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Joyce W, Warwicker J, Shiels HA, Perry SF. Evolution and divergence of teleost adrenergic receptors: why sometimes 'the drugs don't work' in fish. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245859. [PMID: 37823524 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline and noradrenaline, released as hormones and/or neurotransmitters, exert diverse physiological functions in vertebrates, and teleost fishes are widely used as model organisms to study adrenergic regulation; however, such investigations often rely on receptor subtype-specific pharmacological agents (agonists and antagonists; see Glossary) developed and validated in mammals. Meanwhile, evolutionary (phylogenetic and comparative genomic) studies have begun to unravel the diversification of adrenergic receptors (ARs) and reveal that whole-genome duplications and pseudogenization events in fishes results in notable distinctions from mammals in their genomic repertoire of ARs, while lineage-specific gene losses within teleosts have generated significant interspecific variability. In this Review, we visit the evolutionary history of ARs (including α1-, α2- and β-ARs) to highlight the prominent interspecific differences in teleosts, as well as between teleosts and other vertebrates. We also show that structural modelling of teleost ARs predicts differences in ligand binding affinity compared with mammalian orthologs. To emphasize the difficulty of studying the roles of different AR subtypes in fish, we collate examples from the literature of fish ARs behaving atypically compared with standard mammalian pharmacology. Thereafter, we focus on specific case studies of the liver, heart and red blood cells, where our understanding of AR expression has benefited from combining pharmacological approaches with molecular genetics. Finally, we briefly discuss the ongoing advances in 'omics' technologies that, alongside classical pharmacology, will provide abundant opportunities to further explore adrenergic signalling in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Yang J, Guo Q, Feng X, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential Targets for Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:841523. [PMID: 35646910 PMCID: PMC9140220 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.841523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious public health issues and are responsible for nearly one-third of global deaths. Mitochondrial dysfunction is accountable for the development of most CVDs. Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation and inevitably generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Mitochondria can protect against these damages via the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. In recent years, mitochondria-targeted therapy for CVDs has attracted increasing attention. Various studies have confirmed that clinical drugs (β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor-II blockers) against CVDs have mitochondrial protective functions. An increasing number of cardiac mitochondrial targets have shown their cardioprotective effects in experimental and clinical studies. Here, we briefly introduce the mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and summarize the progression of mitochondrial targets against CVDs, which may provide ideas for experimental studies and clinical trials.
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Erdil N, Kaynak M, Dönmez K, Disli OM, Battaloglu B. Nebivolol in preventing atrial fibrillation following coronary surgery in patients over 60 years of age. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 29:581-7. [PMID: 25714213 PMCID: PMC4408822 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20140078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Postoperative atrial fibrillation is a common complication after cardiac surgery,
with an incidence as high as 20-50%. Increased age is associated with a
significant increase in postoperative atrial fibrillation risk. This common
complication is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of
this study was to assess the efficacy of nebivolol in preventing atrial
fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery in patients over 60 years of
age. Methods In this prospective randomized study, 200 patients who were candidates for
elective coronary artery bypass surgery were divided into two groups. The first
group was administered with nebivolol and the second group was administered with
metoprolol. Treatment was initiated four days prior to surgery, and patients were
monitored for atrial fibrillation until discharge. Forty-one patients recieved 50
mg metoprolol succinate daily, which was initiated minimum 4 days before
surgery. Results Demographic data were similar in both groups. The incidence of postoperative
atrial fibrillation in both groups was similar, with no significant difference
being identified [n=20 (20%); n=18 (18%), P=0.718; respectively].
There were not any mortality at both groups during study. Inotropic agent
requirement at ICU was similar for both groups [n=12 (12%), n=18 (18%),
P=0.32]. Conclusion We compared the effectiveness of nebivolol and metoprolol in decreasing the
incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, and determined that nebivolol was
as effective as metoprolol in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation at
patients. Nebivolol may be the drug of choice due to its effects, especially after
elective coronary artery bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevzat Erdil
- Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Murat Kaynak
- Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Köksal Dönmez
- Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Toblli JE, DiGennaro F, Giani JF, Dominici FP. Nebivolol: impact on cardiac and endothelial function and clinical utility. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2012; 8:151-60. [PMID: 22454559 PMCID: PMC3310359 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic pathological state of the endothelium characterized by a reduction in the bioavailability of vasodilators, essentially nitric oxide, leading to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, as well as disarrangement in vascular wall metabolism and function. One of the key factors in endothelial dysfunction is overproduction of reactive oxygen species which participate in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and stroke. Because impaired endothelial activity is believed to have a major causal role in the pathophysiology of vascular disease, hypertension, and heart failure, therapeutic agents which modify this condition are of clinical interest. Nebivolol is a third-generation β-blocker with high selectivity for β1-adrenergic receptors and causes vasodilation by interaction with the endothelial L-arginine/ nitric oxide pathway. This dual mechanism of action underscores several hemodynamic qualities of nebivolol, which include reductions in heart rate and blood pressure and improvements in systolic and diastolic function. Although nebivolol reduces blood pressure to a degree similar to that of conventional β-blockers and other types of antihypertensive drugs, it may have advantages in populations with difficult-to-treat hypertension, such as patients with heart failure along with other comorbidities, like diabetes and obesity, and elderly patients in whom nitric oxide-mediated endothelial dysfunction may be more pronounced. Furthermore, recent data indicate that nebivolol appears to be a cost-effective treatment for elderly patients with heart failure compared with standard care. Thus, nebivolol is an effective and well tolerated agent with benefits above those of traditional β-blockers due to its influence on nitric oxide release, which give it singular hemodynamic effects, cardioprotective activity, and a good tolerability profile. This paper reviews the pharmacology structure and properties of nebivolol, focusing on endothelial dysfunction, clinical utility, comparative efficacy, side effects, and quality of life in general with respect to the other antihypertensive agents.
