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Kokilambigai KS, Irina VM, Sheba Mariam KC, Adila K, Kathirvel S. Comprehensive overview of analytical and bioanalytical methodologies for the opioid analgesics - Tramadol and combinations. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115579. [PMID: 38797485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic opioids like Tramadol are used to treat mild to moderate pain. Its ability to relieve pain is about a tenth that of morphine. Furthermore, Tramadol shares similar effects on serotonin and norepinephrine to several antidepressants known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine and duloxetine. The present review paper discusses the recent developments in analytical methods for identifying drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological materials, such as blood, saliva, urine, and hair. In recent years, a wide variety of analytical instruments, including capillary electrophoresis, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC, GC-MS, and electrochemical sensors, have been used for drug identification in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological samples. The primary quantification techniques currently employed for its quantification in various matrices are highlighted in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kokilambigai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V M Irina
- Dr. Moopen's College of Pharmacy, Naseera Nagar, Meppadi PO, Wayanad, 673577, Kerala, India
| | - K C Sheba Mariam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - K Adila
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - S Kathirvel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India.
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Cantatore C, La Regina G, Ferretti R, Silvestri R, Cirilli R. Single‐run chemo‐ and enantio‐selective high‐performance liquid chromatography separation of tramadol and its principal metabolite, O‐desmethyltramadol, using a chlorinated immobilized amylose‐based chiral stationary phase under multimodal elution conditions. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cantatore
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy ‐ Cenci Bolognetti Foundation Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Rosella Ferretti
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Laboratory Affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy ‐ Cenci Bolognetti Foundation Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
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Ribeiro C, Santos C, Gonçalves V, Ramos A, Afonso C, Tiritan ME. Chiral Drug Analysis in Forensic Chemistry: An Overview. Molecules 2018; 23:E262. [PMID: 29382109 PMCID: PMC6017579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances of forensic interest are chiral and available either as racemates or pure enantiomers. Application of chiral analysis in biological samples can be useful for the determination of legal or illicit drugs consumption or interpretation of unexpected toxicological effects. Chiral substances can also be found in environmental samples and revealed to be useful for determination of community drug usage (sewage epidemiology), identification of illicit drug manufacturing locations, illegal discharge of sewage and in environmental risk assessment. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of chiral analysis in biological and environmental samples and their relevance in the forensic field. Most frequently analytical methods used to quantify the enantiomers are liquid and gas chromatography using both indirect, with enantiomerically pure derivatizing reagents, and direct methods recurring to chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Cristiana Santos
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Valter Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Ramos
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies , Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Yilmaz B, Erdem AF. Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Its Metabolite in Human Urine by the Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1037-43. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pedersen RS, Damkier P, Christensen MMH, Brosen K. A cytochrome P450 phenotyping cocktail causing unexpected adverse reactions in female volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 69:1997-9. [PMID: 23917460 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A four-drug cytochrome P450 (CYP) phenotyping cocktail was developed to rapidly and safely determine CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and CYP1A2 enzyme activity and phenotype. METHODS The cocktail consisted of the single CYP phenotyping probes of 50 mg tramadol (CYP2D6), 20 mg omeprazole (CYP2C19), 25 mg losartan (CYP2C9) and 200 mg caffeine (CYP1A2) and was administered as a single oral dose. For enzyme activity measurements, urine was collected as 8 h post-administration and blood was sampled at 4 h. The enzyme activity was determined by metabolic ratios of molar concentrations of the drugs and their enzyme catalyzed metabolites and was correlated to the relevant genotypes. RESULTS In a pilot study in 12 healthy male volunteers the CYP genotype-phenotype correlation and robustness of the cocktail was successfully determined without detection of any adverse drug reactions. In the subsequent population study, four female volunteers experienced unexpected and unacceptable moderate and severe adverse reactions (ARs) of headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, blue fingers, nails and lips and difficulties in urinating, which led to the study being prematurely terminated after inclusion of only 22 subjects (15 males, 7 females) [corrected]. CONCLUSION Attention must be paid to adverse reactions when designing new combinations of phenotype cocktails regardless of the doses and drugs involved. We specifically warn against the combination of tramadol, omeprazole, losartan and caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Steen Pedersen
