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Synthesis of 20-substituted chlorophyll derivatives with F-ring and optical properties of their less distorted chlorin π-systems. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A Review of Bacteriochlorophyllides: Chemical Structures and Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051293. [PMID: 33673610 PMCID: PMC7957641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, bacteriochlorophyllides were responsible for the photosynthesis in bacteria. Seven types of bacteriochlorophyllides have been disclosed. Bacteriochlorophyllides a/b/g could be synthesized from divinyl chlorophyllide a. The other bacteriochlorophyllides c/d/e/f could be synthesized from chlorophyllide a. The chemical structure and synthetic route of bacteriochlorophyllides were summarized in this review. Furthermore, the potential applications of bacteriochlorophyllides in photosensitizers, immunosensors, influence on bacteriochlorophyll aggregation, dye-sensitized solar cell, heme synthesis and for light energy harvesting simulation were discussed.
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Self-aggregation of zinc bacteriochlorophyll-d analog bearing B-ring reduced chlorin and 17-acrylate residue. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:136-165. [PMID: 32757305 DOI: 10.1111/php.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra are essential for use across the photosciences, yet such spectra along with the all-important values for molar absorption coefficient (ε) and fluorescence quantum yield (Φf ) often are found with great difficulty. Here, a literature survey concerning the vital class of chlorophyll compounds has led to identification of spectra for 150 members. Spectra in print form have been digitized (with baseline corrections) and assembled into a database along with literature references, solvent identity and values for ε and Φf (where available). The database encompasses photosynthetic tetrapyrroles wherein the chromophore is a porphyrin (e.g. chlorophyll c1 , protochlorophyll a), chlorin (e.g. chlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll c) or bacteriochlorin (e.g. bacteriochlorophyll a). Altogether, the database contains 305 absorption spectra (from 19 porphyrins, 109 chlorins and 22 bacteriochlorins) and 72 fluorescence spectra (from 10 porphyrins, 30 chlorins and 4 bacteriochlorins). The spectral database should facilitate comparisons and quantitative calculations. All spectra are available in print form in the Supporting Information. The entire database in digital form is available with the PhotochemCAD program for free downloading and further use at http://www.photochemcad.com.
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Kishi M, Nakamura Y, Tamiaki H. Effect of additional hydroxy group on self-aggregation of synthetic zinc bacteriochlorophyll-c analogs. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Miloslavina Y, Gupta KBSS, Tank M, Bryant DA, de Groot HJM. wPMLG-5 Spectroscopy of Self-Aggregated BChlein Natural Chlorosomes ofChlorobaculum Limnaeum. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Würthner F, Kaiser TE, Saha-Möller CR. J-Aggregate: von ihrer zufälligen Entdeckung bis zum gezielten supramolekularen Aufbau funktioneller Farbstoffmaterialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Würthner F, Kaiser TE, Saha-Möller CR. J-Aggregates: From Serendipitous Discovery to Supramolecular Engineering of Functional Dye Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3376-410. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1790] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Arellano JB, Psencik J, Borrego CM, Ma YZ, Guyoneaud R, Garcia-Gil J, Gillbro T. Effect of Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibition on the Chlorosome Organization in Chlorobium phaeobacteroides Strain CL1401. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710715eocbio2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hirabayashi H, Ishii T, Takaichi S, Inoue K, Uehara K. The role of the carotenoids in the photoadaptation of the brown-colored sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaerobacteroides. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ishii T, Kimura M, Yamamoto T, Kirihata M, Uehara K. The Effects of Epimerization at the 31-position of Bacteriochlorophylls c on their Aggregation in Chlorosomes of Green Sulfur Bacteria. Control of the Ratio of 31 Epimers by Light Intensity ‡. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710567teoeat2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Miyatake T, Shitasue K, Omori Y, Nakagawa K, Fujiwara M, Matsushita T, Tamiaki H. Time-dependent self-assembly of 31-epimerically pure and mixed zinc methyl bacteriopheophorbides-d in an aqueous THF solution. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 86:131-6. [PMID: 16172932 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-2441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The self-aggregation process of 3(1)-epimerically pure and mixed zinc methyl bacteriopheophorbides-d (ZMBPhes-d) was examined by stopped-flow technique. A 33(v/v)% tetrahydrofuran (THF) - water solution of ZMBPhe-d was rapidly mixed with a 7(v/v)% THF - water solution to form a chlorosome-type aggregate with a red-shifted Qy band around 700 nm. We observed a rapid autocatalytic aggregation in a subsecond time scale. Aggregates of the 3(1)R epimer increased with a change in the Qy absorption maximum from 698 to 705 nm, suggesting that small aggregates formed as intermediate species. In addition, the rate of aggregation was dependent on the stereochemistry at the 3(1)-position of ZMBPhe-d; the 3(1)R epimer self-aggregated more rapidly than the 3(1)S epimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miyatake
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.
