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Mohanan S, Guan X, Liang M, Karakoti A, Vinu A. Stimuli-Responsive Silica Silanol Conjugates: Strategic Nanoarchitectonics in Targeted Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301113. [PMID: 36967548 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of novel drug delivery systems is exceptionally critical in disease treatments. Among the existing drug delivery systems, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have shown profuse promise owing to their structural stability, tunable morphologies/sizes, and ability to load different payload chemistry. Significantly, the presence of surface silanol groups enables functionalization with relevant drugs, imaging, and targeting agents, promoting their utility and popularity among researchers. Stimuli-responsive silanol conjugates have been developed as a novel, more effective way to conjugate, deliver, and release therapeutic drugs on demand and precisely to the selected location. Therefore, it is urgent to summarize the current understanding and the surface silanols' role in making MSN a versatile drug delivery platform. This review provides an analytical understanding of the surface silanols, chemistry, identification methods, and their property-performance correlation. The chemistry involved in converting surface silanols to a stimuli-responsive silica delivery system by endogenous/exogenous stimuli, including pH, redox potential, temperature, and hypoxia, is discussed in depth. Different chemistries for converting surface silanols to stimuli-responsive bonds are discussed in the context of drug delivery. The critical discussion is culminated by outlining the challenges in identifying silanols' role and overcoming the limitations in synthesizing stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Mohanan
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Xinwei Guan
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Mingtao Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Ajay Karakoti
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
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2
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An application of QSRR approach and multiple linear regression method for lipophilicity assessment of flavonoids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:681-689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
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Buszewska-Forajta M, Markuszewski MJ, Kaliszan R. Free silanols and ionic liquids as their suppressors in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1559:17-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Mignot M, De Saint Jores C, Tchapla A, Boyer F, Cardinael P, Peulon-Agasse V. New anthracenyl polar embedded stationary phases with enhanced aromatic selectivity, a combined experimental and theoretical study: Part 1-experimental study. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1512:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Gwarda RŁ, Aletańska-Kozak M, Klimek-Turek A, Ziajko-Jankowska A, Matosiuk D, Dzido TH. Influence of carboxylic ion-pairing reagents on retention of peptides in thin-layer chromatography systems with C18 silica-based adsorbents. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:229-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Gwarda RŁ, Aletańska-Kozak M, Matosiuk D, Dzido TH. Inversion of type of separation system in planar chromatography of peptides, using C18 silica-based adsorbents. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1440:240-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Plenis A, Rekowska N, Bączek T. Column Selection for Biomedical Analysis Supported by Column Classification Based on Four Test Parameters. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010136. [PMID: 26805819 PMCID: PMC4730375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on correlating the column classification obtained from the method created at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), with the chromatographic resolution attained in biomedical separation. In the KUL system, each column is described with four parameters, which enables estimation of the FKUL value characterising similarity of those parameters to the selected reference stationary phase. Thus, a ranking list based on the FKUL value can be calculated for the chosen reference column, then correlated with the results of the column performance test. In this study, the column performance test was based on analysis of moclobemide and its two metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography (LC), using 18 columns. The comparative study was performed using traditional correlation of the FKUL values with the retention parameters of the analytes describing the column performance test. In order to deepen the comparative assessment of both data sets, factor analysis (FA) was also used. The obtained results indicated that the stationary phase classes, closely related according to the KUL method, yielded comparable separation for the target substances. Therefore, the column ranking system based on the FKUL-values could be considered supportive in the choice of the appropriate column for biomedical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Plenis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Natalia Rekowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Comparison of the most recent chromatographic approaches applied for fast and high resolution separations: Theory and practice. