Electrically induced phase transitions via the dipole model in excitable membranes

The role of proteins in a dipole model for steady-state ionic transport through biological membranes

The steady-state current-voltage characteristics of biological membranes are analyzed for means of an application of the electrodiffusion theory to the passage of ions through "dielectric pores", with orientable dipoles at the pore-water interfaces. A detailed evaluation of the electrostatic potential barrier shows, indeed, that the ions have practically no chance to penetrate into the phospholipid bilayer, but that they can cross the membrane through local protein inclusions, of high dielectric constant. A "gating mechanism" can be provided, moreover, by a change of the potential barrier, resulting from a dipole reorientation at the pore-water interface. Dipole-dipole interactions are opposed to the orienting effect of an applied field, but they can be neglected when the separation between the dipoles exceeds a certain critical value. The high polarizability of the pore material leads to an amplification of the effect of an applied field on the orientable dipoles. It is therefore possible to achieve a satisfactory agreement with the experimental results of Gilbert and Ehrenstein (Biophys. J., 9: 447, 1969) for the squid axon, and, in particular, to account for the width of the negative resistance regions with a relatively small value for the length of the orientable dipoles.