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Self-aggregates of bacteriochlorophylls-c, d and e in a light-harvesting antenna system of green photosynthetic bacteria: Effect of stereochemistry at the chiral 3-(1-hydroxyethyl) group on the supramolecular arrangement of chlorophyllous pigments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hirabayashi H, Ishii T, Takaichi S, Inoue K, Uehara K. The role of carotenoids in the photoadaptation of the brown-colored sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 79:280-5. [PMID: 15115301 DOI: 10.1562/wb-03-11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The brown-colored sulfur bacterium Chlorobium (Cb.) phaeobacteroides 1549 (new name, Chlorobaculum limnaeum 1549) contains many kinds of carotenoids as well as bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) e. These carotenoids were identified with C18-high-performance liquid chromatography, absorption, mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and were divided into two groups: the first is carotenoid with one or two phi-end groups such as isorenieratene and beta-isorenieratene and the second is carotenoid with one or two beta-end groups such as p-zeacarotene, beta-carotene and 7,8-dihydro-beta-carotene. The latter 7,8-dihydro-beta-carotene was found to be a novel carotenoid in nature. OH-gamma-Carotene glucoside laurate and OH-chlorobactene glucoside laurate were also found as minor components. The distribution of BChl e homologs in Cb. phaeobacteroides cultivated under various light intensities did not change, but the carotenoid to BChl e ratio changed markedly: carotenoid with the phi-end group maintained the same ratio to BChl e, whereas that with the beta-end group increased with increasing light intensity. The cells cultured under low-light intensity contained more phi-end carotenoids than beta-end. In Cb. phaeobacteroides the wavelength of the Qy band of BChl e aggregates did not change. We suggested that Cb. phaeobacteroides photoadapts to light intensity by changing the carotenoid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hirabayashi
- Research Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Tamiaki H, Omoda M, Saga Y, Morishita H. Synthesis of homologously pure bacteriochlorophyll-e and f analogues from BChls-c/d via transformation of the 7-methyl to formyl group and self-aggregation of synthetic zinc methyl bacteriopheophorbides-c/d/e/f in non-polar organic solvent. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Blankenship RE, Matsuura K. Antenna Complexes from Green Photosynthetic Bacteria. LIGHT-HARVESTING ANTENNAS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Frigaard NU, Voigt GD, Bryant DA. Chlorobium tepidum mutant lacking bacteriochlorophyll c made by inactivation of the bchK gene, encoding bacteriochlorophyll c synthase. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:3368-76. [PMID: 12029054 PMCID: PMC135091 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.12.3368-3376.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2002] [Accepted: 03/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c synthase was identified by insertional inactivation in the photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum and was named bchK. The bchK mutant of C. tepidum was rusty-orange in color and completely lacked BChl c. Because of the absence of the BChl c antenna, the mutant grew about seven times slower than the wild type at light intensities that were limiting to the wild type (< 90 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). Various pheophorbides, which probably represent precursors of BChl c which had lost magnesium, accumulated in the mutant cells. A small fraction of these pheophorbides were apparently esterified by the remaining chlorophyll (Chl) a and BChl a synthases in cells. The amounts of BChl a, Chl a, isoprenoid quinones, carotenoids, Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein, and chlorosome envelope protein CsmA were not significantly altered on a cellular basis in the mutant compared to in the wild type. This suggests that the BChl a antennae, photosynthetic reaction centers, and remaining chlorosome components were essentially unaffected in the mutant. Electron microscopy of thin sections revealed that the mutant lacked normal chlorosomes. However, a fraction containing vestigial chlorosomes, denoted "carotenosomes," was partly purified by density centrifugation; these structures contained carotenoids, isoprenoid quinones, and a 798-nm-absorbing BChl a species that is probably protein associated. Because of the absence of the strong BChl c absorption found in the wild type, the bchK mutant should prove valuable for future analyses of the photosynthetic reaction center and of the roles of BChl a in photosynthesis in green bacteria. An evolutionary implication of our findings is that the photosynthetic ancestor of green sulfur bacteria could have evolved without chlorosomes and BChl c and instead used only BChl a-containing proteins as the major light-harvesting antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels-Ulrik Frigaard
