degradation dependence of concentration, temperature and organic matter. The decomposition of ethylenethiourea under abiotic conditions was found to be less than 5% of the degradation under biotic conditions. Further, ethylenethiourea showed to be stable over a period of 150 days at 20 degrees C in tap water as well as in batch with soil sterilized with NaN3. The degradation of ethylenethiourea depends on the concentration in the water implying first order reaction kinetics. The microbial degradation of ethylenethiourea is highly temperature dependent with aerobic Q10 between 2.9 and 4.2, and an anaerobic between 2.1 and 2.5. A minor increase in degradation rates was observed by application of nitrate and manure to the batches. The experiments show extremely complete degradation of ethylenethiourea in the presence of microbial nitrate reduction with pyrite which occurs in deeper parts of the aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Jacobsen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ecology and Biogeochemistry of in Situ Groundwater Bioremediation. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9074-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fuller ME, Mu DY, Scow KM. Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and toluene by indigenous microbial populations in vadose sediments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1995; 29:311-325. [PMID: 24185349 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1994] [Revised: 09/19/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The unsaturated subsurface (vadose zone) receives significant amounts of hazardous chemicals, yet little is known about its microbial communities and their capacity to biodegrade pollutants. Trichloroethylene (TCE) biodegradation occurs readily in surface soils; however, the process usually requires enzyme induction by aromatic compounds, methane, or other cosubstrates. The aerobic biodegradation of toluene and TCE by indigenous microbial populations was measured in samples collected from the vadose zone at unpolluted and gasoline-contaminated sites. Incubation at field moisture levels showed little activity on either TCE or toluene, so samples were tested in soil suspensions. No degradation occurred in samples suspended in water or phosphate buffer solution; however, both toluene and TCE were degraded in samples suspended in mineral salts medium. TCE degradation depended on toluene degradation, and little loss occurred under sterile conditions. Studies with specific nutrients showed that addition of ammonium sulfate was essential for degradation, and addition of other mineral nutrients further enhanced the rate. Additional studies with vadose sediments amended with nutrients showed similar trends to those observed in sediment suspensions. Initial rates of biodegradation in suspensions were faster in uncontaminated samples than in gasolinecontaminated samples, but the same percentages of chemicals were degraded. Biodegradation was slower and less extensive in shallower samples than deeper samples from the uncontaminated site. Two toluene-degrading organisms isolated from a gasoline-contaminated sample were identified as Corynebacterium variabilis SVB74 and Acinetobacter radioresistens SVB65. Inoculation with 10(6) cells of C. variabilis ml(-1) of soil solution did not enhance the rate of degradation above that of the indigenous population. These results indicate that mineral nutrients limited the rate of TCE and toluene degradation by indigenous populations and that no additional benefit was derived from inoculation with a toluene-degrading bacterial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Fuller
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, 95616, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Bengtsson GÃ, Bergwall C. Heterotrophic denitrification potential as an adaptive response in groundwater bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
Three methods were used to provide information on the identity and phylogenetic relatedness of 19 aerobic, chemoheterotrophic bacteria isolated from topsoil and deep subsurface sediments at a site in South Carolina. These methods were (i) analysis of selected physiological traits, (ii) restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) of genomic DNA, and (iii) analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. When the 16S rRNA sequences were compared with those for 12 standard strains, two topsoil isolates and six subsurface strains formed a tight group with the high-G+C Gram-positive bacteria and appeared to be most closely related to Arthrobacter globiformis--a coryneform-actinomycete bacterium with unusually effective survival capabilities. The rest of the subsurface isolates were scattered among the standard strains from the Proteobacteria-including the pseudomonads and Agrobacterium tumefaciens--or the low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Stim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892
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20
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Evaluation of the BIOLOG Substrate Metabolism System for Classification of Marine Bacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lévesque B, Simard P, Gauvin D, Gingras S, Dewailly E, Letarte R. Comparison of the microbiological quality of water coolers and that of municipal water systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:1174-8. [PMID: 8017912 PMCID: PMC201455 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.4.1174-1178.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of tap water and that of water from 50 water coolers located in residences and workplaces were comparatively studied. In addition, difference factors that might influence the bacteriological contamination of water dispensers were examined. Aeorbic and facultative anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms, and two indicators for fecal contamination (fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) as well as three types of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas spp.) were enumerated. It was found that 36 and 28% of the water dispenser samples from the residences and the workplaces, respectively, were contaminated by a least one coliform or indicator bacterium and/or at least one pathogenic bacterium. The respective proportions of tap water samples contaminated in a similar fashion were 18 and 22%, much less than those observed for water coolers (Chi2(1) = 3.71, P = 0.05). We were unable to discern the dominant factors responsible for the contamination of water coolers, but cleaning the water dispenser every 2 months seemed to limit the extent of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lévesque