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Lowering blood pressure with β-blockers in peripheral artery disease: the importance of comorbidity. J Hypertens 2011; 29:1298-302. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328348a750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mitochondrial involvement in cardiac apoptosis during ischemia and reperfusion: can we close the box? Cardiovasc Toxicol 2010; 9:211-27. [PMID: 19855945 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-009-9055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is the main cause of death in the Western societies. Therapeutic strategies aimed to protect the ischemic myocardium have been extensively studied. Reperfusion is the definitive treatment for acute coronary syndromes, especially acute myocardial infarction; however, reperfusion has the potential to exacerbate tissue injury, a process termed reperfusion injury. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may lead to cardiac arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction that involve apoptosis and necrosis in the heart. The present review describes the mitochondrial role on cardiomyocyte death and some potential pharmacological strategies aimed at preventing the opening of the box, i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction and membrane permeabilization that result into cell death. Data in the literature suggest that mitochondrial disruption during I/R can be avoided, although uncertainties still exist, including the fact that the optimal windows of treatment are still fairly unknown. Despite this, the protection of cardiac mitochondrial function should be critical for the patient survival, and new strategies to avoid mitochondrial alterations should be designed to avoid cardiomyocyte loss.
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Münzel T, Gori T. Nebivolol: the somewhat-different beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:1491-9. [PMID: 19815121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although its clinical use in Europe dates almost 10 years, nebivolol is a beta-blocker that has been only recently introduced in the U.S. market. Like carvedilol, nebivolol belongs to the third generation of beta-blockers, which possess direct vasodilator properties in addition to their adrenergic blocking characteristics. Nebivolol has the highest beta(1)-receptor affinity among beta-blockers and, most interestingly, it substantially improves endothelial dysfunction via its strong stimulatory effects on the activity of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase and via its antioxidative properties. Because impaired endothelial activity is attributed a major causal role in the pathophysiology of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure, the endothelium-agonistic properties of nebivolol suggest that this drug might provide additional benefit beyond beta-receptor blockade. Although lesser beta-blocker-related side effects have been reported in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or impotence taking nebivolol, side effects and contraindications overlap those of other beta-blockers. Clinically, this compound has been proven to have antihypertensive and anti-ischemic effects as well as beneficial effects on hemodynamics and prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Further studies are now necessary to compare the benefit of nebivolol with that of other drugs in the same class and, most importantly, its prognostic impact in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Münzel
- II Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie/Angiologie, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, Germany.