- Department of Biochemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Zinc analogues of bacteriochlorophylls c and d self-assembled in aqueous media with phospholipids. A methanol solution of zinc chlorin and alpha-lecithin was put in a cellulose tube and the inner methanol solvent was gradually replaced with water by dialysis to form the self-assembled oligomers. Visible absorption spectra of the aqueous solution showed that zinc chlorins formed J-aggregates within the hydrophobic core of alpha-lecithin assemblies and that the supramolecular structure of the aggregates depended upon the stereochemistry at the 3(1)-position and the alkyl substituents at the 8-, 12-, and 17(4)-positions of the zinc chlorin. When the aqueous aggregates were prepared with a mixture of 3(1)-epimers and/or 8-, 12-, or 17(4)-homologues of zinc 3(1)-hydroxy-13(1)-oxochlorins, the structurally distinct components coaggregated to make scrambled oligomers. However, during the dialysis, zinc 3(1)-hydroxy- and 7(1)-hydroxy-13(1)-oxochlorins slowly individually aggregated to give two structurally different oligomer units in the cellulose tube. In contrast, if the two zinc chlorin components rapidly self-assembled in an aqueous medium, these components coaggregated to form scrambled oligomers. The present study shows that both the molecular structure of the pigments and the speed of the oligomerization determine the molecular arrangement in chlorosome-type self-assembled oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyatake
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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The Effects of Substituents on the Aggregation of Bacteriochlorophylls cF and dF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(01)82137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tamiaki H, Kubo M, Oba T. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Zinc Methyl Bacteriopheophorbide-f and its Homolog. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dudkowiak A, Kusumi T, Nakamura C, Miyake J. Spectroscopic properties of bacteriochlorophyll c in Langmuir monolayers in the absence and presence of amphiphilic peptides. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(00)00270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ishii T, Kimura M, Yamamoto T, Kirihata M, Uehara K. The effects of epimerization at the 3(1)-position of bacteriochlorophylls c on their aggregation in chlorosomes of green sulfur bacteria. Control of the ratio of 3(1) epimers by light intensity. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:567-73. [PMID: 10818787 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0567:teoeat>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
R- and S-epimerization at the 3(1) position of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c and the formation of rod-like aggregates in chlorosomes of green sulfur bacteria were markedly affected in Chlorobium (Cb.) tepidum and Cb. limicola by cultivation under various light intensities (photon fluence rate). The stronger the light, the higher the ratio of the S-epimer to the R-epimer for each homolog of BChl c in the bacteria. S[P,E] BChl cF and S[I,E] BChl cF were found to be the major S-epimers in Cb. tepidum and Cb. limicola, respectively. R[P,E] BChl cF decreased markedly compared to R[E,E] BChl cF in Cb. tepidum, whereas no observable change in the ratio of R[P,E]/R[E,E] was detected for Cb. limicola. With increase in light intensity the Qy absorption maximum of the bacteria shifted to shorter wavelengths. In vitro spectroscopic studies of the aggregates showed a marked difference in the formation of aggregates from R- and S-epimers of BChl c; the S-epimers formed aggregates much more slowly than did the R-epimers. These results suggest that the ratio of the epimers of BChl c might significantly affect the aggregation of BChl in the chlorosome. We propose different roles for the R- and S-epimers in chlorosomes of Cb. limicola and Cb. tepidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ishii
- Research Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
