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Baharin SNA, Muhamad Sarih N, Mohamad S. Novel Functionalized Polythiophene-Coated Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles for Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Phthalates. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E117. [PMID: 30979266 PMCID: PMC6431896 DOI: 10.3390/polym8050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(phenyl-(4-(6-thiophen-3-yl-hexyloxy)-benzylidene)-amine) (P3TArH) was successfully synthesized and coated on the surface of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, analyzer transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). P3TArH-coated MNPs (MNP@P3TArH) showed higher capabilities for the extraction of commonly-used phthalates and were optimized for the magnetic-solid phase extraction (MSPE) of environmental samples. Separation and determination of the extracted phthalates, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCP), di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), were conducted by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The best working conditions were as follows; sample at pH 7, 30 min extraction time, ethyl acetate as the elution solvent, 500-µL elution solvent volumes, 10 min desorption time, 10-mg adsorbent dosage, 20-mL sample loading volume and 15 g·L-1 concentration of NaCl. Under the optimized conditions, the analytical performances were determined with a linear range of 0.1⁻50 µg·L-1 and a limit of detection at 0.08⁻0.468 µg·L-1 for all of the analytes studied. The intra-day (n = 7) and inter-day (n = 3) relative standard deviations (RSD%) of three replicates were each demonstrated in the range of 3.7⁻4.9 and 3.0⁻5.0, respectively. The steadiness and reusability studies suggested that the MNP@P3TArH could be used up to five cycles. The proposed method was executed for the analysis of real water samples, namely commercial bottled mineral water and bottled fresh milk, whereby recoveries in the range of 68%⁻101% and RSD% lower than 7.7 were attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Atika Baharin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia.
| | | | - Sharifah Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Pernica M, Poloucká P, Seifertová M, Šimek Z. Determination of alkylphenols in water samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry after pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1417:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Polythiophene-coated Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanocomposite: Synthesis and application as a new sorbent for solid-phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Solid phase microextraction procedure for the determination of alkylphenols in water by on-fiber derivatization with N-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jonsson G, Cavcic A, Stokke TU, Beyer J, Sundt RC, Brede C. Solid-phase analytical derivatization of alkylphenols in fish bile for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cortazar E, Bartolomé L, Delgado A, Etxebarria N, Fernández L, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O. Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of nonylphenols and phthalate esters in sediment samples and comparison with pressurised solvent extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Boitsov S, Meier S, Klungsøyr J, Svardal A. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of alkylphenols in produced water from offshore oil installations as pentafluorobenzoate derivatives. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1059:131-41. [PMID: 15628133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple, highly selective and sensitive method for the determination of 14 representative alkylphenols from phenol (C0) to nonylphenol (C9) in produced water is described. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) by anion-exchange sorbent is used to extract alkylphenols from produced water. The samples are then derivatised by pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and analysed on GC-MS (negative ion chemical ionisation, NCI). The derivatisation procedure has been validated by means of two-level factorial design (2(7-4)) experiments. Quantification is done with isotope dilution of five internal standards of different alkyl chain length. The detection limits were at low ng/l levels. A comparison with GC-MS analysis of non-derivatised alkylphenol samples revealed the advantage of derivatisation as described in the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Boitsov
- Institute of Marine Research, Post Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen 5817, Norway.
