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Villwock VK, BeMiller JN. The Architecture, Nature, and Mystery of Starch Granules. Part 2. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kurtis Villwock
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Department of Food Science (NLSN) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - James N. BeMiller
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Department of Food Science (NLSN) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Crini G, French AD, Kainuma K, Jane JL, Szente L. Contributions of Dexter French (1918-1981) to cycloamylose/cyclodextrin and starch science. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 257:117620. [PMID: 33541648 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Professor Dexter French (1918-1981) was an American chemist and biochemist at Iowa State College (University in 1959). He devoted his career to advance knowledge of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, in particular starch, cyclodextrins, and enzymes. Cyclodextrins are oligosaccharides obtained from starch and are typically cage molecules with a hydrophobic cavity that can encapsulate other compounds nowadays the basis for many industrial applications. Since the 1960s, he has been recognized as an outstanding authority in the field of starches and cyclodextrins and has inspired researchers in laboratories around the world. This review, on the fortieth anniversary of his death, commemorates his remarkable contribution to starch and cyclodextrin chemistry. Firstly, we give an overview of his personal life and career. Secondly, we highlight some of the results on starch and cyclodextrins from Professor French and his group. A third part discusses his impact on the modern chemistry of cyclodextrins and starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégorio Crini
- Chrono-environnement, Faculté Sciences & Techniques, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Alfred D French
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, New Orleans, LO, 70124, United States
| | - Keiji Kainuma
- Honorary member, The Agricultural Society of Japan, 2-29-4, Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-0046, Japan
| | - Jay-Lin Jane
- Charles F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor, Emeritus, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Ltd., Illatos 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
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Twenty years of dextrin research: a tribute to Professor Hans Pringsheim (1876–1940). J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-020-01013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Starch is a major food supply for humanity. It is produced in seeds, rhizomes, roots and tubers in the form of semi-crystalline granules with unique properties for each plant. Though the size and morphology of the granules is specific for each plant species, their internal structures have remarkably similar architecture, consisting of growth rings, blocklets, and crystalline and amorphous lamellae. The basic components of starch granules are two polyglucans, namely amylose and amylopectin. The molecular structure of amylose is comparatively simple as it consists of glucose residues connected through α-(1,4)-linkages to long chains with a few α-(1,6)-branches. Amylopectin, which is the major component, has the same basic structure, but it has considerably shorter chains and a lot of α-(1,6)-branches. This results in a very complex, three-dimensional structure, the nature of which remains uncertain. Several models of the amylopectin structure have been suggested through the years, and in this review two models are described, namely the “cluster model” and the “building block backbone model”. The structure of the starch granules is discussed in light of both models.
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Abstract
This article surveys methods for the enzymatic conversion of starch, involving hydrolases and nonhydrolyzing enzymes, as well as the role of microorganisms producing such enzymes. The sources of the most common enzymes are listed. These starch conversions are also presented in relation to their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, pulp, textile, and other branches of industry. Some sections are devoted to the fermentation of starch to ethanol and other products, and to the production of cyclodextrins, along with the properties of these products. Light is also shed on the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch in human and animal organisms. Enzymatic processes acting on starch are useful in structural studies of the substrates and in understanding the characteristics of digesting enzymes. One section presents the application of enzymes to these problems. The information that is included covers the period from the early 19th century up to 2009.
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Cooper AH, Pollock JRA. ENZYMES OF BARLEY AND MALT I. ELECTROPHORETIG SEPARATION OF THE β-AMYLASE OF MALT SYRUP. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1957.tb02900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Aspinall GO, Greenwood CT. ASPECTS OF THE CHEMISTRY OF CEREAL POLYSACCHARIDES. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1962.tb06338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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KJOLBERG O, MANNERS DJ. Studies on carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes. 9. The action of isoamylase on amylose. Biochem J 1998; 86:258-62. [PMID: 14033256 PMCID: PMC1201746 DOI: 10.1042/bj0860258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bunni L, McHale L, McHale A. Production, isolation and partial characterization of an amylase system produced by Talaromyces emersonii CBS 814.70. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Starch-degrading, amylolytic enzymes are widely distributed among microbes. Several activities are required to hydrolyze starch to its glucose units. These enzymes include alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, pullulan-degrading enzymes, exoacting enzymes yielding alpha-type endproducts, and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. Properties of these enzymes vary and are somewhat linked to the environmental circumstances of the producing organisms. Features of the enzymes, their action patterns, physicochemical properties, occurrence, genetics, and results obtained from cloning of the genes are described. Among all the amylolytic enzymes, the genetics of alpha-amylase in Bacillus subtilis are best known. Alpha-Amylase production in B. subtilis is regulated by several genetic elements, many of which have synergistic effects. Genes encoding enzymes from all the amylolytic enzyme groups dealt with here have been cloned, and the sequences have been found to contain some highly conserved regions thought to be essential for their action and/or structure. Glucoamylase appears usually in several forms, which seem to be the results of a variety of mechanisms, including heterogeneous glycosylation, limited proteolysis, multiple modes of mRNA splicing, and the presence of several structural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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Bender H, Siebert R, Stadler-Szöke A. Can cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase be useful for the investigation of the fine structure of amylopectins?: Characterisation of highly branched clusters isolated from digests with potato and maize starches. Carbohydr Res 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(82)84006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marshall JJ. Application of enzymic methods to the structural analysis of polysaccharides: part I. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1974; 30:257-370. [PMID: 4620244 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Greenwood CT, Milne EA. Studies on Starch-Degrading Enzymes. Part VIII A Comparison of α-Amylases from Different Sources: Their Properties and Action Patterns. STARCH-STARKE 1968. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19680200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Greenwood CT, Milne EA. Starch degrading and synthesizing enzymes: a discussion of their properties and action pattern. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1968; 23:281-366. [PMID: 4882957 DOI: 10.1016/s0096-5332(08)60171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Banks W, Greenwood CT. Physicochemical Studies on Starches Part XXXII. The Incomplete β-Amylolysis of Amylose: A Discussion of its Cause and Implications. STARCH-STARKE 1967. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19670190702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hölzl J. [Light- and electron-microscopic investigations on onion and potato cells]. PROTOPLASMA 1965; 60:446-479. [PMID: 5884441 DOI: 10.1007/bf01247892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Bancher E, Hölzl J. Zur Darstellung und Ursache der tangentialen Schichtung im Stärkekorn. STARCH-STARKE 1964. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19640160303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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SCHRAMM M, DANON D. The mechanism of enzyme secretion by the cell I. Storage of amylase in the zymogen granules of the rat-parotis gland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961; 50:102-12. [PMID: 13748569 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(61)91065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vallee BL, Stein EA, Sumerwell WN, Fischer EH. Metal Content of α-Amylases of Various Origins. J Biol Chem 1959. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69691-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Čeh M. Das Jodsorptionsvermögen der durch die β-Amylase abgebauten und gealterten Amylose aus Kartoffelstärke. STARCH-STARKE 1959. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19590111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Menzi R, Stein EA, Fischer EH. Propri�t�s de deux ?-amylases deB. subtilis. Sur les enzymes amylolytiques 24. Helv Chim Acta 1957. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19570400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Altmann HW. Allgemeine morphologische Pathologie des Cytoplasmas. Die Pathobiosen. DAS CYTOPLASMA 1955. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-86043-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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