- Institute of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslowsvej 19, 5000, Odense, Denmark,
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Saccomanni G, Del Carlo S, Giorgi M, Manera C, Saba A, Macchia M. Determination of tramadol and metabolites by HPLC-FL and HPLC–MS/MS in urine of dogs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:194-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nielsen AG, Pedersen RS, Noehr-Jensen L, Damkier P, Brosen K. Two separate dose-dependent effects of paroxetine: mydriasis and inhibition of tramadol’s O-demethylation via CYP2D6. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66:655-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Noehr-Jensen L, Zwisler ST, Larsen F, Sindrup SH, Damkier P, Brosen K. Escitalopram Is a Weak Inhibitor of the CYP2D6-Catalyzed O-Demethylation of (+)-Tramadol but Does Not Reduce the Hypoalgesic Effect in Experimental Pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:626-33. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Di Patti F, Fanelli D, Pedersen R, Giuliani C, Torricelli F. Modelling the pharmacokinetics of tramadol: On the difference between CYP2D6 extensive and poor metabolizers. J Theor Biol 2008; 254:568-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the impact of CYP2D6 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol. However, the relationship between the O-demethylation of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol (M1) and CYP2D6 activity has not previously been investigated with tramadol in multimedicated outpatients under steady-state conditions. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine if the well documented pharmacokinetics of tramadol regarding CYP2D6 could be verified in a study including 88 multimedicated Faroese patients, treated with tramadol at steady-state conditions. Further, the study aimed to investigate whether the previously observed frequency of CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) in the Faroese, which was shown to be double that of other Europeans, was evident in a patient group medicated with a CYP2D6 substrate. The patients were CYP2D6-phenotyped by the intake of sparteine, followed by urine collection over 12 hours. Sparteine and its metabolites were assayed by gas chromatography. Genotype analyses for the CYP2D6 3, 4, 6, and 9 alleles were performed by polymerase chain reaction and Taqman technology. Plasma and urinary concentrations of (+/-)-tramadol and (+/-)-M1 were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. With use of CYP2D6 phenotyping, 10 patients (11.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.7-20.1%]) were classified as CYP2D6 PMs, and 8 (9.3% [95% CI, 4.1-17.3%]) of these were genotyped as CYP2D6 PMs. The PM frequency was not statistically significantly higher than that in other European populations (7%-10%). The concentrations of (+)-M1 when corrected for dose (nM/mg) and the (+)-M1/(+)-tramadol ratio were approximately 14-fold higher in the extensive metabolizers (EMs) than in the PMs. In conclusion, the impact of the CYP2D6 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol was clearly demonstrated in a group of multimedicated patients treated with tramadol under steady-state conditions. Further, the frequency of PMs was not higher than that in other European populations, as previously shown in different Faroese groups, possibly because of discontinued tramadol treatment in Faroese patients who were PMs.
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Curticapean A, Muntean D, Curticapean M, Dogaru M, Vari C. Optimized HPLC method for tramadol and O-desmethyl tramadol determination in human plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70:1304-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mehvar R, Elliott K, Parasrampuria R, Eradiri O. Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of tramadol and its O-demethylated (M1) and N,O-demethylated (M5) metabolites in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:152-9. [PMID: 17257910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A stereospecific method for simultaneous quantitation of the enantiomers of tramadol (T) and its active metabolites O-demethyl tramadol (M1) and O-demethyl-N-demethyl tramadol (M5) in human plasma is reported. After the addition of penbutolol (IS), plasma (0.5 ml) samples were extracted into methyl tert-butyl ether, followed by back extraction into an acidic solution. The separation was achieved using a Chiralpak AD column with a mobile phase of hexanes:ethanol:diethylamine (94:6:0.2) and a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The fluorescence of analytes was then detected at excitation and emission wavelengths of 275 and 300 nm, respectively. All the six enantiomeric peaks of interest plus three unknown metabolite peaks and IS peak (a total of 10 peaks) eluted within 23 min, free from endogenous interference. The assay was validated in the plasma concentration range of 2.5-250 ng/ml, with a lower limit of quantitation of 2.5 ng/ml, for all the six analytes. The extraction efficiency (n=5) was close to 100% for both T and M1 enantiomers and 85% for M5 and IS enantiomers. The application of the assay was demonstrated by simultaneous measurement of plasma concentrations of T, M1, and M5 enantiomers in a healthy volunteer after the administration of 50 mg oral doses of racemic T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mehvar
