Resolution of enantiomers and isotopic compositions by selective complexation gas chromatography on metal complexes

Recent advances in gas chromatography for solid and liquid stationary phases containing metal ions

This review is devoted to the application of metal complexes as column packings and liquid stationary phases in gas chromatography. Particular attention is paid to the stationary phases with nitrogen-containing functional groups (e.g., amine and ketoimine) and beta-diketonates on the modified silica surface. The review also concerns the results of the research on metallomesogenes and chiral stationary phases. The factors influencing the retention mechanism in complexation gas chromatography are discussed. Practical application of the metal chelate-containing chromatographic packings for analytical separation of organic substances is considered.

Elaborate treatment of retention in chemoselective chromatography--the retention increment approach and non-linear effects

The retention increment approach is described which quantifies the association equilibria of a selectand and a selector in complexation and inclusion chromatography. A thermodynamic treatment of enantioselectivity based on retention phenomena in chromatography including entropy/enthalpy compensation and the isoenantioselective temperature is advanced. Kinetic parameters of enantiomerization are discussed. Non-linear effects, both existent and elusive, are described and proposed, respectively. The enantioselectivity pertaining to catalysis vs. chromatography is compared and a unified nomenclature is proposed. Through an educational effort, this account is aimed at providing a deeper insight into chemoselective aspects of chromatography thereby stimulating further research of both established and speculative phenomena of the most intriguing manifestation of chemoselectivity, that is, of enantioselectivity.

Ketoimine modified silica as an adsorbent for gas chromatographic analysis of olefins

New adsorbents for capillary complexation GC have been proposed. The adsorbents contain free ketoimine groups which enable binding copper(II) and chromium(III) chlorides. The adsorbents obtained have been characterised by elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and electron spin resonance. The specific interactions between the adsorbent and adsorbate molecules have been characterised by retention parameters (retention index - I, specific retention volume - Vg, molecular retention index - deltaMe). Attempts were also made at separating mixtures of olefins.

Practice and theory of enantioselective complexation gas chromatography

The practice and theory of enantioselective complexation GC is comprehensively reviewed for the first time. A multitude of racemic oxygen-, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing selectands can be separated without prior derivatization into enantiomers by complexation GC on optically active metal(II) bis[3-(perfluoroacyl)-(1R)-camphorate] selectors. Peak inversion is obtained when the selectors with opposite configuration are employed. Applications pertain to chiral analysis in asymmetric synthesis, enzymatic reactions, pheromone and flavour chemistry. Although the use of enantioselective complexation GC has diminished recently with the advent of modified cyclodextrins in enantioselective GC, the inherent principles of enantiorecognition together with other enantioselective phenomena can be elucidated easily by complexation GC. Using the concept of the retention-increment R' which allows the distinction between non-enantioselective and enantioselective contributions to retention, concise thermodynamic parameters of enantioselectivity - deltaD,L(deltaG) are accessible. The enantiomerization of configurationally labile enantiomers can be investigated and quantified by complexation GC. Four distinct enantioselective processes and four different coalescence phenomena have been discerned in complexation GC.

Enantiomer separation by complexation SFC on immobilized Chirasil-nickel and Chirasil-zinc

The use of complexation SFC for enantiomer separation of Lewis base selectands on chiral nickel(II)- and zinc(II)-bis[(3-heptafluorobutanoyl)-10-methylene-(1R)-camphora te] chemically bonded to poly(dimethylsiloxane) (Chirasil-nickel and Chirasil-zinc) and employed as Lewis acid selectors is described. The method is especially suited for less volatile and configurationally labile racemates. The variation of the experimental parameters temperature T, pressure p and density rho of the mobile phase carbon dioxide on the retention factor k, relative retention r and chiral separation factor alpha is studied, providing insights into the mechanisms of chiral recognition under supercritical conditions. For mecoprop methyl ester (methyl 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoate) an unusual increase of alpha at increased temperature is observed on Chirasil-nickel. Supercritical carbon dioxide does not inadvertently affect the complexation equilibria between Lewis donor selectands and the Lewis acid metal selectors during complexation SFC.

Recent advances in methods of direct optical resolution

Very great advances have been made in the field of direct optical resolution of organic compounds by chromatographic techniques. Chiral capillary gas chromatography now permits a determination of the enantiomeric composition of a few nanograms of a compound present in a mixture of many others. Coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry the technique will additionally permit structural elucidation; of great interest in pheromone research and related areas. Analytical separations of enantiomers are now also carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods based on a variety of principles. Basically, two main types are used, differing as to whether the mobile phase has to be a chiral medium or not. Two-dimensional HPLC, whereby compounds separated on a non-chiral column are progressively and automatically transferred to a chiral column for optical resolution, has been used successsfully for chiral amino acid separations. Many different chiral sorbents for preparative LC and HPLC resolutions have been prepared; some of these are now used in columns capable of producing pure enantiomers from a given racemate at a rate of the order of one gram/hour in continuous, automatic HPLC procedures. Apart from all important applications of these results of optical resolution technology, an increased knowledge of the underlying chiral recognition phenomena responsible for enantioselection has also been achieved.