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Ishii T, Uehara K, Ozaki Y, Mimuro M. The Effects of pH and Ionic Strength on the Aggregation of Bacteriochlorophyll c in Aqueous Organic Media: The Possibility of Two Kinds of Aggregates. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martyìski T, Frąckowiak D, Miyake J, Dudkowiak A, Piechowiak A. The orientation of bacteriochlorophyll c in green bacteria cells and cell fragments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Planner A, Goc J, Dudkowiak A, Frackowiak D, Miyake J. The influence of the presence of lipid on the aggregation of 8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c located in adsorbed layers and monolayers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1997; 39:73-80. [PMID: 9210324 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(96)07473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The photoacoustic spectra and time-resolved delayed luminescence spectra in the microsecond time range were measured for layers of 8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c adsorbed on quartz supports by solvent evaporation and as Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers. Both types of model system were also investigated with the addition of lipid. The data showed a very strong influence of lipid addition on pigment aggregation. In samples with synthetic and natural lipid addition, the pigments were found to be predominantly in the monomeric and dimeric states, whereas in the same type of sample without lipid, the pigments were aggregated to a higher degree. The influence of the presence of lipid on the aggregation of bacteriochlorophyll c in monolayers and adsorbed layers may also suggest that the contact of various pigment molecules with the lipids surrounding the chlorosome may influence the formation of various pigment aggregates in vivo. The synthetic lipid L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl and the natural lipid L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine type IVS from soy beans were used. In the latter case, only adsorbed layers were investigated. Our interpretation is preliminary as only one 8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c homologue was present in our systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Planner
- Institute of Physics, Poznań University of Technology, Poland
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Tamiaki H, Miyata S, Kureishi Y, Tanikaga R. Aggregation of synthetic zinc chlorins with several esterified alkyl chains as models of bacteriochlorophyll-c homologs. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The structure of the aggregate form of bacteriochlorophyll c showing the Qy absorption above 740 nm: a 1H-NMR study. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tamiaki H, Miyatake T, Tanikaga R, Holzwarth AR, Schaffner K. Selbstorganisation einer künstlichen Lichtsammel-Antenne: Energieübertragung von einem zinkhaltigen Chlorin auf ein Bacteriochlorin in einem supramolekularen Aggregat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tamiaki H. Supramolecular structure in extramembraneous antennae of green photosynthetic bacteria. Coord Chem Rev 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(95)01188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Uehara K, Tachibana T, Tsunooka M, Ozaki Y. INTERCONVERSION OF BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL c AGGREGATES IN SOLID FILMS UPON ORGANIC VAPOR TREATMENT. Photochem Photobiol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb02374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Borrego CM, Garcia-Gil LJ. Rearrangement of light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll homologues as a response of green sulfur bacteria to low light intensities. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1995; 45:21-30. [PMID: 24301376 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/1995] [Accepted: 05/31/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The pigment composition of two species of green-colored BChl c-containing green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobium limicola and C. chlorovibrioides) and two species of brown-colored BChl e-containing ones (C. phaeobacteroides and C. phaeovibrioides) incubated at different light intensities have been studied. All species responded to the reduction of light intensity from 50 to 1 μEinstein(E) m(-2) s(-1) by an increase in the specific content of light harvesting pigments, bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids. At critical light intensities (0.5 to 0.1 μE m(-2) s(-1)) only brown-colored chlorobia were able to grow, though at low specific rates (0.002 days(-1) mg prot(-1)). High variations in the relative content of farnesyl-bacteriochlorophyll homologues were found, in particular BChl e 1 and BChl e 4, which were tentatively identified as [M, E] and [I, E] BChlF e, respectively. The former was almost completely lost upon reduction of light intensity from 50 to 0.1 μE m(-2) s(-1), whereas the latter increased from 7.2 to 38.4% and from 13.6 to 42.0% in C. phaeobacteroides and C. phaeovibrioides, respectively. This increase in the content of highly alkylated pigment molecules inside the chlorosomes of brown species is interpreted as a physiological mechanism to improve the efficiency of energy transfer towards the reaction center. This study provides some clues for understanding the physiological basis of the adaptation of brown species to extremely low light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Borrego