- Service Santé et Environnement, Centre de Santé Publique de Québec, Ste. Foy, Canada
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THOMAS ALANO, LESTER JOHNN. Degradation of Phenols Using Bacteria Isolated from the Subsurface of Manufactured Gas Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1089/hwm.1993.10.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Foster JL, Fogleman JC. Identification and ecology of bacterial communities associated with necroses of three cactus species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1-6. [PMID: 8439142 PMCID: PMC202046 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.1.1-6.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the bacterial communities residing in necrotic tissues of columnar cacti of the Sonoran Desert, isolates from 39 organ pipe, 19 saguaro, and 16 senita cacti were obtained. The isolates were clustered into 28 conspecific groups on the basis of their fatty acid profiles. The distributions of the individual bacterial isolates varied among cactus species. Seven of the 28 species groups were unique to a particular cactus species, whereas 8 species groups were found in all three cacti. The effective number of bacterial species for each cactus species was positively correlated with both the chemical complexity and glucose concentration of the plant tissues. The effective number of bacterial species and bacterial distribution patterns were compared with those known for communities of cactophilic yeasts. The observed bacterial distribution patterns are most likely due to differences in the chemical compositions of the three cactus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Foster
- Department of Biology, Metropolitan State College of Denver, Colorado 80217
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Lindqvist R, Bengtsson G. Dispersal dynamics of groundwater bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1991; 21:49-72. [PMID: 24194201 DOI: 10.1007/bf02539144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1990] [Revised: 12/13/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal of bacteria in saturated, porous soils can be characterized by the partitioning of cells between the aqueous and solid phases, as a result of the physical and chemical nature of the soil and water and cell surface modifications. The purpose of this work is to understand variations in partitioning as a consequence of the nutrient conditions and to use this information in mathematical models to predict the dispersal rate of bacteria in aquifer material. Two different models were used to describe dispersal: an advective-dispersive-sorptive model with a first order kinetic sink term to account for irreversible cell reactions, such as death and sorption; and a two-site reaction model, in which the retardation was assumed to be determined by two types of sites, one characterized by instantaneous equilibrium sorption reactions and the other by kinetic nonequilibrium reactions. Water-saturated sand columns were used as continuous-flow groundwater microcosms to test the models under different nutrient regimes. Two strains of indigenous groundwater bacteria were isolated from aquifer material and labelled with(3)H-alanine,(14)C-pyruvic acid,(3)H-glucose, and(3)H-adenosine for different measurements of sorption and dispersal, which were estimated from breakthrough curves. Both experimental data and model variables showed that dispersal of bacteria was a dynamic nonequilibrium process, possibly shaped by two subpopulations, one strongly, even irreversibly, adsorbing to the solid particles, and one with very slow adsorption kinetics. The cell surfaces were modified in response to the growth conditions, which was demonstrated by hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction chromatography. Cell surface hydrophobicity was about eight times higher in groundwater than in eutrophic lake water. The partition coefficient varied between 12.6 in the groundwater and 6.4 in the lake water, indicating the prime importance of hydrophobic binding for attachment in low nutrient conditions. The partitioning was also sensitive to the hydrodynamics of the system and the oxygen supply, as demonstrated by comparison of sorption in agitated test tubes, gently shaken vials, and air-flushed bottles. Sorption kinetics were demonstrated in a continuous flow cell. About 45% of a population was associated with sand particles with a continuous flow of pure groundwater and as little as 20% in lake water. However, more than 50% of the bacteria in the aqueous phase were associated with suspended material of less than 60 μm in diameter. This association may enhance dispersal for example, by size exclusion of the colloidal material in the interstitial pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lindqvist
- Department of Ecology, Chemical Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Lund, Helgonavägen 5, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Kämpfer P, Steiof M, Dott W. Microbiological characterization of a fuel-oil contaminated site including numerical identification of heterotrophic water and soil bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1991; 21:227-251. [PMID: 24194213 DOI: 10.1007/bf02539156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/1990] [Revised: 01/22/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven soil samples and seven groundwater samples from a site contaminated with fuel-oil were investigated using several chemical and microbiological techniques. In soil samples, 500 to 7,500 mg/kg of total hydrocarbons were found. These samples contained no n-alkanes but iso- and branched chain alkanes. No polychlorinated biphenyls could be detected. Microbiological investigations included estimations of total cell counts, viable cell counts on different media, and numbers of methylotrophic, denitrifying, sulphate reducing, anaerobic (with the exception of methanogenic organisms), and hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Viable and hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were found in all samples. A total of 1,366 pure cultures was characterized morphologically and physiologically and identified by numerical identification using a data base of more than 4,000 reference strains. Groundwater samples were dominated by gram-negative bacteria of the generaPseudomonas, Comamonas, Alcaligenes, andAcinetobacter, which were also found in soil samples. In addition, more grampositive bacteria belonging to the generaArthrobacter, Nocardia, andBacillus could be isolated from soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kämpfer
