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Njoroge W, Hernández ACH, Musa FI, Butler R, Harper AGS, Yang Y. The Combination of Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessel Constructs and Parallel Flow Chamber Provides a Potential Alternative to In Vivo Drug Testing Models. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030340. [PMID: 33807995 PMCID: PMC7998107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death globally. This has led to significant efforts to develop new anti-thrombotic therapies or re-purpose existing drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases. Due to difficulties of obtaining healthy human blood vessel tissues to recreate in vivo conditions, pre-clinical testing of these drugs currently requires significant use of animal experimentation, however, the successful translation of drugs from animal tests to use in humans is poor. Developing humanised drug test models that better replicate the human vasculature will help to develop anti-thrombotic therapies more rapidly. Tissue-engineered human blood vessel (TEBV) models were fabricated with biomimetic matrix and cellular components. The pro- and anti-aggregatory properties of both intact and FeCl3-injured TEBVs were assessed under physiological flow conditions using a modified parallel-plate flow chamber. These were perfused with fluorescently labelled human platelets and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and their responses were monitored in real-time using fluorescent imaging. An endothelium-free TEBV exhibited the capacity to trigger platelet activation and aggregation in a shear stress-dependent manner, similar to the responses observed in vivo. Ketamine is commonly used as an anaesthetic in current in vivo models, but this drug significantly inhibited platelet aggregation on the injured TEBV. Atorvastatin was also shown to enhance EPC attachment on the injured TEBV. The TEBV, when perfused with human blood or blood components under physiological conditions, provides a powerful alternative to current in vivo drug testing models to assess their effects on thrombus formation and EPC recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjiku Njoroge
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (W.N.); (A.C.H.H.); (F.I.M.)
| | | | - Faiza Idris Musa
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (W.N.); (A.C.H.H.); (F.I.M.)
| | - Robert Butler
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Stoke Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK;
| | - Alan G. S. Harper
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffs ST5 5BG, UK
- Correspondence: (A.G.S.H.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +44-17-8273-4654 (A.G.S.H.); +44-17-8267-4386 (Y.Y.)
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (W.N.); (A.C.H.H.); (F.I.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.S.H.); (Y.Y.); Tel.: +44-17-8273-4654 (A.G.S.H.); +44-17-8267-4386 (Y.Y.)
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The comparison of the effects of ketamine and etomidate on cardiodynamics, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in Wistar male rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 474:125-134. [PMID: 32715407 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known the use of ketamine and etomidate in clinical practice; however, the difference in the systemic effects of these two anesthetic agents is still debatable. Thus, in the present study we aimed to compare their effects on heart, and other organs through estimation of cardiodynamics, biochemical and hematological parameters. Male Wistar rats were divided in 2 groups containing of 2 subgroups (n = 7 in each subgroup, n = 28 in total): (1) bolus injection of anesthetic ketamine (40 mg/kg b.w., i.p. n = 14); (2) bolus injection of anesthetic etomidate (20 mg/kg b.w., i.p. n = 14). The experiments were done in vitro in one subgroup of each group: cardiodynamic variables (dp/dtmax, dp/dtmin, heart rate), coronary flow, oxidative stress in coronary effluent and cardiac tissue homogenate, and in vivo in another subgroup: biochemical and hematological parameters, and oxidative stress in haemolysate. Significantly increased left ventricular contractility (dp/dtmax) and relaxation (dp/dtmin) were noticed in etomidate group. Creatinine (CREA), HDL cholesterol and folate were significantly higher in etomidate group, whereas amylase (AMY) and eosinophils in ketamine group. Our results suggested that ketamine has more antioxidant potential compared to etomidate, and etomidate has more favorable effects regarding cardiac performance.