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Héron S, Charbonneau D, Albisson P, Estievenart G, Groni S, Tchapla A. A new methodology to determine the isoeluotropic conditions on ultra-performance flash purification stationary phases from analytical reversed liquid chromatography stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1397:59-72. [PMID: 25895730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the determination of the experimental chromatographic conditions to be used in Reversed Phase Liquid Ultra-Performance Flash Purification is still challenging. This is due to four different items. In most cases, flash purification stationary phases are not available with geometry of column used in analytical chromatography. The flash purification columns are single-use only. From the point of view of selectivity and retention, few RPLC phases exist with properties of separation identical for analytical and flash purification supports. Characterization methods and databases used for comparing analytical RPLC columns do not include stationary phases for RP flash purification columns. The goal of this work is to develop a new method development strategy which permits the determination of the experimental chromatographic conditions on RP ultra-performance flash purification columns. It relies on the knowledge of any isocratic conditions obtained on any given initial reversed stationary phase. The final conditions to implement on the RP ultra-performance flash purification phase enable either to keep the retention range of a selected solute constant, or to set it around a previously chosen value. The rules of transfer in linear gradient mode are also described. The methodology was valid, whatever the initial RP stationary and mobile phases, for different chemical classes, whatever the bonding, particle diameter, porous or core shell particle, towards different RP alkyl and analogues stationary and mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Héron
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Lip(Sys)(b), LETIAM(1), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Didier Charbonneau
- Interchim R&D, 211 bis avenue J.F. Kennedy, BP 1140, F03103 Montluçon Cedex, France
| | - Pauline Albisson
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Lip(Sys)(b), LETIAM(1), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France; Interchim R&D, 211 bis avenue J.F. Kennedy, BP 1140, F03103 Montluçon Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Estievenart
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Lip(Sys)(b), LETIAM(1), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France; Interchim R&D, 211 bis avenue J.F. Kennedy, BP 1140, F03103 Montluçon Cedex, France
| | - Sihem Groni
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Lip(Sys)(b), LETIAM(1), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Alain Tchapla
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Lip(Sys)(b), LETIAM(1), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
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11
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Milojković-Opsenica D, Majstorović H, Radoičić A, Tešič Ž. 3-Cyanopropylsiloxane-bonded silica gel: Characteristics and applications in thin-layer chromatography. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.28.2015.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Nanometer-sized materials for solid-phase extraction of trace elements. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2685-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Papouskova B, Fan H, Lemr K, Schug KA. Aspects of trapping efficiency and matrix effects in the development of a restricted-access-media-based trap-and-elute liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2192-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Papouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, RCPTM; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Karel Lemr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, RCPTM; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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14
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Comparative assessment of achiral stationary phases for high throughput analysis in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1332:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Characteristics and Application of Porous Ceramic/Agarose Composite Beads Derived as an Affinity Medium. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Chou FM, Chen PH, Wei GT. Evaluation and Measurement of Asymmetric Factor of a Basic Compound on C 18Bonded Silica in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Orthogonal Array Design. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Spectroscopic and chromatographic characterisation of a pentafluorophenylpropyl silica phase end-capped in supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction solvent. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Begnini FR, Jardim IC. Preparation and characterization of a new microwave immobilized poly(2-phenylpropyl)methylsiloxane stationary phase for reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Ashu-Arrah BA, Glennon JD, Albert K. Synthesis, characterisation and chromatographic evaluation of pentafluorophenyl and phenyl bonded silica phases prepared using supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction solvent. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1273:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Jensen DS, Kanyal SS, Gupta V, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Engelhard M, Vanfleet R, Davis RC, Linford MR. Stable, microfabricated thin layer chromatography plates without volume distortion on patterned, carbon and Al2O3-primed carbon nanotube forests. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Fast liquid chromatography: The domination of core?shell and very fine particles. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:57-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Comparison of classical chromatographic tests with a chromatographic test applied to stationary phases prepared by thermal immobilization of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) onto silica. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2985-3002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Porous ceramic/agarose composite adsorbents for fast protein liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1223:126-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Bair MD, Dorsey JG. Effect of trimethylsilane pre-capping on monomeric C18 stationary phases made from high-purity type-B silica substrates: Efficiency, retention, and stability. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1220:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Staub A, Zurlino D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Analysis of peptides and proteins using sub-2 μm fully porous and sub 3-μm shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8903-14. [PMID: 21831381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of sub-2 μm totally porous particles and sub-3 μm shell particles for peptide and protein analysis. Specific analytical strategies must be developed for these biomolecules as their importance in the pharmaceutical industry increases and as their structural complexity involves some issues when classical LC conditions are employed. Attention was paid on comparing these different columns in various LC conditions (different temperatures, gradient times, and mobile phase flow rates). The comparison of the different supports was assessed considering columns characteristics (quality of packing, silanol activity, pore size, totally porous or shell particles). In this article, peptides were first analyzed with both column technologies. Similar results to those achieved with low molecular weight compounds were obtained (peak capacity >100 for t(grad) around 3 min and columns dimensions of 2.1 mm id × 50 mm), but specific conditions were required (elevated temperature and the use of a volatile ion-pairing reagent, namely TFA). For peptide analysis following tryptic digestion, the goal was to improve peak capacity and resolution because of the large number of generated peptides. For this purpose, longer columns packed with porous sub-2 μm or shell sub-3 μm particles (i.e., 150 mm) and gradient times (i.e., up to 30 min) were tested. On the other hand, proteins in their intact forms have higher molecular weights (MW>5000 Da) and a tertiary structure, thus requiring different conditions in terms of stationary phase hydrophobicity (C(4)vs. C(18)) and pore size (300 vs. 120 Å). In addition, there were issues with adsorption onto the LC system and/or the column itself. This study showed that proteins with MWs lower than 40,000 Da required chromatographic conditions close to those employed for peptide analysis. For larger proteins, a C(4) 300 Å stationary phase gave the best results, confirming theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Staub
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Buszewski B, Cendrowska I, Krupczynska K, Gadzala‐Kopciuch RM. Bronopol as an Ingredient of a New Test Mixture for Evaluation of HPLC Columns. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120018418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boguslaw Buszewski
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicholas Copernicus University , 7 Gagarin St., 87‐100 , Torun , Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Krupczynska
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicholas Copernicus University , 7 Gagarin St., 87‐100 , Torun , Poland
| | - Renata M. Gadzala‐Kopciuch
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicholas Copernicus University , 7 Gagarin St., 87‐100 , Torun , Poland
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Intact protein analysis in the biopharmaceutical field. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:810-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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A study of some practical aspects of high temperature liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:458-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Bonose-Crosnier de Bellaistre M, Nowik W, Tchapla A, Heron S. Separation of 9,10-anthraquinone derivatives: Evaluation of C18 stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:778-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Pettersson SW. High-resolution reversed-phase chromatography of proteins. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2011; 54:135-164. [PMID: 21954776 DOI: 10.1002/9780470939932.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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31
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Jardim ICSF, Maldaner L, Lourenço J, Fioravanti LMA, Collins CH. Some new selective stationary phases for RP-HPLC. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2917-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Borges EM, Silva CG, Collins CH. Chromatographic evaluation of some stationary phases based on poly(methyloctylsiloxane) immobilized onto silica. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Janečková L, Kalíková K, Bosáková Z, Tesařová E. Study of interaction mechanisms on zirconia-based polystyrene HPLC column. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3043-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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O'Sullivan GP, Scully NM, Glennon JD. Polar-Embedded and Polar-Endcapped Stationary Phases for LC. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003653973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Plumeré N, Speiser B, Dietrich B, Albert K, Pesek JJ, Matyska MT. Thermally induced radical hydrosilylation for synthesis of C18 HPLC phases from highly condensed SiH terminated silica surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13481-13487. [PMID: 19928943 DOI: 10.1021/la901986w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon hydride terminated silica surfaces were prepared at high temperatures by a chlorination-reduction sequence. SiH groups are desired for further surface modification as an alternative to the native silanol groups which are unfavorable for RPLC applications. Only few silanol groups remain in these materials and mostly SiH moieties with the highest degree of cross-linking are obtained. The retention properties of basic analytes on the SiH terminated material confirm that the surfaces is mostly free of silanols and that therefore the remaining SiOH groups are bulk species. A reagentless, radical initiated hydrosilylation reaction is introduced for the functionalization of the hydride terminated surface with 1-octadecene. (13)C CP/MAS NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy demonstrate the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond and the SiH group as well as the linkage of C18 groups to the silica surface. These novel C18 materials show promising performance in RPLC separation, especially for the separation of organic bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Plumeré
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Germany
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36