- Fachgebiet Hygiene der Technischen Universität Berlin, Amrumerstrasse 32, 1000, Berlin 65, Federal Republic of Germany
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Hazen TC, Jiménez L, López de Victoria G, Fliermans CB. Comparison of bacteria from deep subsurface sediment and adjacent groundwater. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1991; 22:293-304. [PMID: 24194344 DOI: 10.1007/bf02540231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/1991] [Revised: 07/01/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Samples of groundwater and the enclosing sediments were compared for densities of bacteria using direct (acridine orange direct staining) and viable (growth on 1% PTYG medium) count methodology. Sediments to a depth of 550 m were collected from boreholes at three sites on the Savannah River Site near Aiken, South Carolina, using techniques to insure a minimum of surface contamination. Clusters of wells screened at discreet intervals were established at each site. Bacterial densities in sediment were higher, by both direct and viable count, than in groundwater samples. Differences between direct and viable counts were much greater for groundwater samples than for sediment samples. Densities of bacteria in sediment ranged from less than 1.00×10(6) bacteria/g dry weight (gdw) up to 5.01 ×10(8) bacteria/gdw for direct counts, while viable counts were less than 1.00×10(3) CFU/gdw to 4.07×10(7) CFU/gdw. Bacteria densities in groundwater were 1.00×10(3)-6.31×10(4) bacteria/ml and 5.75-4.57×10(2) CFU/ml for direct and viable counts, respectively. Isolates from sediment were also found to assimilate a wider variety of carbon compounds than groundwater bacteria. The data suggest that oligotrophic aquifer sediments have unique and dense bacterial communities that are attached and not reflected in groundwater found in the strata. Effective in situ bioremediation of contaimination in these aquifers may require sampling and characterization of sediment communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hazen
- Environmental Sciences Section, Savannah River Laboratory, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, 29808, Aiken, South Carolina, USA
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Bengtsson GÃ. Bacterial exopolymer and PHB production in fluctuating ground-water habitats. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Fredrickson JK, Balkwill DL, Zachara JM, Li SM, Brockman FJ, Simmons MA. Physiological Diversity and Distributions of Heterotrophic Bacteria in Deep Cretaceous Sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:402-11. [PMID: 16348407 PMCID: PMC182724 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.2.402-411.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 23 intact core segments was obtained from two distinct deep subsurface geological formations, the Middendorf and the Cape Fear formations, underlying the southeastern coastal plain of South Carolina. The Middendorf formation in this region consists of permeable, saturated, sandy sediments; the Cape Fear formation consists mainly of less permeable sediments. The core segments were separated by vertical distances ranging from several centimeters to 48 m. Aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacteria were enumerated on a dilute medium, and populations ranged from 3.1 to 6.4 log CFU g of sediment
-1
in the Middendorf cores and from below detection to 4.3 log CFU g
-1
in the Cape Fear cores. A total of 198 morphologically distinct colony types were isolated, purified, and subjected to 108 different physiological measurements. The isolates from the two formations were distinct (i.e., they produced substantially different response patterns to the various physiological measurements), as were those in different core samples from the same formation. Cluster analysis revealed 21 different biotypes based on similarities of 75% or higher in response patterns to 21 physiological assays. One biotype contained 57 (29%) of the subsurface isolates, 10 biotypes contained 5 or more isolates, and the remainder had 4 or fewer. The organic compounds that were most commonly metabolized by the subsurface bacteria included Tween 40 (85%) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (60%). Organic acids, in general, were also commonly metabolized by the subsurface bacteria. Isolates from the Cape Fear core segments were capable of metabolizing a higher percentage of the substrates than were bacteria isolated from the Middendorf formation. Although the heterogeneous distributions of bacteria in deep subsurface sediments may make it difficult to use aquifer microcosms to predict in situ biotransformation rates, the diversity of the physiological properties of these organisms offers promise for in situ remediation of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Fredrickson
- Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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Colwell FS. Microbiological Comparison of Surface Soil and Unsaturated Subsurface Soil from a Semiarid High Desert. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2420-3. [PMID: 16348020 PMCID: PMC203093 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.9.2420-2423.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-two chemoheterotrophic bacteria were isolated from unsaturated subsurface soil samples obtained from ca. 70 m below land surface in a high desert in southeastern Idaho. Most isolates were gram positive (84%) and strict aerobes (79%). Acridine orange direct counts of microbes in one subsurface sample showed lower numbers than similar counts performed on surface soils from the same location (ca. 5 × 10
5
versus 2 × 10
6