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Neuronal glutamatergic changes and peripheral markers of cytoskeleton dynamics change synchronically 24 h after sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine in healthy subjects. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:312-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Colic L, Woelfer M, Colic M, Leutritz AL, Liebe T, Fensky L, Sen ZD, Li M, Hoffmann J, Kretzschmar MA, Isermann B, Walter M. Delayed increase of thrombocyte levels after a single sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine - A randomized trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:701-709. [PMID: 29699723 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, ketamine has been investigated as a potential antidepressant option for treatment resistant depression. Unlike traditional drugs, it yields immediate effects, most likely via increased glutamatergic transmission and synaptic plasticity. However, ketamine administration in humans is systemic and its long-term impact on blood parameters has not yet been described in clinical studies. Here we investigated potential sustained effects of ketamine administration (0.5 mg/kg ketamine racemate) on hematological and biochemical values in plasma and serum in a randomized double-blinded study. 80 healthy young participants were included and whole blood samples were collected 5 days before, and 14 days after the infusion. To assess the group effect, repeated measure analyses of co-variance (rmANCOVA) were conducted for the following blood parameters: levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, hemoglobin and number of erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes. RmANCOVA revealed a significant time by treatment effect on thrombocyte levels (F1, 74 = 13.54, p < 0.001, eta = 0.155), driven by an increase in the ketamine group (paired t-test, t = -3.51, df = 38, p = 0.001). Specificity of thrombocyte effect was confirmed by logistic regression, and in addition, no other coagulation parameters showed significant interaction. Moreover, the relative increase in the ketamine group was stable across sexes and not predicted by age, BMI, smoking, alcohol or drug use, and contraception. Our results describe aftereffects of sub-anesthetic ketamine administration on blood coagulation parameters, which should be considered especially when targeting psychiatric populations with relevant clinical comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Colic
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany; Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marie Woelfer
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany; Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, USA
| | - Merima Colic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Linda Leutritz
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Liebe
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany
| | - Luisa Fensky
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany; Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zumrut Duygu Sen
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany; Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Hoffmann
- Institute for Clinical chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moritz A Kretzschmar
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute for Clinical chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Germany; Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
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Gao H, Zhang L, Chen Z, Liu S, Zhang Q, Zhang B. Effects of intravenous anesthetics on the phosphorylation of cAMP response element‑binding protein in hippocampal slices of adult mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:627-633. [PMID: 29749444 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP response‑element binding protein (CREB) functions in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory formation. However, it remains unknown whether intravenous anesthetics modulate CREB. The present study aimed to examine the effects of intravenous anesthetics on CREB phosphorylation in the mouse hippocampus. CREB phosphorylation was examined in hippocampal slices with and without pharmacological or intravenous anesthetics via immunoblotting. In a dose‑response experiment, the concentrations of intravenous anesthetics ranged from 10‑9 to 10‑4 mol/l for 1 h. For the time‑response experiment, these slices were incubated with 5x10‑6 mol/l of propofol for 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 30 and 60 min. In order to examine whether CREB phosphorylation could be recovered following washing out the propofol, the slices were incubated in plain artificial cerebrospinal fluid at different time durations following 5 min incubation with propofol. Propofol, etomidate, ketamine and midazolam inhibited CREB phosphorylation (P<0.05) in a time‑ and dose‑dependent manner. This inhibition was reversible following the removal of propofol, and was rescued by CREB phosphorylation (P<0.05). The decrease in CREB phosphorylation revealed additive effects with 100 µM of chelerythrine and 20 µM of PD‑98059, and the etomidate‑induced decrease in CREB phosphorylation was blocked by 1 mM of NMDA. However, 0.1 µM of phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate, 50 µM of U 73122, 100 µM of carbachol and 10 µM of MK801 were ineffective in the anesthetic‑induced decrease in CREB phosphorylation. Intravenous anesthetics markedly decreased CREB phosphorylation in the mouse hippocampus, which was most likely via the protein kinase C and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways. This suggests that CREB represents a target for anesthetic action