Endotoxin-induced lung hemorrhages in obstructive jaundiced rats

Animal models of DIC and their relevance to human DIC: a systematic review

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe clinical condition with activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Its diagnosis is based on the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) scoring system of DIC. Animal models of DIC, used to investigate pathophysiology and evaluate treatments, have not been developed in a standardized way, which impedes comparison between models and translation to the human setting. In the current review of animal models of DIC an overview of species, inducers, and dosing regimens is provided. Diagnostic approaches are compared in the light of the ISTH score and treatments tested in animal models of DIC are summarized. Systematic analysis revealed that the rat is by far the preferred species amongst animal models of DIC and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) the preferred inducer of DIC. An overview of the reporting of ISTH DIC score parameters elucidated that only about 25% of the studies measure all of the four parameters necessary for the implementation the ISTH scoring system. Furthermore, most therapeutic interventions tested in animal models of DIC are administered prophylactically, which may be irrelevant to the clinical setting and could explain why compounds effective in preclinical animal models often fail in clinical trials. It is concluded that Implementation of a scoring system in animal models of DIC may increase the ability to compare DIC amongst animal models and improve the translational aspect of treatment effect.

The effect of oral sodium taurocholate on endotoxemia and intestinal anastomotic wound healing in rats with obstructive jaundice

The effect of sodium taurocholate (ST) on endotoxemia and intestinal anastomotic wound healing in obstructive jaundice was evaluated in a rat model. A total of 108 Wistar rats were divided into three main groups. Thus, 36 animals were given ileal anastomosis (IA) alone (IA group), 36 were given IA with bile duct ligation (BDL) (IA + BDL group), and 36 were given IA with BDL and oral sodium taurocholate (ST) (IA + BDL + ST group). These three main groups were then divided into three equal subgroups, A, B, and C, which were killed on postoperative days (POD) 3, 5, and 9, respectively. In the IA + BDL + ST group, ST was administrated perioperatively and ceased from POD 5 onwards. The anastomotic hydroxyproline level and bursting pressure were significantly lower in the IA + BDL animals compared with the others on POD 3, 5, and 9 (P < 0.008). Endotoxemia was prominent in the IA + BDL group from POD 3 (P = 0.011). After ST was stopped, 42% of the AI + BDL + ST animals developed endotoxemia by POD 9 (P = 0.008). Anastomotic wound healing was better in the IA + BDL + ST group (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that endotoxemia and its adverse effects on wound healing in obstructive jaundice can be prevented by the oral administration of ST.