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Liu JF, Liang X, Jiang GB, Cai YQ, Zhou QX, Liu GG. High performance liquid chromatography determination of 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, and their short ethoxyl chain polyethoxylates in water samples using a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction sample pretreatment technique. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for determination of octylphenol and nonylphenol in municipal wastewater at trace levels. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Katayama M, Sasaki T, Matsuda Y, Kaneko S, Iwamoto T, Tanaka M. Sensitive determination of bisphenol A and alkylphenols by high performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:403-7. [PMID: 11559925 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new and sensitive high-performance chromatographic method for the determination of bisphenol A and 8 alkylphenols with fluorescence detection is reported. Each phenol was derivatized by reaction with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole at 40 degrees C for 60 min. The fluorescence derivatives were separated on a Wakosil 5C18 column (4.0 i.d. x 300 mm, 5 microm) with methanol:water (10:90) as mobile phase (detection wavelength: lambda(ex) 336 nm, lambda(em) 440 nm). The detection limits were in the range of 0.1-10.0 pg/mL in serum. The calibration graphs were linear to 1.0 microg/mL. The relative standard deviations were 7.2-8.9%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of bisphenol A in mother and infant rat serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Katayama
- Department of Functional Bioanalysis, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Abstract
To overcome the limitations of the detection systems associated with gas or liquid chromatography, a sample pretreatment is required with the objective to provide a sample fraction enriched with all the target analytes and as free as possible from other matrix components. There is now no doubt that solid-phase extraction (SPE) has now become the method of choice for carrying out simultaneously the extraction and concentration of many compounds in aqueous samples. Many recent applications of SPE to multiresidue analysis are reviewed with an emphasis on the importance of the choice of the sorbent and of the sample volume. SPE is particularly well adapted to multiresidue analysis including compounds from a wide range of polarity or characterized by various physico-chemical properties. However, SPE is not completely free from practical problems inherent to the nature of the compounds or to the coupling to the chromatographic systems. Many examples are reported to illustrate these problems which can in most cases be circumvented. New developments in SPE are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pichon
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique (CNRS, ERS 657), Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, Paris, France
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Mol HG, Sunarto S, Steijger OM. Determination of endocrine disruptors in water after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethyltrifluoroacetamide) using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 879:97-112. [PMID: 10870698 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The combined gas chromatographic determination of a number of hydroxyl-group containing endocrine disruptors, including 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 4-tert.-butylbenzoic acid, bisphenol-A, 17beta-estradiol and 17alpha-ethynylestradiol, was investigated. Derivatization, required for sensitive determination of these compounds, was carried out using N-methyl-N-(tert.-butyldimethyltrifluoroacetamide). A number of parameters affecting the derivatization reaction, like temperature, time, matrix, solvent, and amount of reagent were studied in detail. Quantitative yields were obtained for real-life extracts after optimization, but the hormones were only mono-substituted. Both solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction were studied as extraction methods, with emphasis on SPE material and effect of pH. Recoveries and RSD for analysis of surface water samples were 58-106 and 6-16% (n=4), respectively, when using SPE, and 109-117 and 6-14% (n=6) when using liquid-liquid extraction. The method developed allows routine analysis of surface water for traces of endocrine disruptors. The limits of detection of were 4-6 ng/l but higher for the hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Mol
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Pesticides and Industrial Chemistry, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Determination of phthalates in water samples using polystyrene solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography quantification. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:3-54. [PMID: 10526783 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the most important features of the new solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials, their interaction mode and their potential for modern SPE. First, the recent developments are given in formats, phases, automation, high throughput purpose and set-up of new types of procedures. Emphasis is then placed on the large choice of sorbents for trapping analytes over a wide range of polarities, such as highly cross-linked copolymers, functionalized copolymers, graphitized carbons or some specific n-alkylsilicas. The method development is given which is based on prediction from liquid chromatographic retention data or solvation parameters in order to determine the main parameters of any sequence (type and amount of sorbent, sample volume which can be applied without loss of recovery, composition and volume of the clean-up solution, composition and volume of the desorption solution). Obtaining extracts free from matrix interferences in a few steps--one step when possible--is now included in the development of SPE procedure. New selective phases such as mixed-mode and restricted access matrix sorbents or emerging phases such as immunosorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed. Selectivity obtained by combining two sorbents is described with the use of ion-exchange or ion-pair sorbents. Special attention is given to complete automation of the SPE sequence with its on-line coupling with liquid chromatography followed by various detection modes. This represents a fast, modern and reliable approach to trace analysis. Many examples illustrate the various features of modern SPE which are discussed in this review. They have been selected in both biological and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie de Paris, France.
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