in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Shuncui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Bingxi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Neurologic deterioration following acute injury to the central nervous system may be amenable to pharmacologic intervention, although, to date, no such therapy exists. Ketamine is an anesthetic and analgesic emerging as a novel therapy for a number of clinical entities in recent years, including refractory pain, depression, and drug-induced hyperalgesia due to newly discovered mechanisms of action and new application of its known pharmacodynamics. In this focused review, the evidence for ketamine as a neuroprotective agent in stroke, neurotrauma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus is highlighted, with a focus on its applications for excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and neuronal hyperexcitability. Preclinical modeling and clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D Bell
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Haiying G, Mingjie H, Lingyu Z, Qingxiang W, Haisong W, Bingxi Z. Anesthetics inhibit extracellular signal-regulated Kinase1/2 phosphorylation via NMDA receptor, phospholipase C and protein kinase C in mouse hippocampal slices. Neurochem Int 2017; 103:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Membrane Interactions of Phytochemicals as Their Molecular Mechanism Applicable to the Discovery of Drug Leads from Plants. Molecules 2015; 20:18923-66. [PMID: 26501254 PMCID: PMC6332185 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to interacting with functional proteins such as receptors, ion channels, and enzymes, a variety of drugs mechanistically act on membrane lipids to change the physicochemical properties of biomembranes as reported for anesthetic, adrenergic, cholinergic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, antiplatelet, antimicrobial, and antioxidant drugs. As well as these membrane-acting drugs, bioactive plant components, phytochemicals, with amphiphilic or hydrophobic structures, are presumed to interact with biological membranes and biomimetic membranes prepared with phospholipids and cholesterol, resulting in the modification of membrane fluidity, microviscosity, order, elasticity, and permeability with the potencies being consistent with their pharmacological effects. A novel mechanistic point of view of phytochemicals would lead to a better understanding of their bioactivities, an insight into their medicinal benefits, and a strategic implication for discovering drug leads from plants. This article reviews the membrane interactions of different classes of phytochemicals by highlighting their induced changes in membrane property. The phytochemicals to be reviewed include membrane-interactive flavonoids, terpenoids, stilbenoids, capsaicinoids, phloroglucinols, naphthodianthrones, organosulfur compounds, alkaloids, anthraquinonoids, ginsenosides, pentacyclic triterpene acids, and curcuminoids. The membrane interaction’s applicability to the discovery of phytochemical drug leads is also discussed while referring to previous screening and isolating studies.
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Bhutta AT, Schmitz ML, Swearingen C, James LP, Wardbegnoche WL, Lindquist DM, Glasier CM, Tuzcu V, Prodhan P, Dyamenahalli U, Imamura M, Jaquiss RDB, Anand KJS. Ketamine as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in children undergoing surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13:328-37. [PMID: 21926656 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0b013e31822f18f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infants are potentially more susceptible to cell death mediated via glutamate excitotoxicity attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass. We hypothesized that ketamine, via N-methyl D-aspartate receptor blockade and anti-inflammatory effects, would reduce central nervous system injury during cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS We randomized 24 infants, without chromosomal abnormalities, to receive ketamine (2 mg/kg, n = 13) or placebo (saline, n = 11) before cardiopulmonary bypass for repair of ventricular septal defects. Plasma markers of inflammation and central nervous system injury were compared at the end of surgery, and 6, 24, and 48 hrs after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy before cardiopulmonary bypass and at the time of hospital discharge were performed in a subset of cases and controls (n = 5 in each group). Cerebral hemodynamics were monitored postoperatively using near-infrared spectroscopy, and neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II before and 2-3 wks after surgery. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were noted in preoperative inspired oxygen levels, intraoperative cooling and postoperative temperature, respiratory rate, platelet count, and bicarbonate levels. The peak concentration of C-reactive protein was lower in cases compared to controls at 24 hrs (p = .048) and 48 hrs (p = .001). No significant differences were noted in the expression of various cytokines, chemokines, S100, and neuron-specific enolase between the cases and controls. Magnetic resonance imaging with spectroscopy studies showed that ketamine administration led to a significant decrease in choline and glutamate plus glutamine/creatine in frontal white matter. No statistically significant differences occurred between pre- and postoperative Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II scores. CONCLUSIONS We did not find any evidence for neuroprotection or neurotoxicity in our pilot study. A large, adequately powered randomized control trial is needed to discern the central nervous system effect of ketamine on the developing brain. brain. