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Liu Z, Sarathkumara YD, Chan JKC, Kwong YL, Lam TH, Ip DKM, Chiu BCH, Xu J, Su YC, Proietti C, Cooper MM, Yu KJ, Bassig B, Liang R, Hu W, Ji BT, Coghill AE, Pfeiffer RM, Hildesheim A, Rothman N, Doolan DL, Lan Q. Characterization of the humoral immune response to the EBV proteome in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23664. [PMID: 34880297 PMCID: PMC8655014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive malignancy that has been etiologically linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, with EBV gene transcripts identified in almost all cases. However, the humoral immune response to EBV in NKTCL patients has not been well characterized. We examined the antibody response to EBV in plasma samples from 51 NKTCL cases and 154 controls from Hong Kong and Taiwan who were part of the multi-center, hospital-based AsiaLymph case–control study. The EBV-directed serological response was characterized using a protein microarray that measured IgG and IgA antibodies against 202 protein sequences representing the entire EBV proteome. We analyzed 157 IgG antibodies and 127 IgA antibodies that fulfilled quality control requirements. Associations between EBV serology and NKTCL status were disproportionately observed for IgG rather than IgA antibodies. Nine anti-EBV IgG responses were significantly elevated in NKTCL cases compared with controls and had ORshighest vs. lowest tertile > 6.0 (Bonferroni-corrected P-values < 0.05). Among these nine elevated IgG responses in NKTCL patients, three IgG antibodies (all targeting EBNA3A) are novel and have not been observed for other EBV-associated tumors of B-cell or epithelial origin. IgG antibodies against EBNA1, which have consistently been elevated in other EBV-associated tumors, were not elevated in NKTCL cases. We characterize the antibody response against EBV for patients with NKTCL and identify IgG antibody responses against six distinct EBV proteins. Our findings suggest distinct serologic patterns of this NK/T-cell lymphoma compared with other EBV-associated tumors of B-cell or epithelial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Yomani D Sarathkumara
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health of Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - John K C Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yok-Lam Kwong
- Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Dennis Kai Ming Ip
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Brian C-H Chiu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Li Ka Shing (LKS), The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yu-Chieh Su
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Carla Proietti
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health of Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Martha M Cooper
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health of Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Kelly J Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Bryan Bassig
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Raymond Liang
- Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Anna E Coghill
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, Division of Population Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health of Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, 9609 Medical Center Drive, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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Hu T, Lin CY, Xie SH, Chen GH, Lu YQ, Ling W, Huang QH, Liu Q, Cao SM. Smoking can increase nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk by repeatedly reactivating Epstein-Barr Virus: An analysis of a prospective study in southern China. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2561-2571. [PMID: 30843658 PMCID: PMC6536979 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between smoking and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to validate smoking effect on NPC and explore if smoking can induce NPC by persistently reactivating EBV in long‐term based on a prospective cohort design. Methods A NPC screening cohort with 10 181 eligible residents in Sihui city, southern China was conducted from 2008 to 2015. The smoking habit was investigated through the trained interviewers and EBV antibodies (VCA‐IgA, EBNA1‐IgA) as screening markers were tested periodically. New NPC cases were identified through local cancer registry. Cox's regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of smoking on NPC incidence. In the non‐NPC participants, the associations between smoking and EBV seropositivity in different periods were assessed by logistic regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Results With a median of 7.54 years, 71 NPCs were diagnosed ≥1 year after recruitment. Compared with never smokers, the aHRs of developing NPC among ever smokers were 3.00 (95%CI: 1.46‐6.16). Stratified by sex, the HRs of ever smoking were 2.59 (95%CI: 1.07‐6.23) for male and 3.75 (95%CI: 1.25‐11.20) for female, respectively. Among the non‐NPC individuals, ever smoking was not only associated with EBV seropositivity at baseline, but also in the 3‐5 years of follow up, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 1.68 (95%CI: 1.29‐2.18) for VCA‐IgA and 1.92 (95%CI: 1.42‐2.59) for EBNA1‐IgA. Among the smokers who were tested EBV antibodies at least twice, the similar results were obtained using GEE. Conclusion Smoking could significantly increase the long‐term risk of NPC in southern China, partly by persistently reactivating EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Yang Lin
