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Paul-Friedman K, Martin M, Crofton KM, Hsu CW, Sakamuru S, Zhao J, Xia M, Huang R, Stavreva DA, Soni V, Varticovski L, Raziuddin R, Hager GL, Houck KA. Limited Chemical Structural Diversity Found to Modulate Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Tox21 Chemical Library. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:97009. [PMID: 31566444 PMCID: PMC6792352 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are critical endocrine receptors that regulate a multitude of processes in adult and developing organisms, and thyroid hormone disruption is of high concern for neurodevelopmental and reproductive toxicities in particular. To date, only a small number of chemical classes have been identified as possible TR modulators, and the receptors appear highly selective with respect to the ligand structural diversity. Thus, the question of whether TRs are an important screening target for protection of human and wildlife health remains. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to evaluate the hypothesis that there is limited structural diversity among environmentally relevant chemicals capable of modulating TR activity via the collaborative interagency Tox21 project. METHODS We screened the Tox21 chemical library (8,305 unique structures) in a quantitative high-throughput, cell-based reporter gene assay for TR agonist or antagonist activity. Active compounds were further characterized using additional orthogonal assays, including mammalian one-hybrid assays, coactivator recruitment assays, and a high-throughput, fluorescent imaging, nuclear receptor translocation assay. RESULTS Known agonist reference chemicals were readily identified in the TR transactivation assay, but only a single novel, direct agonist was found, the pharmaceutical betamipron. Indirect activation of TR through activation of its heterodimer partner, the retinoid-X-receptor (RXR), was also readily detected by confirmation in an RXR agonist assay. Identifying antagonists with high confidence was a challenge with the presence of significant confounding cytotoxicity and other, non-TR-specific mechanisms common to the transactivation assays. Only three pharmaceuticals-mefenamic acid, diclazuril, and risarestat-were confirmed as antagonists. DISCUSSION The results support limited structural diversity for direct ligand effects on TR and imply that other potential target sites in the thyroid hormone axis should be a greater priority for bioactivity screening for thyroid axis disruptors. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Paul-Friedman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matt Martin
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin M Crofton
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diana A Stavreva
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikas Soni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Razi Raziuddin
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keith A Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Greenshields KN, Halstead SK, Zitman FM, Rinaldi S, Brennan KM, O’Leary C, Chamberlain LH, Easton A, Roxburgh J, Pediani J, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Goodyear CS, Plomp JJ, Willison HJ. The neuropathic potential of anti-GM1 autoantibodies is regulated by the local glycolipid environment in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:595-610. [PMID: 19221437 PMCID: PMC2648697 DOI: 10.1172/jci37338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-GM1 ganglioside autoantibodies are used as diagnostic markers for motor axonal peripheral neuropathies and are believed to be the primary mediators of such diseases. However, their ability to bind and exert pathogenic effects at neuronal membranes is highly inconsistent. Using human and mouse monoclonal anti-GM1 antibodies to probe the GM1-rich motor nerve terminal membrane in mice, we here show that the antigenic oligosaccharide of GM1 in the live plasma membrane is cryptic, hidden on surface domains that become buried for a proportion of anti-GM1 antibodies due to a masking effect of neighboring gangliosides. The cryptic GM1 binding domain was exposed by sialidase treatment that liberated sialic acid from masking gangliosides including GD1a or by disruption of the live membrane by freezing or fixation. This cryptic behavior was also recapitulated in solid-phase immunoassays. These data show that certain anti-GM1 antibodies exert potent complement activation-mediated neuropathogenic effects, including morphological damage at living terminal motor axons, leading to a block of synaptic transmission. This occurred only when GM1 was topologically available for antibody binding, but not when GM1 was cryptic. This revised understanding of the complexities in ganglioside membrane topology provides a mechanistic account for wide variations in the neuropathic potential of anti-GM1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay N. Greenshields
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susan K. Halstead
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Femke M.P. Zitman
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kathryn M. Brennan
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Colin O’Leary
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Luke H. Chamberlain
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alistair Easton
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jennifer Roxburgh
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - John Pediani
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jaap J. Plomp
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Neurology and
Department of Molecular Cell Biology — Group Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Henry Wellcome Laboratory of Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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