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00556361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan T Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Cathcart CJ, Brainard BM, Reynolds LR, Al-Nadaf S, Budsberg SC. Lack of inhibitory effect of acetylsalicylic acid and meloxicam on whole blood platelet aggregation in cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2011; 22:99-106. [PMID: 22316324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and meloxicam on feline platelet aggregation and associated platelet thromboxane production and serotonin release. DESIGN Prospective interventional study. SETTING University research facility. ANIMALS Eight healthy male castrated domestic short hair cats from a research colony. INTERVENTIONS Oral medications were administered to 8 cats for 14 days in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Treatment groups included: aspirin (ASA) (5 mg/kg q 48 h), meloxicam (0.05 mg/kg q 24 h), and placebo (0.5 mL of water q 24 h). Thromboxane assays (TXB(2) ) and whole blood (impedance) aggregometry (WBA) were performed on samples collected before drug administration, and on days 7, 15, and 17, using adenosine diphosphate (ADP; 10 μM) and collagen (5 μg/mL) as agonists for WBA. Serotonin release was assayed on postaggregation plasma. Oral mucosal bleeding time (OMBT) and complete blood cell counts were measured on days 0 and 15. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Neither medication affected WBA at any time point. OMBT decreased in the ASA group relative to baseline. No differences were detected in WBA and OMBT baseline between any groups. No difference was detected in serotonin secretion at any time point. TXB(2) was significantly decreased in the ASA group at all times after initiation of treatment but no change was noted in the meloxicam or placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS At the doses studied, neither meloxicam nor ASA had an inhibitory effect on WBA or OMBT in cats. Thromboxane concentrations were significantly decreased with ASA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J Cathcart
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Ketamine influences CLOCK:BMAL1 function leading to altered circadian gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23982. [PMID: 21887357 PMCID: PMC3161090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Major mood disorders have been linked to abnormalities in circadian rhythms, leading to disturbances in sleep, mood, temperature, and hormonal levels. We provide evidence that ketamine, a drug with rapid antidepressant effects, influences the function of the circadian molecular machinery. Ketamine modulates CLOCK:BMAL1-mediated transcriptional activation when these regulators are ectopically expressed in NG108-15 neuronal cells. Inhibition occurs in a dose-dependent manner and is attenuated after treatment with the GSK3β antagonist SB21673. We analyzed the effect of ketamine on circadian gene expression and observed a dose-dependent reduction in the amplitude of circadian transcription of the Bmal1, Per2, and Cry1 genes. Finally, chromatin-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that ketamine altered the recruitment of the CLOCK:BMAL1 complex on circadian promoters in a time-dependent manner. Our results reveal a yet unsuspected molecular mode of action of ketamine and thereby may suggest possible pharmacological antidepressant strategies.
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White NJ, Leong BSH, Brueckner J, Martin EJ, Brophy DF, Peberdy MA, Ornato J, Ward KR. Coagulopathy during cardiac arrest and resuscitation in a swine model of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2011; 82:925-31. [PMID: 21482008 PMCID: PMC3549665 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Coagulopathy is often present after resuscitation from cardiac arrest but plays an undefined role in the post cardiac arrest syndrome. The aim of this study was to characterize coagulation changes during cardiac arrest and post-resuscitation care in order to direct further focused study. METHODS Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced electrically in immature male swine, followed by normothermic American Heart Association Advanced Cardiac Life Support and a uniform post-resuscitation goal-directed resuscitation protocol. PT, aPTT, fibrinogen, Thrombelastography (TEG), platelet contractile force (PCF), clot elastic modulus (CEM), and collagen-induced platelet aggregation were compared at baseline, at 8 min of VF, during the 3rd round of chest compressions (CPR), and at 15, 90, 180, and 360 min after return of circulation using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS 8/18 (44%) animals were resuscitated after 10.9 ± 0.9 min of VF and 7.6 ± 3.4 min of CPR. TEG revealed a significant impairment in clot strength (MA) and clot formation kinetics (K, alpha angle) arising during CPR, followed by a brief prolongation of clot onset times (R) after return of circulation. Both PCF and CEM fell significantly during CPR (PCF by 50%, CEM by 47% of baseline) and platelet aggregation was significantly decreased during CPR. Coagulation changes were partially recovered by 3h of post-resuscitation care. CONCLUSION Whole blood coagulation was rapidly impaired during CPR after electrically induced VF in this swine model by impaired platelet aggregation/contractile function and clotting kinetics. Further platelet-specific study is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J White
