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Badgujar D, Paritala ST, Matre S, Sharma N. Enantiomeric purity of synthetic therapeutic peptides: A review. Chirality 2024; 36. [PMID: 38448043 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic therapeutic peptides are a complex and popular class of pharmaceuticals. In recent years, peptides with proven therapeutic activity have gained significant interest in the market. The determination of synthetic peptide enantiomeric purity plays a critical role in the evaluation of the quality of the medicine. Since racemization is one of the most common side reactions occurring in AAs or peptides, enantiomeric impurities such as D-isomers can form during the peptide synthesis or can be introduced from the starting materials (e.g., AAs). The therapeutic effect of a synthetic or semi-synthetic bioactive peptide molecule depends on its AA enantiomeric purity and secondary/tertiary structure. Therefore, the enantiomeric purity determination for synthetic peptides is supportive for interpreting unwanted therapeutic effects and determining the quality of synthetic peptide therapeutics. However, enantiomeric purity analysis encounters formidable analytical challenges during chromatographic separation, as D/L isomers have identical physical-chemical properties except stereochemical configuration. To ensure peptides AA stereochemical configuration whether in the free or bound state, sensitive and reproducible quantitative analytical method is mandatory. In this regard, numerous analytical techniques were emerged for the quantification of D-isomeric impurities in synthetic peptides, but still, very few reports are available in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the importance, regulatory requirements, and various analytical methods used for peptide enantiomeric purity determination. In addition, we discussed the available literature in terms of enantiomeric impurity detection, common hydrolysis procedural aspects, and different analytical strategies used for sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Badgujar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sree Teja Paritala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Shubham Matre
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Di Matteo V, Esposito G, Costantino V, Della Sala G, Teta R, Mangoni A. When Synthesis Gets It Wrong: Unexpected Epimerization Using PyBOP in the Synthesis of the Cyclic Peptide Thermoactinoamide A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38411075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is commonly seen as the final proof of the structure of complex natural products, but even a seemingly easy and well-established synthetic procedure may lead to an unexpected result. This is what happened with the synthesis of thermoactinoamide A (1a), an antimicrobial and antitumor nonribosomal cyclic hexapeptide produced by the thermophilic bacterium Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The synthetic thermoactinoamide A outsourced to a company and the one described in a synthetic paper showed spectroscopic data identical to each other but different from those of the natural product. After a detailed spectroscopic, degradative, and synthetic study, the synthetic compound was shown to be an epimer (1b) of the intended target compound, originating during the cyclization reaction by extensive epimerization at the activated C-terminal amino acid. This allowed confirmation of the structure of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Di Matteo
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Germana Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Costantino
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Della Sala
- Department of Eco-Sustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via F.A. Acton, Molosiglio, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Teta
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Mangoni
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of novel purin-6-yl and 2-aminopurin-6-yl conjugates with ( S )-aspartic and ( S )-glutamic acids. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Gruzdev DA, Levit GL, Olshevskaya VA, Krasnov VP. Synthesis of ortho-carboranyl derivatives of (S)-asparagine and (S)-glutamine. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017050190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Toyo’oka T. Diagnostic Approach to Disease Using Non-invasive Samples Based on Derivatization and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1397-411. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo’oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Péter A. Chiral derivatizations applied for the separation of unusual amino acid enantiomers by liquid chromatography and related techniques. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:119-39. [PMID: 23598164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential for life, and have many functions in metabolism. One particularly important function is to serve as the building blocks of peptides and proteins, giving rise complex three dimensional structures through disulfide bonds or crosslinked amino acids. Peptides are frequently cyclic and contain proteinogenic as well as nonproteinogenic amino acids in many instances. Since most of the proteinogenic α-amino acids contain at least one stereogenic center (with the exception of glycine), the stereoisomers of all these amino acids and the peptides in which they are to be found may possess differences in biological activity in living systems. The impetus for advances in chiral separation has been highest in the past 25 years and this still continues to be an area of high focus. The important analytical task of the separation of isomers is achieved mainly by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. This paper reviews indirect separation approaches, i.e. derivatization