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Selectivity comparisons of monolithic silica capillary columns modified with poly(octadecyl methacrylate) and octadecyl moieties for halogenated compounds in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5868-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Kulikov AU, Galat MN. Comparison of C18 silica bonded phases selectivity in micellar liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1340-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Improvement of chromatographic performances of in-situ synthesized hybrid C8 silica monoliths by reduction of structural radial heterogeneities. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3857-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Plumeré N, Speiser B, Mayer H, Joosten D, Wesemann L. High-Temperature Chlorination-Reduction Sequence for the Preparation of Silicon Hydride Modified Silica Surfaces. Chemistry 2008; 15:936-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Cholesteric bonded stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography: synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and chromatographic behavior of a phospho–cholesteric bonded support. A new way to mimic drug/membrane interactions? Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:1345-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Martel S, Guillarme D, Henchoz Y, Galland A, Veuthey J, Rudaz S, Carrupt P. Chromatographic Approaches for Measuring Log
P. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527621286.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Abstract
The properties of stationary phases and their characterization methods are reviewed. New and significant developments have occurred in the last few years, and new methods for stationary phase characterization have become available. The characterization methods are discussed, and the differences between the different methods are pointed out. In addition, method development approaches are reviewed, with special emphasis on recent developments that employ multiple parameters in parallel. Also, the renewed interest of temperature as a tool in method development is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe D Neue
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
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43
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Le Mapihan K, Vial J, Jardy A. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography column testing and classification: Physicochemical interpretation based on a wide set of stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:183-96. [PMID: 17276442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The high number of stationary phases commercially available for liquid chromatography makes the choice of the analyst a real headache. In order to provide a tool to carry out this choice on objective basis, the present work proposes interpretations of the column classifications obtained, thanks to a previously described testing procedure. The meaning of principal components was attributed to crossing over information carried by loading plots and groups revealed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) on the corresponding score plots. At high solvent ratio, the retention seemed to be governed by enthalpy, whereas at low solvent ratio, entropic phenomena were predominating. Finally, the behavior of known families of RPLC columns was studied giving rise either to homogeneous groups like polar embedded grafts columns or to scattered families like Aqua type columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Le Mapihan
- Laboratoire "Environnement et Chimie Analytique", UMR 7121, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris 10, rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
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44
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Jandera P, Novotná K, Beldean-Galea MS, Jísa K. Retention and selectivity tests of silica-based and metal-oxide bonded stationary phases for RP-HPLC. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:856-71. [PMID: 16830498 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic properties of silica-, zirconia- and alumina-based columns with octadecyl-, polyethylene glycol- and pentafluorophenylpropyl-bonded stationary phases were tested. Selectivities of nine columns for LC were characterized using chromatographic methods including Walters, Engelhardt, Tanaka and Galushko hydrophobicity and silanol activity tests, measurements of methylene selectivity in various aqueous-methanol and aqueous-acetonitrile mobile phases and of gradient lipophilic capacity as a measure of the effect of the sample hydrophobicity on gradient-elution separations. A semi-empirical interaction indices model, assuming a predominant role of the solvophobic interactions of test compounds with different polarities, was compared with the linear free energy relationships approach taking into account selective polar interactions. The interaction indices model was applied to both non-polar stationary phases bonded on silica, alumina and zirconia supports, and to the non-modified adsorbents in the normal-phase LC. The retention data of isomeric naphthalene disulfonic acids were used to compare the attractive and repulsive ionic interactions of the columns in purely aqueous mobile phases. The results of the hydrophobicity and polarity tests were consistent, and allowed column characterization and classification. Silanol activity was important with octadecyl silica columns, but was relatively insignificant with bonded polyethylene glycol and pentafluorophenylpropyl phases on silica gel support. Polar interactions with the alumina and zirconia support materials significantly affect the retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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45