cells per g [dry weight] of soil), but higher numbers than those from plate counts performed on the subsurface material. Another sample taken from the same depth at another location showed no evidence of colonies under identical conditions. Soil analyses indicated that subsurface sediments versus surface soils were slightly alkaline (pH 7.9 versus 7.4), had a higher water content (25.7 versus 6.3%), and had lower organic carbon concentrations (0.05 to 0.17 versus 0.25% of soil dry weight). Analyses of biologically relevant gases from the unsaturated subsurface indicated an aerobic environment. As in other unsaturated soil environments, either a high proportion of bacteria in these subsurface sediments are not viable or they are incapable of growth on conventional media under aerobic conditions. The presence and numbers of bacteria in these deep sediments may be influenced by colonization opportunities afforded by periodic percolation of surface water through fractures in overlying strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Colwell
- Biotechnology, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 2203
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Stickler DJ. The microbiology of bottled natural mineral waters. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF HEALTH 1989; 109:118-24. [PMID: 2511309 DOI: 10.1177/146642408910900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hirsch P, Rades-Rohkohl E. Some special problems in the determination of viable counts of groundwater microorganisms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988; 16:99-113. [PMID: 24201536 DOI: 10.1007/bf02097408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting viable cell counts in groundwater or sediments were studied with samples from the Segeberg Forest test area in northern Germany. There was very little variation in results with the season (April, August, November) or depth of sampling; generally there were 10(3)-10(4) aerobic cells per ml or g sediment. Long incubation times resulted in higher cell counts; groundwater samples required 4-5 weeks, and sediment extracts had to be cultured for 7 weeks. Total cell counts in sediment were 10(2)-10(4) cell/g higher than viable cell counts of aerobes. This was explained partly by the additional presence of anaerobes and partly by the observation that some morphotypes may not have grown under our conditions. Viable cell counts were not influenced by cell extraction from the sediment with either Na-pyrophosphate or groundwater extracts. However, iron-precipitating or manganese-oxidizing bacteria were better extracted with sterile groundwater. The microflora of wells was more numerous than that of the free aquifer; consequently it was better to pump off all well water before aquifer water was sampled. The diameter of the well was also important; thinner tubes had higher cell counts than those with wider diameter. For sampling, wells should be at least 1 year old, since young wells contain higher numbers of microorganisms due to underground disturbances from the drilling. Turbid water samples could be clarified by filtration, but this reduced the viable counts by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Two different media inoculated with a sample dilution resulted in the same cell counts, but their microbial diversity was different. Storage of groundwater samples before processing resulted in up to 17-fold increases in cell counts and loss of diversity in the first 24 hours. Cell numbers decreased slowly during longer storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hirsch
- Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-2300, Kiel, FRG
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Kölbel-Boelke J, Anders EM, Nehrkorn A. Microbial communities in the saturated groundwater environment II: Diversity of bacterial communities in a Pleistocene sand aquifer and their in vitro activities. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988; 16:31-48. [PMID: 24201531 DOI: 10.1007/bf02097403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell numbers obtained from 103 water and sediment samples from a Pleistocene sandy aquifer in the Lower Rhine region (Bocholt, FRG) were determinated on P-agar and by direct count. Below 5 m under the surface, colony-forming unit (cfu) numbers in water samples were less than 100/ml, and in many cases less than 50/ml. In sediment samples, they were 10- to 100-fold higher (10(2)-10(4) cfu/g dry wt), but changing markedly between different depths. Direct cell counts yielded numbers two to three orders of magnitude higher.About 2,700 strains of bacteria from 60 samples were isolated randomly and characterized by morphological and physiological properties. Of all the isolates, 71.6% were gram-negative, and 52.2% were gram-negative straight rods. Water communities, with one exception, had low proportions of gram-positive bacteria (<11%), whereas in all but one of the sediment communities percentages of gram-positive isolates were three- to sevenfold higher (35-43%). Water and sediment communities, as well as communities from different sampling sites and communities from different depths of the same sampling site, differed in their qualitative and quantitative morphotype composition and physiological capabilities.The in vitro activities of strains within a single community were quite different, indicating that each community is composed of many diverse bacteria, several having extremely different capabilities. Thus, each community has its own specific activity pattern. Gram-positive bacteria showed on an average lower total activities than did gram-negative bacteria. Grampositive bacteria as well as gram-negative bacteria from sediment had higher values of in vitro activities than the corresponding groups isolated from water. Many water and sediment bacteria preferred the same substrates which were utilized at high rates. However, there were differences in the degradation of the various other substrates present, and each community showed preferences for particular substrates, which they degraded best.The results of cell morphology and physiology studies indicated that all eight characterized communities were very different from one another and very diversely structured.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kölbel-Boelke
- FB 2, Mikrobiologie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2800, Bremen 33, FRG
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