reactions aimed at creating the basis for the chromatographic resolution of biologically and pharmaceutically important enantiomers of unusual amino acids and related compounds, with emphasis on the literature published from 1980s. The main aspects of the chiral derivatization of amino acids are discussed, i.e. derivatization on the amino group, transforming the molecules into covalently bonded diastereomeric derivatives through the use of homochiral derivatizing agents. The diastereomers formed (amides, urethanes, urea and thiourea derivatives, etc.) can be separated on achiral stationary phases. The applications are considered, and in some cases different derivatizing agents for the resolution of complex mixtures of proteinogenic d,l-amino acids, non-proteinogenic amino acids and peptides/amino acids from peptide syntheses or microorganisms are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Enantiomeric separation of nonproteinogenic amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:94-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Toyo'oka T. Development of Benzofurazan−bearing Fluorescence Labeling Reagents for Separation and Detection in High−performance Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2012. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2012.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio−Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka
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9
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Ilisz I, Berkecz R, Péter A. Application of chiral derivatizing agents in the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of amino acid enantiomers: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zahradnícková H, Hartvich P, Simek P, Husek P. Gas chromatographic analysis of amino acid enantiomers in Carbetocin peptide hydrolysates after fast derivatization with pentafluoropropyl chloroformate. Amino Acids 2007; 35:445-50. [PMID: 17721675 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel sample preparation protocol for gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of amino acid enantiomers in peptides was developed. It comprises traditional acid hydrolysis, a novel treatment of the analytes with a fluoroalkyl chloroformate and GC/FID separation of enantiomers on a chiral capillary column. The major improvements consist in that the derivatization step proceeds in organic-aqueous media within seconds and the amino acid derivatives are volatile enough to suit the temperature range of the chiral Chirasil-Val capillary column. The approach was found beneficial for chiral analysis of pharmaceutically important Carbetocin peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zahradnícková
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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11
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Comparison of isothiocyanate chiral derivatizing reagents for high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02497681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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TOYO'OKA T. Analytical Chemistry related to Biofunctional Research. Development of chiral derivatization reagents having benzofurazan (2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) fluorophore for HPLC analysis and their application to the sensitive detection of biologically important compounds. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2002. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.51.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Uchiyama S, Santa T, Okiyama N, Fukushima T, Imai K. Fluorogenic and fluorescent labeling reagents with a benzofurazan skeleton. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:295-318. [PMID: 11507712 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic and fluorescent labeling reagents having a benzofurazan (2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) skeleton such as 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F), 4-aminosulfonyl-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (ABD-F), ammonium 7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonate (SBD-F), 4-hydrazino-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-H), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-7-hydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-H), 4-nitro-7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-PZ), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-PZ), 4-(N-chloroformylmethyl-N-methyl)amino-7-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-COCl) and 7-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-4-(2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl) isothiocyanate (DBD-NCS) are reviewed in terms of synthetic method, reactivity, fluorescence characteristics, sensitivity and application to analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of unusual amino acid enantiomers derivatized with (1S,2S)-1,3-diacetoxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propyl-isothiocyanate. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Jin D, Miyahara T, Oe T, Toyo'oka T. Determination of D-amino acids labeled with fluorescent chiral reagents, R(-)- and S(+)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N, N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazoles, in biological and food samples by liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1999; 269:124-32. [PMID: 10094782 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acids in food and biological samples labeled with R(-)- and S(+)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N, N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazoles (DBD-PyNCS) were separated by reversed-phase chromatography and detected fluorometrically at 550 nm (excitation at 460 nm). DL-Amino acids were efficiently labeled at 55 degrees C for 20 min in basic medium. The resulting thiocarbamoyl-amino acids were resolved by an isocratic elution using water:30% methanol in acetonitrile (72:28) containing 0.1% trifluoracetic acid as mobile phase for hydrophilic amino acids and gradient elutions using sodium acetate buffer (pH 5. 