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Lesellier E, West C, Tchapla A. Classification of special octadecyl-bonded phases by the carotenoid test. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1111:62-70. [PMID: 16472818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the numerous base-deactivated ODS phases obtained by increasing the bonding density or/and by efficient endcapping treatments, some particular stationary phases have been developed, to limit the additional interactions of basic compounds with residual silanols, to work at extreme pH or with rich water mobile phases. Horizontal polymeric phases, sterically protected ones, hybrid silicas, propylene bridge, are particularly used for this purpose. Octadecyl chains with embedded polar groups and hydrophilic endcapping are also used in this goal. The properties of these phases were studied with a simple test consisting in the injection of carotenoid pigments in Subcritical Fluid Chromatography. The molecules used and the nature of the mobile phase allow the determination of hydrophobicity, polar site accessibility and type or/and bonding density of the stationary phases. Whatever the type of the phases, the particular stationary phases do not show any remarkable property, in comparison to other base-deactivated C18-bonded phases. On the other hand, embedded and polar-endcapped phases display a specific behaviour in regard of hydrophilic interactions, which are highlighted by the absence of water in the subcritical fluid. Additional properties of these phases are described, such as steric recognition and retention performances. As expected, polar-embedded phases are less retentive than classical ODS ones, but are sometimes able to provide greater steric recognition. On the other hand, the polar-endcapped phases display greater hydrophobicity than polar-embedded ones. From a simple classification diagram based on chromatographic properties, differences can be noticed between the polar-embedded groups (amide, carbamate, ether, sulfonamide) and between embedded and endcapped phases. Surprising behaviours are also noticed for some on the tested phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lesellier
- LETIAM, Groupe de Chimie Analytique de Paris Sud (EA 3343), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau du Moulon, Orsay, France.
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46
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Rodriguez-Nogales JM, Garcia MC, Marina ML. Development of a perfusion reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method for the characterisation of maize products using multivariate analysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:91-9. [PMID: 16337950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A perfusion reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been designed to allow rapid (3.4 min) separations of maize proteins with high resolution. Several factors, such as extraction conditions, temperature, detection wavelength and type and concentration of ion-pairing agent were optimised. A fine optimisation of the gradient elution was also performed by applying experimental design. Commercial maize products for human consumption (flours, precocked flours, fried snacks and extruded snacks) were characterised for the first time by perfusion RP-HPLC and their chromatographic profiles allowed a differentiation among products relating the different technological process used for their preparation. Furthermore, applying discriminant analysis makes it possible to group the samples according with the technological process suffered by maize products, obtaining a good prediction in 92% of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rodriguez-Nogales
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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47
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Morais LSR, Jardim ICSF. Characterization of a new stationary phase based on microwave immobilized polybutadiene on titanium oxide-modified silica. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1073:127-35. [PMID: 15909514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Titanium oxide-modified silica was prepared by reaction of silica with titanium tetrabutoxide and then was used as support in the preparation of stationary phases with self-immobilized polybutadiene (PBD) and PBD immobilized through microwave radiation. Chromatographic performance of the stationary phases was evaluated in terms of the efficiency (plates/m), asymmetry (A(s)), retention factor (k) and resolution (R(s)) of two standard sample mixtures, one of then containing the basic compound N,N-dimethylaniline. A microwave irradiation of 30 min at 520 W gave the best efficiency (86,500 N m(-1)), greater than that of a 6-day self immobilized phase (69,500 N m(-1)). Self-immobilized stationary phases prepared with bare silica were also studied for comparison. These resulted in lower chromatographic performance, 43,800 N m(-1), when compared to the self-immobilized phase prepared with titanized silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais S R Morais
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Cromatografia Líquida-LABCROM, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, CEP 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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48
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Lanças FM, Rodrigues JC, de Freitas SS. Preparation and use of packed capillary columns in chromatographic and related techniques. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1475-82. [PMID: 15638155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper general considerations related to the various approaches and parameters influencing the preparation of highly efficient and stable capillary columns for use in liquid chromatography and related techniques are presented and the column production process is discussed in some detail. The different packing methods available for delivering a packing material into a capillary column are discussed from a practical viewpoint. Packing with a gas (dry packing), packing with a liquid solvent or a mixture of solvents (slurry packing), packing with supercritical carbon dioxide, electrokinetic packing, and sol-gel packing technologies are introduced and discussed throughout the paper. Practical recommendations for obtaining highly efficient (high plate numbers) and stable capillary packed columns are also addressed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Lanças
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Chemistry at São Carlos, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil.