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Tsuchiya H, Ohmoto S. Comparative effects of β-carbolines on platelet aggregation and lipid membranes. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 62:689-95. [PMID: 20885009 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 14 β-carbolines on human platelet aggregability were comparatively studied, and the effects on lipid membranes were determined. Several β-carbolines inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen, epinephrine, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, platelet-activating factor and thrombin. This activity was structure-dependent. Of all the compounds examined, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline was the most potent. Treatment with 15-177 μM 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline inhibited the aggregation responses to different stimulants by up to 50%. Its potency was comparable to or greater than that of the antiplatelet reference, aspirin. The next most effective compound was 1-methyl-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline. The structure-antiplatelet activity relationship indicated that this activity is reduced by oxidation to 1-methyl-β-carboline, by demethylation to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline and by 6-hydroxylation, 7-hydroxylation and 3-carboxylation. Active 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline fluidized biomimetic membranes at 25-250 μM which corresponded to the antiaggregatory concentrations, although relatively inactive 6-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline showed no significant effects on the membranes. β-Carbolines are considered to be effective antiplatelet agents that inhibit human platelet aggregation by interacting with lipid membranes to modify fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsuchiya
- Department of Dental Basic Education, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
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Guzmán-De La Garza FJ, Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Ballesteros-Elizondo RG, Alarcón-Galván G, Cordero-Pérez P, Fernández-Garza NE. Ketamine reduces intestinal injury and inflammatory cell infiltration after ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Surg Today 2010; 40:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-009-4177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Ballesteros-Elizondo RG, Alarcón-Galván G, Cordero-Pérez P, Fernández-Garza NE. Ketamine and the myenteric plexus in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1878-85. [PMID: 19760156 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common clinical entity with severe consequences. We studied the effects of ketamine and the participation of the myenteric plexus in I/R injury. METHODS Rats were divided into six groups: sham, IR (30 min ischemia/60 min reperfusion), KET+IR (50 mg/kg i.p. ketamine injection before I/R), DEN (myenteric plexus ablated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and sham operation performed), DEN+IR (BAC treated and I/R induced), and DEN+KET+IR (BAC treated, ketamine administered, and I/R induced). Serum concentrations of p-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and antithrombin III (ATIII) were measured, and tissue samples were obtained for histological analysis. RESULTS IR group had higher intestinal mucosa injury and elevated serum concentrations of ICAM-1 and p-selectin, as well as ATIII depletion, compared with sham group (P < 0.05). In KET+IR group these alterations were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). DEN group showed ICAM-1 elevations when compared with sham group (P < 0.05), and DEN+IR group showed no difference in any parameter compared with IR group. However, ketamine administration in group DEN+KET+IR had no effect on any parameter when compared with DEN+IR group. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine was able to diminish alterations induced by I/R. Myenteric plexus ablation with BAC treatment alone had no effects on intestinal I/R injury. However, this procedure abolished ketamine's protective effects. Ketamine seems to require an intact enteric nervous system to exert its protective action.
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Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Alarcón-Galván G, Cordero-Pérez P, Fernández-Garza NE. The effects of NMDA receptor antagonists over intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 621:78-85. [PMID: 19751722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion causes severe injury and alters motility. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have been shown to reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury in the nervous system, and in other organs. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists over intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) a control, sham-operated group; (2) an intestinal ischemia/reperfusion group subjected to 45 min ischemia and 1h reperfusion; (3) a group treated with 10 mg/kg ketamine before ischemia/reperfusion; and (4) a group treated with 10 mg/kg memantine before ischemia/reperfusion. Intestinal samples were taken for histological evaluation. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), P-selectin and antithrombin III (ATIII) were measured. Intestinal transit time was determined to evaluate intestinal motility. Fecal pellet output and animal weight were also registered daily for 7 days post-ischemia. After reperfusion, AST, LDH, TNF-alpha and P-selectin levels were elevated, ATIII levels were depleted, and ALT levels were unchanged in serum. Additionally, levels of MDA were increased and total antioxidant capacity was reduced in serum, indicating oxidative stress. Intestinal mucosa showed severe injury. Ketamine, but not memantine, diminished these alterations. Intestinal motility and fecal pellet output were also altered after ischemia/reperfusion. Both drugs abolished the alterations in motility. In conclusion, ketamine's protective effects over ischemia/reperfusion do not appear to be NMDA mediated, but they could be playing a role in protecting the intestine against ischemia-induced functional changes.