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Abdellatef HE, El-Henawee MM, El-Sayed HM, Ayad MM. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for analysis of tramadol, acebutolol and dothiepin in pharmaceutical preparations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 65:1087-92. [PMID: 16716651 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods are described for the determination of tramadol, acebutolol and dothiepin (dosulepin) hydrochlorides. The two methods are based on the condensation of the cited drugs with the mixed anhydrides of malonic and acetic acids at 60 degrees C for 25-40 min. The coloured condensation products are suitable for the spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination at 329-333 and 431-434 nm (excitation at 389 nm), respectively. For the spectrophotometric method, Beer's law was obeyed from 0.5 to 2.5 microg ml(-1) for tramadol, dothiepin and 5-25 microg ml(-1) for acebutolol. Using the spectrofluorimetric method linearity ranged from 0.25 to 1.25 microg ml(-1) for tramadol, dothiepin and 1-5 microg ml(-1) for acebutolol. Mean percentage recoveries for the spectrophotometric method were 99.68+/-1.00, 99.95+/-1.11 and 99.72+/-1.01 for tramadol, acebutolol and dothiepin, respectively and for the spectrofluorimetric method, recoveries were 99.5+/-0.844, 100.32+/-0.969 and 99.82+/-1.15 for the three drugs, respectively. The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction has been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the selected drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations with good recoveries. The procedures were accurate, simple and suitable for quality control application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham E Abdellatef
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Li J, Ju H. Simultaneous determination of ethamsylate, tramadol and lidocaine in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3467-74. [PMID: 16892483 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ethamsylate, tramadol and lidocaine, partly excreted by the kidney, are generally used as hemostatic, analgesic and local anesthetic in surgery. We developed a simple and sensitive method for their simultaneous monitoring in human urine based on CE coupled with electrochemiluminescence detection by end-column mode. Under optimized conditions the proposed method yielded linear ranges from 5.0 x 10(-8) to 5.0 x 10(-5), 1.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-4) and 1.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-4) M with LODs of 8.0 x 10(-9) M (36 amol), 1.6 x 10(-8) M (72 amol) and 1.0 x 10(-8) M (45 amol) (S/N = 3) for ethamsylate, tramadol and lidocaine, respectively. The RSD for their simultaneous detection at 1.0 x 10(-6) M was 2.1, 2.8 and 3.2% (n = 7), respectively. For practical application an extraction step with ethyl acetate at pH 11 was performed to eliminate the influence of the sample ionic strength. The recoveries of ethamsylate, tramadol and lidocaine at different levels in human urine were between 87 and 95%. This method was used for simultaneous detection of ethamsylate, tramadol and lidocaine in clinic urine samples from two medicated patients. It was valuable in clinical and biochemical laboratories for monitoring these drugs for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Pedersen RS, Damkier P, Brøsen K. Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of tramadol in CYP2D6 extensive and poor metabolizers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62:513-21. [PMID: 16763825 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-006-0135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe in detail the intravenous, single oral and multiple oral dose enantioselective pharmacokinetics of tramadol in CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs). METHODS Eight EMs and eight PMs conducted three phases as an open-label cross-over trial with different formulations; 150 mg single oral tramadol hydrochloride, 50 mg single oral tramadol hydrochloride every 8 h for 48 h (steady state), 100 mg intravenous tramadol hydrochloride. Urine and plasma concentrations of (+/-)-tramadol and (+/-)-M1 were determined for 48 h after administration. RESULTS In all three phases, there were significant differences between EMs and PMs in AUC and t(1/2) of (+)-tramadol (P< or =0.0015), (-)-tramadol (P< or =0.0062), (+)-M1 (P< or =0.0198) and (-)-M1 (P< or =0.0370), and significant differences in C(max) of (+)-M1 (P<0.0001) and (-)-M1 (P< or =0.0010). In Phase A and C, significant differences in t(max) were seen for (+)-M1 (P< or =0.0200). There were no statistical differences between the absolute bioavailability of tramadol in EMs and PMs. The urinary recoveries of (+)-tramadol, (-)-tramadol, (+)-M1 and (-)-M1 were statistically significantly different in EMs and PMs (P<0.05). Median antimodes of the urinary metabolic ratios of (+)-tramadol / (+)-M1 and (-)-M1 were 5.0 and 1.5, respectively, hereby clearly separating EMs and PMs in all three phases. CONCLUSION The impact of CYP2D6 phenotype on tramadol pharmacokinetics was similar after single oral, multiple oral and intravenous administration displaying significant pharmacokinetic differences between EMs and PMs of (+)-tramadol, (-)-tramadol, -(+)-M1 and (-)-M1. The O-demethylation of tramadol was catalysed stereospecific by CYP2D6 in the way that very little (+)-M1 was produced in PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Steen Pedersen