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng-Hang Chen
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Lu
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Ling
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Hong Huang
- Sihui Cancer Institute, Sihui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- Department of Cancer Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Chen F, Shen C, Wang X, Wang H, Liu Y, Yu C, Lv J, He J, Wen Z. Identification of genes and pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63738-63749. [PMID: 28969025 PMCID: PMC5609957 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a metastatic malignant tumor originating from nasopharyngeal epithelium. Lacking or nonspecific symptoms of patients with early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma have significantly reduced the accuracy of diagnosing and predicting nasopharyngeal carcinoma development. This study aimed to identify gene signatures of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and uncover potential mechanisms. Two gene expression profiles (GSE12452 and GSE13597) containing 56 nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples and 13 normal control samples were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes. In total, 179 up-regulated genes and 238 down-regulated genes were identified. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. Subsequently, the top 10 hub genes, TOP2A (topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha), CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), CCNB1 (cyclin B1), PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), MAD2L1 (mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 1), BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog), CCNB2 (cyclin B2), AURKA (aurora kinase A), CCNA2 (cyclin A2), CDC6 (cell division cycle 6 homolog), were identified from protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, Module analysis revealed that the ten hub genes except TOP2A were belonged to module 1, indicating the upregulation of these hub genes associated molecular pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma might activate nasopharyngeal carcinoma pathogenesis. In conclusion, this study indicated that the identified differentially expressed genes and hub genes enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which could eventually translate into additional biomarkers to facilitate the early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congxiang Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huigang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chaosheng Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieyu Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhong Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen J, Liu T, Chen Z, Hou J, Wu Y, Li M. Development of a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for Epstein-Barr virus Zta IgA antibodies in human serum. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:179-83. [PMID: 25651045 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transactivator protein (ZEBRA) is an immediate-early protein that plays an important role in the switch from latency to productive cycle in EBV virus. ZEBRA is an important marker of EBV reactivation. In order to diagnose EBV infection status correctly and timely, a novel immunoassay was developed based on an indirect time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for Zta IgA, which used recombinant Zta antigen as solid-phase antigen and Eu(3+)-labeled mouse antihuman IgA as corresponding probe. The precision, sensitivity, specificity test, and stability of the TRFIA kit were evaluated, and comparison with the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also investigated. The cutoff value for the TRFIA was 2.5. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation for the TRFIA were 2.45-3.30% and 3.38-4.61% respectively. There was no cross-reactivity with the antibodies of cytomegalovirus (CMV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, or other potential interferences. The established assay kit also behaved better in sensitivity and stability than the ELISA one. Additionally, the results in 382 serum samples using two analytical methods showed there was good agreement between the TRFIA and commercial ELISA kit. In the current study, the results demonstrated that the TRFIA that was developed for Zta IgA detection was more sensitive and reliable for the diagnosis of EBV infection and had potential value in automation and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ji MF, Huang QH, Yu X, Liu Z, Li X, Zhang LF, Wang P, Xie SH, Rao HL, Fang F, Guo X, Liu Q, Hong MH, Ye W, Zeng YX, Cao SM. Evaluation of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA load to distinguish nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients from healthy high-risk populations in Southern China. Cancer 2014; 120:1353-60. [PMID: 24477877 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utility of circulating Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA as a tumor marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) detection suggests that it might improve the diagnostic performance of anti-EBV antibody markers in NPC screening. In this study, the authors evaluated whether circulating EBV DNA load is capable of distinguishing NPC patients from high-risk individuals who