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Kuroedov A, Cosentino F, Lüscher TF. Pharmacological Mechanisms of Clinically Favorable Properties of a Selective β1-Adrenoceptor Antagonist, Nebivolol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 22:155-68. [PMID: 15492765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2004.tb00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nebivolol is a racemic mixture of d- and l-enantiomers. The drug is characterized by beta(1)-adrenoceptor selectivity and long-acting beta-blockade exerted predominantly by d-enantiomer. Nebivolol is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and has no relevant membrane stabilizing action. Antiproliferative properties of nebivolol were demonstrated in endothelial and smooth muscle cell cultures. Infusion of nebivolol causes a vasodilation in all vascular beds by endothelial-dependent mechanism involving stimulation of beta(3)-adrenoceptors as well as by endothelial-independent mechanism. Nebivolol possesses not only direct vasodilator properties but also augments the action of endothelium-dependent vasodilators. The antioxidant property of nebivolol can at least in part explain why treatment with this drug enhances eNOS activity and minimizes the reperfusion-induced myocardial injury. The systemic effects of nebivolol in humans have an unusual hemodynamic profile. In contrast to traditional beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, nebivolol reduces preload and afterload due to systemic vasodilation and improves arterial distensibility. At 5 mg daily nebivolol effectively reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure over a 24-h period. During treatment with nebivolol arterial pressure follows the natural circadian rhythm. Trough-to-peak ratio for nebivolol is 0.9. It has been demonstrated in numerous placebo-controlled studies that exercise tolerance is not reduced during nebivolol therapy. By chronic administration to patients with left ventricular dysfunction nebivolol increases myocardial contractility. Nebivolol produced no significant changes in lipid levels, insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance. These findings make nebivolol a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kuroedov
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich-Irchel, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ausma J, Dispersyn GD, Duimel H, Thoné F, Ver Donck L, Allessie MA, Borgers M. Changes in ultrastructural calcium distribution in goat atria during atrial fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32:355-64. [PMID: 10731435 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.1999.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that Ca(2+)content of atrial cardiomyocytes is increased at the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether this phenomenon is transient is currently unknown. Therefore, in this study the time-related changes in Ca(2+)location in atrial myocytes from goats with chronic AF have been investigated. The distribution of calcium was assessed with the electron microscope using the cytochemical phosphate-pyroantimonate and oxalate-pyroantimonate methods in atrial biopsies from goats in sinus rhythm and goats with 1-16 weeks of burst-pacing-induced AF. In atrial myocytes from control goats in sinus rhythm, a normal Ca(2+)distribution was observed, with regular deposits along the sarcolemma (an average of 3.4 deposits per microm at a regular distance). The number of sarcolemma-bound Ca(2+)deposits substantially increased after 1 and 2 weeks of atrial fibrillation. After this period the amount of Ca(2+)precipitate decreased at 4 and 8 weeks, and became below control level at 16 weeks. A similar time-related redistribution of Ca(2+)occurred in mitochondria. Whereas mitochondria from control goats displayed very few Ca(2+)deposits (average 4.0 deposits per micro m(2)), their number markedly increased after 1 and 2 weeks of atrial fibrillation, which indicates cellular Ca(2+)overload. From 4 weeks, Ca(2+)deposits reached control levels and were below control level after 16 weeks of atrial fibrillation (2.5 deposits per microm(2)). Our findings are consistent with the previously observed Ca(2+)overload early after the onset of atrial fibrillation. The present study shows that this overload persists for at least 2 weeks, after which the cardiomyocytes apparently adapt to a new Ca(2+)homeostasis, thereby avoiding Ca(2+)overload. This protection against Ca(2+)overload co-occurs with dedifferentiation like cellular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ausma
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Moolman JA, Genade S, Tromp E, Lochner A. A comparison between ischemic preconditioning and anti-adrenergic interventions: cAMP, energy metabolism and functional recovery. Basic Res Cardiol 1996; 91:219-33. [PMID: 8831941 DOI: 10.1007/bf00788908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The postulate that ischemic preconditioning caused an attenuation in ischemia induced increases in tissue cAMP, and that this may pertain to the mechanism of ischemic preconditioning, was investigated in the isolated rat heart. A significant reduction in tissue cAMP in preconditioned hearts was observed for all time periods of global ischemia studied. The significance of this observation was evaluated by comparing the effect of anti-adrenergic interventions on energy metabolism and post-ischemic functional recovery of both non-preconditioned and preconditioned hearts. METHODS The isolated perfused rat heart was used as experimental model. Six groups were studied: Non-preconditioned rat hearts: i) untreated controls (Non-PC), ii) reserpinised (Non-PC Res), iii) propranolol treated (10(-7) M) (Non-PC Prop); Preconditioned rat hearts: iv) preconditioned controls (PC), v) reserpinised (PC Res) and vi) propranolol (10(-7) M) treated (PC Prop). RESULTS After 25 min global ischemia the concentration of cAMP was increased by 79.6% in the Non-PC group. This increase was attenuated in all of the treated groups, although in varying degrees. Energy utilization in these hearts also differed markedly between the groups. Functional recovery was however similar in all Non-PC and PC treated groups and significantly superior to that of Non-PC control hearts. Prior reserpinisation mimicked the protective effect of preconditioning on energy metabolism and functional recovery. To determine the significance of attenuation of the increase in cAMP in the protection conferred by preconditioning, hearts were pretreated with forskolin (10(-6) M). This caused an accumulation of tissue cAMP in preconditioned hearts to similar absolute values as seen in untreated non-preconditioned hearts during 25 min global ischemia. However, the percentage increase in forskolin-pretreated preconditioned hearts during sustained ischemia was only 50% vs. 71% in non-preconditioned hearts treated with forskolin, confirming an attenuated beta-response induced by preconditioning. Forskolin treatment of preconditioned hearts did not abolish the protective effect. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the protection against ischemic damage conferred by preconditioning is associated with an attenuated beta-adrenergic response. However, whether the changes in cAMP occurring during sustained global ischemia is the cause of consequence of the elicited protection, remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Moolman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa
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