- Institute of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 19, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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Sha YF, Shen S, Duan GL. Rapid determination of tramadol in human plasma by headspace solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:143-7. [PMID: 15664754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive method for determination of tramadol in plasma samples was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The optimum conditions for the SPME procedure were: headspace extraction on a 65-microm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber; 0.5 mL of plasma modified with 0.5 mL of sodium hydroxide (0.1 M); extraction temperature of 100 degrees C, with stirring at 2000 rpm for 30 min. The calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 1-400 ng mL(-1) with regression coefficient corresponding to 0.9986 and coefficient of the variation of the points of the calibration curve lower than 10%. The detection limit for tramadol in plasma was 0.2 ng mL(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of tramadol in human plasma samples from 10 healthy volunteers after a single oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Sha
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Lehtonen P, Siren H, Ojanperä I, Kostiainen R. Migration behaviour and separation of tramadol metabolites and diastereomeric separation of tramadol glucuronides by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1041:227-34. [PMID: 15281273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with UV detection was used to separate tramadol (TR), a centrally acting analgesic, and its five phase I (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) and three phase II metabolites (glucuronides of M1, M4 and M5). Several factors were evaluated in optimisation of the separation: pH and composition of the background electrolyte and the influence of a micellar modifier, sodium dodecyl sulfate. Baseline separation of TR and all the analytes was obtained with use of 65 mM tetraborate electrolyte solution at pH 10.65. The lowest concentrations of the analytes that could be detected were below 1 microM for the O-methylated, below 2 microM for the phenolic and ca. 7 microM for the glucuronide metabolites. The suitability of the method for screening of real samples was tested with an authentic urine sample collected after a single oral dose (50 mg) of TR. After purification and five-fold concentration of the sample (solid-phase extraction with Oasis MCX cartridges), the parent drug TR and its metabolites M1, M1G, M5 and M5G were easily detected, in comparison with standards, in an interference-free area of the electropherogram. Diastereomeric separation of TR glucuronides in in vitro samples was achieved with 10 mM ammonium acetate-100 mM formic acid electrolyte solution at pH 2.75 and with basic micellar 25 mM tetraborate-70 mM SDS electrolyte solution at pH 10.45. Both separations showed that glucuronidation in vitro produces glucuronide diastereomers in different amounts. The authentic TR urine sample was also analysed by micellar method, but unambiguous identification of the glucuronide diastereomers was not achieved owing to many interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Lehtonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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Campanero MA, García-Quetglas E, Sádaba B, Azanza JR. Simultaneous stereoselective analysis of tramadol and its primary phase I metabolites in plasma by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1031:219-28. [PMID: 15058586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a bioanalytical method involving a simple liquid-liquid extraction for the simultaneous HPLC determination of the enantiomers of tramadol, the active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1), and the other main metabolite N-desmethyltramadol (M2) in biological samples. Chromatography was performed at 5 degrees C on a Chiracel OD-R column containing cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as chiral selector, preceded by a achiral end-capped C8 column (LiChrospher 60-RP-selected B 5 microm, 250 mm x 4 mm). The mobile phase was a mixture of phosphate buffer containing sodium perchlorate (1 M) adjusted to pH 2.5-acetonitrile-N,N-dimethyloctylamine (74.8:25:0.2). The flow rate was 0.5 ml/min. Fluorescence detection (lambda(ex) 200 nm/lambda(em) 301 nm) was used. Fluconazol was selected as internal standard. The limit of quantitation of each enantiomer of tramadol and their metabolites was 0.5 ng/ml (sample size = 0.5 ml). The chiral conditions and the LC optimisation were investigated in order to select the most appropriate operating conditions. The method developed has also been validated. Mean recoveries above of 95% for each enantiomer were obtained. Calibration curves for tramadol enantiomers (range 1-500 ng/ml), M1 enantiomers (range 0.5-100 ng/ml), and M2 enantiomers (range 0.5-250 ng/ml) were linear with coefficients of correlation better than 0.996. Within-day variation determined on four different concentrations showed acceptable values. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was determined to be less than 10%. This method was successfully used to investigate plasma concentration of enantiomers of tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol and N-desmethyltramadol in a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Campanero
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, C/Pio XII s/n, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
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