have positive anti-EBV antibodies. METHODS In a population-based NPC screening trial in Sihui City and Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China, the authors previously identified 862 high-risk participants with 2 screening markers, immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to EBV capsid antigen (VCA/IgA) and nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1/IgA). In the current study, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the baseline plasma EBV DNA load among 825 participants (97%). Follow-up was extended to the end of 2011 to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive values of plasma EBV DNA load. RESULTS By using 0 copies/mL as the cutoff value, plasma EBV DNA had a sensitivity of 86.8% (33 of 38 patients) for NPC detected within the first year of follow-up, yielding a positive predictive value of 30% (33 of 110 participants) and a negative predictive value of 99.3% (696 of 701 participants). The patients who had early stage NPC had lower sensitivity (81.5%; 22 of 27 patients) than those who had advanced NPC (100%; 11 of 11 patients). For the 14 patients who had NPC detected after 1 year of follow-up, only 50% (7 of 14 patients) tested positive for EBV DNA at baseline. CONCLUSIONS The plasma EBV DNA load may improve the accuracy of diagnosing NPC in high-risk individuals, but it appears to have limited value in screening patients who have early stage NPC and predicting NPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Ji
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China
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Liu Z, Ji MF, Huang QH, Fang F, Liu Q, Jia WH, Guo X, Xie SH, Chen F, Liu Y, Mo HY, Liu WL, Yu YL, Cheng WM, Yang YY, Wu BH, Wei KR, Ling W, Lin X, Lin EH, Ye W, Hong MH, Zeng YX, Cao SM. Two Epstein-Barr virus-related serologic antibody tests in nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening: results from the initial phase of a cluster randomized controlled trial in Southern China. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:242-50. [PMID: 23255783 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) mass screening trial using a combination of immunoglobulin A antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen and nuclear antigen-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in addition to indirect mirror examination in the nasopharynx and/or lymphatic palpation (IMLP) was conducted in southern China. Cantonese aged 30-59 years residing in 2 cities randomly selected by cluster sampling, Sihui and Zhongshan, were invited to participate in this screening from May 2008 through May 2010. Participants were offered fiberoptic endoscopy examination and/or pathologic biopsy if their serologic tests reached our predefined level of high risk or if results from the physical examination indicated possible cancer (i.e., were IMLP positive). A total of 28,688 individuals were voluntarily screened in the initial round. The overall NPC detection rate was 0.14% (41/28,688) with an early diagnosis rate of 68.3% (28/41) during the first year of follow-up. Thirty-eight of 41 cases (92.7%) were detected among the high-risk group, and 7 of 41 cases (17.1%) were detected among the IMLP-positive group. The 2 Epstein-Barr virus serologic tests by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay could be a feasible alternative for NPC screening in endemic areas. Further follow-up is needed to examine whether screening has an effect on decreasing mortality from NPC in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology, Southern China
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Liu Y, Huang Q, Liu W, Liu Q, Jia W, Chang E, Chen F, Liu Z, Guo X, Mo H, Chen J, Rao D, Ye W, Cao S, Hong M. Establishment of VCA and EBNA1 IgA-based combination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as preferred screening method for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a two-stage design with a preliminary performance study and a mass screening in southern China. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:406-16. [PMID: 21866545 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A two-stage study was conducted in southern China to determine and validate an optimal combination of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related seromarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening. In the first stage, six seromarkers [VCA-IgA, EA-IgA, Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1-IgA), EBNA1-IgG, Zta-IgA and Rta-IgG] were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and two traditional NPC screening seromarkers (VCA-IgA and EA-IgA) were detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in serum samples from 191 NPC patients and 337 controls. An optimal combination of seromarkers for NPC diagnosis was selected using logistic regression models. Results showed that the diagnostic performances of VCA-IgA and EA-IgA tested by ELISA were superior to the performances of the same seromarkers by IFA. VCA-IgA combined with EBNA1-IgA by ELISA was identified as the optimal combination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) up to 0.97, a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 94.1% for classification of NPCs vs. controls. In the second stage, 5,481 participants aged 30-59 years and without clinical evidence of NPC were recruited into a population-based NPC screening program from May 2008 to February 2009 in Sihui City, China. Their sera were tested simultaneously by both the new and the traditional screening schemes and eight early stage NPC patients were subsequently histopathologically confirmed. The traditional and the new screening schemes had comparable specificity (estimated as 98.5%), but the sensitivity of the new scheme (75.0%) was significantly higher than that of the traditional one (25.0%). The combination of VCA-IgA and EBNA1-IgA by ELISA outperforms the traditional NPC screening scheme and could become the preferred serodiagnostic strategy for NPC screening in high-incidence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China