2)/acetonitrile as gradient solvent mixture for hydrophobic amino acids, respectively. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of DL-amino acids tested were in the range of 0.16-0.75 pmol. The proposed method was applied to determine the D-amino acid(s) in milk, cream, fermented dairy products (yogurt and yakult), tomato products (juice, puree, and catchup), fermented beverages (beer and red wine), and human urine. The existence of D-amino acid(s) was demonstrated in all the samples tested. Furthermore, the identification of the D-amino acid(s) was performed using both isomers of DBD-PyNCS and by on-line HPLC-electrospray ionization-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Jin D, Nagakura K, Murofushi S, Miyahara T, Toyo'oka T. Total resolution of 17 DL-amino acids labelled with a fluorescent chiral reagent, R(-)-4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-y1)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)- 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998; 822:215-24. [PMID: 9809444 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Total resolution of 17 DL-amino acids after derivatization with a fluorescent chiral tagging reagent, 4-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfony l)-2,1,3- benzoxadiazole [R(-)-DBD-PyNCS], was studied by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The reaction of the reagent with amino acids proceeds effectively at 55 degrees C for 20 min in the presence of 1% TEA to produce the corresponding fluorescent diastereomers (excitation at 460 nm, emission at 550 nm). Each pair of the resulting derivatives was efficiently separated with water-acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid as the mobile phase. Peak resolution was in the range of 0.92 (DL-Arg)-9.8 (DL-Cys). Although mutual separation of some DL-amino acids was possible using the elution solvent, simultaneous resolution of 17 DL-amino acids was difficult with a single chromatographic run, even if some gradient elutions were adopted. Therefore, both gradient and isocratic elution systems were used for total resolution of the DL-amino acids. Thus, 17 DL-amino acids were well resolved by a gradient and an isocratic elution systems. The proposed derivatization and elution methods were applied to the determination of DL-amino acids in yogurt. The results showed that some of the L-amino acids, i.e., Glu, Asp, Ser, Gly, Ala, Thr, Pro, Lys, Phe and Met, were found in the methanol extracts of yogurt. On the other hand, the D-amino acids that were identified in the extracts were D-Glu, D-Asp and D-Ala, and the mean % to each L-amino acid were 11.9% (D-Glu), 27.6% (D-Asp) and 56.7% (D-Ala), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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al-Kindy S, Santa T, Fukushima T, Homma H, Imai K. Enantiomeric determination of amines by high-performance liquid chromatography using chiral fluorescent derivatization reagents. Biomed Chromatogr 1998; 12:276-80. [PMID: 9787899 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199809/10)12:5<276::aid-bmc747>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
4-(2-carboxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-Pro), 4-(2-carboxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-7-(N,N-dimethylamino-sulphonyl)-2,1,3 - benzoxadiazole DBD-Pro), 4-(N-1-carboxyethyl-N-methyl)amino-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole NBD-N-Me-Ala), 4-(N-1-carboxyethyl-N-methyl) amino-7-(N,N-dimethylamino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole. (DBD-N-Me-Ala) have been synthesized for the resolution of enantiomers of amines by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The reagents react with amino group at room temperature in the presence of activation agents, 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide (DPDS) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) to produce the corresponding diastereomers. The derivatives were detected at lambda ex = 469, lambda em = 569 for DBD-moeity and lambda ex = 469, lambda em = 535 for NBD moeity. The resulting diastereomers were efficiently resolved using reversed-phase column with aqueous acetonitrile and aqueous methanol as the mobile phase. The elution order of the derivatives were D and L when proline was used as the chiral selector but the order was reversed when the diastereomers were prepared with the reagent containing N-methyl alanine as the chiral selector. DBD-Pro and NBD-Pro seem to give better separation as compared to DBD-N-Me-Ala and NBD-N-Me-Ala.
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Affiliation(s)
- S al-Kindy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
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Indirect separation of chiral proteinogenic α-amino acids using the fluorescence active (1R,2R)-N-[(2-isothiocyanato)cyclohexyl]-6-methoxy-4-quinolinylamide) as chiral derivatizing agent. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Suzuki T, Watanabe T, Toyo'oka T. Discrimination of d/l-mamino acid in peptide sequence based on fluorescent chiral derivatization by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Origin ofd-serine present in urine of mutant mice lackingd-amino-acid oxidase activity. Amino Acids 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01373002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Synthesis of new stable aliphatic isothiocyanate-based chiral derivatizing agent and application to indirect separation of chiral amino and thiol compounds. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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