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Occurrence of residual water within disk-based solid-phase extraction and its effect on GC-MS measurement of organic extracts of environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 403:2541-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hyötyläinen T. On-line coupling of extraction with gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hyötyläinen T, Riekkola ML. Sorbent- and liquid-phase microextraction techniques and membrane-assisted extraction in combination with gas chromatographic analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 614:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hyötyläinen T. Principles, developments and applications of on-line coupling of extraction with chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:14-28. [PMID: 17196971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling of extraction and chromatographic separation allows the whole analysis to be performed in a closed system. On-line systems are particularly useful when the analytes are labile, the amount of sample is limited, or very high sensitivity is required. Many on-line systems have been developed both for liquid and for solid samples. This review discusses the different instruments that have been constructed and the factors that need to be considered in the coupling. Selected illustrative applications are described to illustrate the potential of the on-line systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Pettersson J, Roeraade J. Method for Analysis of Polar Volatile Trace Components in Aqueous Samples by Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3365-71. [PMID: 15889930 DOI: 10.1021/ac040170k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method has been developed for direct analysis of volatile polar trace compounds in aqueous samples by gas chromatography. Water samples are injected onto a short packed precolumn containing anhydrous lithium chloride. A capillary column is coupled in series with the prefractionation column for final separation of the analytes. The enrichment principle of the salt precolumn is reverse to the principles employed in conventional methods such as SPE or SPME in which a sorbent or adsorbent is utilized to trap or concentrate the analytes. Such methods are not efficient for highly polar compounds. In the LiCl precolumn concept, the water matrix is strongly retained on the hygroscopic salt, whereas polar as well as nonpolar volatile organic compounds show very low retention and are eluted ahead of the water. After transfer of the analytes to the capillary column, the retained bulk water is removed by backflushing the precolumn at elevated temperature. For direct injections of 120 microL of aqueous samples, the combined time for injection and preseparation is only 3.5 min. With this procedure, direct repetitive automated analyses of highly volatile polar compounds such as methanol or tetrahydrofuran can be performed, and a limit of quantification in the low parts-per-billion region utilizing a flame ionization detector is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pettersson
- Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Vreuls JJ, Louter AJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:279-314. [PMID: 10526793 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography (GC) comprise heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-GC and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user-friendly, and many applications have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Vreuls
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Louter AJ, Vreuls JJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 842:391-426. [PMID: 10377972 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography. Two approaches can be distinguished: heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (GC) and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user friendly, and many applications have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Louter
- Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kelly MT, Larroque M. Trace determination of diethylphthalate in aqueous media by solid-phase microextraction–liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hankemeier T, Louter AJH, Dallüge J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UAT. Use of a Drying Cartridge in On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19980801)21:8<450::aid-jhrc450>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hankemeier T, van Leeuwen SP, Vreuls RJ, Brinkman UA. Use of a presolvent to include volatile organic analytes in the application range of on-line solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Goosens EC, de Jong D, de Jong GJ, Brinkman UAT. On-line sample treatment—capillary gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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On-Line Sample Handling Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(97)80006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A. Eiceman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Herbert H. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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Barceló D, Hennion MC. On-line sample handling strategies for the trace-level determination of pesticides and their degradation products in environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mol HG, Janssen HGM, Cramers CA, Vreuls JJ, Brinkman UA. Trace level analysis of micropollutants in aqueous samples using gas chromatography with on-line sample enrichment and large volume injection. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00169-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Selected procedures for the monitoring of polar pesticides and related microcontaminants in aquatic samples. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mol HGJ, Janssen HG, Cramers CA, Brinkman UAT. On-line sample enrichment-capillary gas chromatography of aqueous samples using geometrically deformed open-tubular extraction columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brinkman U, Slobodnik J, Vreuls J. Trace-level detection and identification of polar pesticides in surface water: The SAMOS approach. Trends Analyt Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(94)85008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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