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Yee PHC, Sim SP. High cell density and latent membrane protein 1 expression induce cleavage of the mixed lineage leukemia gene at 11q23 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:77. [PMID: 20858288 PMCID: PMC2954915 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is commonly found in Southern China and South East Asia. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is well associated with NPC and has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Moreover, various chromosome rearrangements were reported in NPC. However, the underlying mechanism of chromosome rearrangement remains unclear. Furthermore, the relationship between EBV and chromosome rearrangement with respect to the pathogenesis of NPC has not been established. We hypothesize that during virus- or stress-induced apoptosis, chromosomes are initially cleaved at the base of the chromatin loop domain structure. Upon DNA repair, cell may survive with rearranged chromosomes. Methods In this study, cells were seeded at various densities to induce apoptosis. Genomic DNA extracted was processed for Southern hybridization. In order to investigate the role of EBV, especially the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), LMP1 gene was overexpressed in NPC cells and chromosome breaks were analyzed by inverse polymerase chain (IPCR) reaction. Results Southern analysis revealed that high cell density resulted in cleavage of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene within the breakpoint cluster region (bcr). This high cell density-induced cleavage was significantly reduced by caspase inhibitor, Z-DEVD-FMK. Similarly, IPCR analysis showed that LMP1 expression enhanced cleavage of the MLL bcr. Breakpoint analysis revealed that these breaks occurred within the matrix attachment region/scaffold attachment region (MAR/SAR). Conclusions Since MLL locates at 11q23, a common deletion site in NPC, our results suggest a possibility of stress- or virus-induced apoptosis in the initiation of chromosome rearrangements at 11q23. The breakpoint analysis results also support the role of chromatin structure in defining the site of chromosome rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Han-Chung Yee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Lot 77, Seksyen 22 KTLD, Jalan Tun Ahmad Zaidi Adruce, 93150 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Tedeschi R, Pin E, Martorelli D, Bidoli E, Marus A, Pratesi C, Bortolin MT, Zanussi S, Vaccher E, Dolcetti R, De Paoli P. Serum antibody response to lytic and latent Epstein-Barr virus antigens in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients from an area of nonendemicity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:435-41. [PMID: 17329446 PMCID: PMC1865600 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00466-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal type (UCNT) is highly prevalent in southeast China, where immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies to viral capsid antigen and early antigen (EA) represent important markers, routinely used to assist in diagnosing this malignancy. Our study aimed at determining the EBV serological profiles of 78 UCNT patients from Italy, an area of nonendemicity for this tumor, using different assays specific for both lytic and latent EBV antigens. Serum IgA against both EA and EBNA1 and IgG and IgA to the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), to EA, and to the EBV transactivator ZEBRA protein were assessed. These serological responses were then evaluated according to the clinicopathologic parameters at diagnosis. The sensitivities of the IgG assays were 37.7% for LMP1, 73.6% for EA, and 61.0% for ZEBRA. EA/EBNA1 IgA reactivity was 84.4%, and a high association (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 4.0) with UCNT was observed. When EBV serological reactivities were analyzed according to the tumor, node, and metastasis staging system (TNM), a statistically significant association was found between N stage and IgG antibody rates for EA (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 10.9) and ZEBRA (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.5) and between M stage and IgG antibody rates for ZEBRA (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 3.2 to 16.0) and LMP1 (OR, 14.0; 95% CI, 1.8 to 110.9). Our results show that no single serological marker allows the detection of all UCNT cases. EA/EBNA1 IgA represents a reliable marker for diagnosis, with a high predictive value also in areas where UCNT is not endemic, such as Italy. The analysis of serological results according to TNM classification is consistent with a progressive impairment of humoral immune response to EBV as the disease advances and may be used to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Tedeschi
- Microbiology-Immunology and Virology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy.