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Hospital 6, E-17071, Girona, Spain
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Sato H, Uehara K, Ishii T, Ozaki Y. FT-IR and near-infrared FT-Raman study of aggregation of bacteriochlorophyll c in solutions: evidence for involvement of the ester group in the aggregation. Biochemistry 1995; 34:7854-60. [PMID: 7794896 DOI: 10.1021/bi00024a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and near-infrared (NIR)-excited FT-Raman spectra have been measured for bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl-c) in acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), pyridine-d5, carbon disulfide (CS2), and water-saturated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to investigate its aggregation in vitro. The UV-Vis absorption spectra can be classified into two groups. Group I (acetone, THF, and pyridine-d5 solutions) gives a spectrum with a Qy band around 665 nm while group II (CS2 and water-saturated CCl4 solutions) shows a spectrum typical of BChl-c aggregates with a broader red-shifted Qy band. All the NIR-FT-Raman spectra, which are preresonant with the Qy band, are very close to those of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) measured in the corresponding solutions. Bands due to a C = O stretching mode of free and strongly hydrogen-bonded 13(1)-keto carbonyl groups appear near 1685 and 1645 cm-1, respectively. In contrast to the FT-Raman spectra, FT-IR spectra of the pyridine-d5 solution and group II are largely different from those of Chl-a in the corresponding solutions, suggesting that BChl-c forms quite different types of aggregates. It is clear from the IR spectra that the ester carbonyl group plays an important role in the aggregation for the pyridine-d5 and group II solutions. Of particular note is that bands due to C = O stretching modes of the ester group are observed at 1733, 1719, and 1705 cm-1 in the spectrum of BChl-c in water-saturated CCl4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sato
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Dudkowiak A, Francke C, Amesz J. Aggregation of 8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c at low temperature. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1995; 46:427-433. [PMID: 24301637 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/1995] [Accepted: 09/26/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the aggregation of 3(l)R-8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c in a mixture of n-pentane and methylcyclohexane (1/1, v/v) was studied by means of absorption, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. At room temperature essentially only two aggregate species, absorbing at 702 nm (A-702) and 719 nm (A-719), were present. Upon cooling to 219 K, A-702 was quantitatively converted to A-719. Further lowering of the temperature led to the stepwise formation of larger aggregates by the conversion of A-719 to aggregate species absorbing at 743 nm (A-743) and 755 nm (A-755). All absorption changes were reversible. A-719 was highly fluorescent (maximum at 192 K: 744 nm), while A-743 and especially A-755 were weakly fluorescent. Below 130 K the mixture solidified, and no major changes in the absorption spectrum were observed upon further cooling. At 45 K, however, a relatively strong emission at 775 nm was observed. Below 200 K, the absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra resembled that of the chlorosome. These results open up the possibility to study higher aggregates of BChl c as models for the chlorosome by various methods at low temperature, thus avoiding interference by thermal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dudkowiak
- Department of Biophysics, Huygens Laboratory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Borrego CM, Garcia-Gil LJ. Separation of bacteriochlorophyll homologues from green photosynthetic sulfur bacteria by reversed-phase HPLC. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 41:157-164. [PMID: 24310022 DOI: 10.1007/bf02184156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1993] [Accepted: 03/10/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Cromatography (HPLC) method has been developed to accurately separate bacteriochlorophyllsc, d ande homologues in a reasonably short run time of 60 minutes. By using this method, two well-defined groups of bacteriochlorophyll homologue peaks can be discriminated. The first one consists of 4 peaks (min 24 to 30), which corresponds to the four main farnesyl homologues. The second peak subset is formed by a cluster of up to 10 minor peaks (min 33 to 40). These peaks can be related with series of several alcohol esters of the different chlorosome chlorophylls. The number of homologues was, however, quite variable