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Inhibitory effects of ketamine on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2009:705379. [PMID: 19343193 PMCID: PMC2662525 DOI: 10.1155/2009/705379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activated in response to brain injury release neurotoxic factors including nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α
(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Ketamine, an anesthetic induction agent, is generally reserved for use in patients with severe hypotension or respiratory depression. In this study, we found that ketamine (100 and 250 μM) concentration-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO and IL-1β release in primary cultured microglia. However, ketamine (100 and 250 μM) did not significantly inhibit the LPS-induced TNF-α production in microglia, except at the higher concentration (500 μM). Further study of the molecular mechanisms revealed that ketamine markedly inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulated by LPS in microglia. These results suggest that microglial inactivation by ketamine is at least partially due to inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
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Chiu HF, Yang SP, Kuo YL, Lai YS, Chou TC. Mechanisms involved in the antiplatelet effect of C-phycocyanin. Br J Nutr 2006; 95:435-40. [PMID: 16469164 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
C-phycocyanin (cpc), a biliprotein isolated from Spirulina platensis, has been reported to exert many therapeutic and nutritional values. In the present study, we examined whether cpc has an antiplatelet activity in vitro and further investigated the possible anti-aggregatory mechanisms involved. Our results showed that preincubation of cpc (1-50 microg/ml) with rabbit washed platelets dose-dependently inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by collagen (10 microg/ml) or arachidonic acid (100 microm), with an IC50 of about 10 microg/ml. Furthermore, the thromboxane B2 formation caused by collagen or arachidonic acid was significantly inhibited by cpc due to suppression of cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthase activity. Similarly, the rise of platelet intracellular calcium level stimulated by arachidonic acid and collagen-induced platelet membrane surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression were also attenuated by cpc. In addition, cpc itself significantly increased the platelet membrane fluidity and the cyclic AMP level through inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. These findings strongly demonstrate that cpc is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, which may be associated with mechanisms including inhibition of thromboxane A2 formation, intracellular calcium mobilization and platelet surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression accompanied by increasing cyclic AMP formation and platelet membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Sun DS, Lo SJ, Tsai WJ, Lin CH, Yu MS, Chen YF, Chang HH. PI3-kinase is essential for ADP-stimulated integrin alpha(IIb)beta3-mediated platelet calcium oscillation, implications for P2Y receptor pathways in integrin alpha(IIb)beta3-initiated signaling cross-talks. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:937-48. [PMID: 16228296 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is important for platelet activation. Recent studies showed that PI3K and oscillative calcium could cross talk to each other and positively regulate integrin alpha (IIb)beta3-mediated outside-in signaling. However, the mechanism of this feedback regulation remains to be further characterized. Here we found that treatments of both PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and P2Y1 inhibitor A3P5P could inhibit granular secretion in platelets. Additionally, when RGD-substrate adherent platelets were treated with the ADP scavenger apyrase to deplete the granular-released ADP, their attachments in engaging with substrates became looser and the frequency of calcium oscillation decreased. Since it is known that ADP stimulates the PI3K and calcium signal primarily through P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors respectively, our data indicated that integrin alpha(IIb)beta3 downstream PI3K and calcium activation might be not completely coupled to integrin associated signaling complex, but in part through feedback stimulation by granular released ADP. Our data indicates the important roles of PI3K and granular released ADP in coordinating the feedback regulations in integrin alpha(IIb)beta3-mediated platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Shan Sun
- Institute of Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, Republic of China
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