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Tan EL, Selvaratnam G, Kananathan R, Sam CK. Quantification of Epstein-Barr virus DNA load, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta1 and stem cell factor in plasma of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:227. [PMID: 16995954 PMCID: PMC1592111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common epithelial neoplasm among the Chinese populations in Southern China and South East Asia. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known to be an important etiologic agent of NPC and the viral gene products are frequently detected in NPC tissues along with elevated antibody titres to the viral proteins (VCA and EA) in a majority of patients. Elevated plasma EBV DNA load is regarded as an important marker for the presence of the disease and for the monitoring of disease progression. However, other serum/plasma parameters such as the levels of certain interleukins and growth factors have also been implicated in NPC. The objectives of the present study are, 1) to investigate the correlations between plasma EBV DNA load and the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, TGF-β1 and SCF (steel factor) and 2) to relate these parameters to the stages of NPC and the effect of treatment. Methods A total of 78 untreated NPC patients were enrolled in this study. Of these, 51 were followed-up after treatment. The remaining patients had irregular or were lost to follow-up. Plasma EBV DNA was quantified using real-time quantitative PCR. The levels of plasma interleukins and growth factors were quantified using ELISA. Results A significant decrease in EBV DNA load was detected in plasma of untreated NPC patients (1669 ± 637 copies/mL; n = 51) following treatment (57 ± 37 copies/mL, p < 0.05); n = 51). Plasma EBV DNA load was shown to be a good prognosticator for disease progression and clinical outcome in five of the follow-up patients. A significant difference in IL-6 levels was noted between the untreated patients (164 ± 37 pg/mL; n = 51) and following treatment (58 ± 16 pg/mL, p < 0.05; n = 51). Positive correlations between EBV DNA load and IL-10 (r(49) = 0.535, p < 0.01), between IL6 and IL-10 (r(49) = 0.474, p < 0.01) and between TGF and SCF (r(49) = 0.464, p < 0.01) were observed in patients following treatment. None of the parameters tested including IgA-VCA were associated with tumour stages. Conclusion We conclude that among the parameters investigated, EBV DNA load and IL-6 levels were promising markers for the presence of NPC and for the assessment of treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-lai Tan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - G Selvaratnam
- NCI Cancer Hospital, Jalan BBN 2/1, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - R Kananathan
- NCI Cancer Hospital, Jalan BBN 2/1, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Choon-kook Sam
- NPC Laboratory, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gan YY, Hu R, Chai D, Tan TT, Gan YH, Chan SH, Tsao SY, Gan LH. Distribution of epstein-barr virus antigenic sites on the carboxyl terminal end of ribonucleotide reductase against nasopharyngeal carcinoma serum antibodies using an immunoabsorption method. J Med Virol 1999; 59:385-96. [PMID: 10502273 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199911)59:3<385::aid-jmv20>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to clone and express proteins from the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cDNA library to be used as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format to test against the antibodies found in the sera of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, we have isolated and characterized three clones. All three clones expressed the same polypeptides of different lengths, which belong to the carboxyl terminal end of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) of the EBV genome. All three clones were found to be immunogenic and could be used in an IgA and IgG ELISA against the NPC sera with various degrees of sensitivity and specificity. Because the clones varied in length, this difference provides a simple system to determine where most of the antibody epitopes lies on the protein. We designed an immunoabsorption assay and a mathematical model to help map the segment of the polypeptide most immunogenic to 43 NPC patients. Results were unexpected: 77% of the patients were most immunogenic to region z, which was the smallest fragment among the three fragments studied. Fragment z was only 33 amino acids in length. Only 14% and 19% of patients showed the most immunogenic region in segment x and y, respectively. This variation could be due to major histocompatibility complex antigens. The patients could be divided into three groups based on the immunoabsorption assays, in which each group responded to a different immunodominant segment in the RR antigen. The largest group responded to an immunodominant segment, which was only 33 amino acids long. This domain was coded for by the gene fragment from nucleotide 78,129 to nucleotide 78,227 of the EBV genome. This segment of the protein would be suitable for further epitope mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Gan
- School of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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