depending on both, the bacteriochlorophyll and the bacterial species. The method hereby described, also provides a good separation of other photosynthetic pigments, either bacterial (Bacteriochlorophylla, chlorobactene, isorenieratene and okenone) or algal ones (Chlorophylla, Pheophytina and β-carotene). A preliminary screening of the homologue composition of several green photosynthetic bacterial species and isolates, has revealed different relative quantitative patterns. These differences seem to be related to physiological aspects rather than to taxonomic ones. The application of the method to the study of natural populations avoids the typical drawbacks on the pigment identification of overlapping eukaryotic and prokaryotic phototrophic microorganisms, giving further information about their physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Borrego
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Deptartment of Biology and Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Hospital 6, E-17071, Girona, Spain
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Uehara K, Mimuro M, Ozaki Y, Olson JM. The formation and characterization of the in vitro polymeric aggregates of bacteriochlorophyllc homologs fromChlorobium limicola in aqueous suspension in the presence of monogalactosyl diglyceride. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 41:235-243. [PMID: 24310030 DOI: 10.1007/bf02184164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1993] [Accepted: 03/10/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Artificial aggregates of bacteriochlorophyllc (BChlc) were formed in an aqueous medium in the presence of a lipid, monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG), and the optical properties of those aggregates were studied by absorption and circular dichroism (CD) mainly. Four BChlc homologs, ([E,E]BChlc F, [P,E]BChlc F, [E,M]BChlc F and [I,E]BChlc F), were isolated from the green photosynthetic bacteriumChlorobium limicola strain 6230. Above 0.0004%, MGDG induced a red-shift of the absorption maxima of BChlc aggregates. At 0.003% MGDG BChlc aggregates showed absorption maxima in the range of 724 to 745 (±3) nm with a shift of 12 to 24 (±3) nm depending on the homolog species. Four kinds of BChlc-MGDG aggregates showed characteristic CD spectra. [E,M]BChlc F gave rise to a CD spectrum similar to that of chlorosomes, while the other three gave spectra of opposite sign. These aggregates are sensitive to 1-hexanol treatment; in a saturating amount (0.85%) of 1-hexanol, all the homologs gave a monomer-like absorption spectrum peaking at 670nm. At an intermediate concentration (0.5%), [E,M]BChlc F showed an enhanced CD intensity, as observed in native chlorosomes. Resonance Raman spectra of the monomer-like BChlc samples indicated that the keto vibrational band at ca. 1640 cm(-1) was considerably weakened by the 0.85% 1-hexanol treatment, however the 1680 cm(-1) band characteristic of a free keto group did not appear. These results indicate that the artificial aggregates formed by purified BChlc homologs and MGDG are good models for studying chlorosomes structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uehara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, University of Osaka Prefecture, Gakuencho, 593, Sakai, Japan
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Larsen KL, Cox RP, Miller M. Effects of illumination intensity on bacteriochlorophyllc homolog distribution inChloroflexus aurantiacus grown under controlled conditions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 41:151-156. [PMID: 24310021 DOI: 10.1007/bf02184155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/1994] [Accepted: 03/01/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Green photosynthetic bacteria contain a mixture of stereoisomers and homologs of their major light harvesting pigment, bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)c. We have determined the distribution of photosynthetic pigments in the green filamentous bacteriumChloroflexus aurantiacus grown in turbidostat culture under light-limited conditions at 5 different illumination intensities. Pigments were extracted from isolated cells, analyzed by HPLC, and the homologs of BChlc identified by their mass spectra. The ratio between BChlc, BChla and carotenoid remained constant at low illumination intensities; at higher intensities BChla and carotenoid increased in parallel compared to BChlc. The BChlc homolog distribution changed even under conditions where the ratio of the total amount to the other pigments was unchanged, but there were no evidence for a constant stoichiometric ratio between any pair of homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Larsen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Odense University, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
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