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49
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Abstract
The high temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) reveals interesting chromatographic properties but even now, it misses some theoretical aspects concerning the influence of high temperature on thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of chromatography: such a knowledge is very essential for method development. In this work, the effect of temperature on solute behavior has been studied using various stationary phases which are representative of the available thermally stable materials present on the market. The thermodynamic properties were evaluated by using different mobile phases: acetonitrile-water, methanol-water and pure water. The obtained results were discussed on the basis of both type of mobile phases and type of stationary phases. Type of mobile phase was found to play an important role on the retention of solutes. The kinetic aspect was studied at various temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to high temperature (typically from about 30 to 200 degrees C) by fitting the experimental data with the Knox equation and it was shown that the efficiency is improved significantly when the temperature is increased. In this paper, we also discussed the problem of temperature control for thermostating columns which may represent a significant source of peak broadening: by taking into account the three main parameters such as heat transfer, pressure drop and band broadening resulting from the preheating tube, suitable rules are set up for a judicious choice of the column internal diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Guillarme
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, CNRS UMR 5180, Université Claude Bernard, 43 Bd du II Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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50
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Widmer N, Béguin A, Rochat B, Buclin T, Kovacsovics T, Duchosal MA, Leyvraz S, Rosselet A, Biollaz J, Decosterd LA. Determination of imatinib (Gleevec®) in human plasma by solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 803:285-92. [PMID: 15063337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive HPLC method has been developed for the assay of imatinib in human plasma, by off-line solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC coupled with UV-Diode Array Detection. Plasma (750 microl), with clozapine added as internal standard, is diluted 3 + 1 with water and subjected to a solid-phase extraction on a C18 cartridge. After matrix components elimination with 2000 microl of water (in two aliquots of 1000 microl), imatinib is eluted with 3 x 500 microl MeOH. The resulting eluate is evaporated under nitrogen at room temperature and is reconstituted in 180 microl 50% methanol. A 50 microl volume is injected onto a Nucleosil 100-5 microm C18 AB column. Imatinib is analyzed using a gradient elution program with solvent mixture constituted of methanol and water containing both 0.05% ammonium acetate. Imatinib is detected by UV at 261 nm. The calibration curves are linear between 0.1 and 10 microg/ml. The limit of quantification and detection are 0.05 and 0.01 microg/ml, respectively. The mean absolute recovery of imatinib is 96%. The method is precise with mean inter-day CVs within 1.1-2.4%, and accurate (range of inter-day deviations -0.6 to +0.7%). The method has been validated and is currently being applied in a clinical study assessing the imatinib plasma concentration variability in a population of chronic myeloid leukemia- and gastro-intestinal stromal tumor-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Widmer
- Division de Pharmacologie Clinique, Laboratoire BH 18-218, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
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