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Moldovan RC, Bodoki E, Servais AC, Crommen J, Oprean R, Fillet M. (+) or (-)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate as chiral derivatizing agent: A review. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:1-17. [PMID: 28756893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30years, (±)-1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate ((±)-FLEC) was used as a chiral derivatizing agent in various analytical applications involving a wide range of endogenous, pharmaceutical and environmentally relevant molecules. This comprehensive review aims to present all the significant aspects related to the state of the art in FLEC labeling and subsequent chiral separation of the resulting diastereomers using LC, SFC and CE techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu-Cristian Moldovan
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca,4 Louis Pasteur street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca,4 Louis Pasteur street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Radu Oprean
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca,4 Louis Pasteur street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, CIRM, University of Liege,Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36-+3-T4, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
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A micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry approach using in-capillary diastereomeric derivatization for fully automatized chiral analysis of amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:400-408. [PMID: 27554025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the context of bioanalytical method development, process automatization is nowadays a necessity in order to save time, improve method reliability and reduce costs. For the first time, a fully automatized micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry (MEKC-MS) method with in-capillary derivatization was developed for the chiral analysis of d- and l-amino acids using (-)-1-(9-fluorenyl) ethyl chloroformate (FLEC) as labeling reagent. The derivatization procedure was optimized using an experimental design approach leading to the following conditions: sample and FLEC plugs in a 2:1 ratio (15s, 30mbar: 7.5s, 30mbar) followed by 15min of mixing using a voltage of 0.1kV. The formed diastereomers were then separated using a background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of 150mM ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) (pH=9.5) and detected by mass spectrometry (MS). Complete chiral resolution was obtained for 8 amino acids, while partial separation was achieved for 6 other amino acid pairs. The method showed good reproducibility and linearity in the low micromolar concentration range. The applicability of the method to biological samples was tested by analyzing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) samples.
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Padivitage NLT, Dodbiba E, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW. Enantiomeric separations of illicit drugs and controlled substances using cyclofructan-based (LARIHC) and cyclobond I 2000 RSP HPLC chiral stationary phases. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:542-51. [PMID: 24115758 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently a novel class of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on cyclofructan (CF) has been developed. Cyclofructans are cyclic oligosaccharides that possess a crown ether core and pendent fructofuranose moieties. Herein, we evaluate the applicability of these novel CSPs for the enantiomeric separation of chiral illicit drugs and controlled substances directly without any derivatization. A set of 20 racemic compounds were used to evaluate these columns including 8 primary amines, 5 secondary amines, and 7 tertiary amines. Of the new cyclofructan-based LARIHC columns, 14 enantiomeric separations were obtained including 7 baseline and 7 partial separations. The LARIHC CF6-P column proved to be the most useful in separating illicit drugs and controlled substances accounting for 11 of the 14 optimized separations. The polar organic mode containing small amounts of methanol in acetonitrile was the most useful solvent system for the LARIHC CF6-P CSP. Furthermore, the LARIHC CF7-DMP CSP proved to be valuable for the separation of the tested chiral drugs resulting in four of the optimized enantiomeric separations, whereas the CF6-RN did not yield any optimum separations. The broad selectivity of the LARIHC CF7-DMP CSP is evident as it separated primary, secondary and tertiary amine containing chiral drugs. The compounds that were partially or un-separated using the cyclofructan based columns were screened with a Cyclobond I 2000 RSP column. This CSP provided three baseline and six partial separations.
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Drake SJ, Morrison C, Smith F. Simultaneous chiral separation of methylamphetamine and common precursors using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chirality 2011; 23:593-601. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Common methods for the chiral determination of amphetamine and related compounds I. Gas, liquid and thin-layer chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cháfer-Pericás C, Campíns-Falcó P, Herráez-Hernández R. Application of solid-phase microextraction combined with derivatization to the enantiomeric determination of amphetamines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:1209-17. [PMID: 16290021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The utility of combining chiral derivatization and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the enantiomeric analysis of primary amphetamines by liquid chromatography has been investigated. Different derivatization/extraction strategies have been evaluated and compared using the chiral reagent o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA)-N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and fibres with a Carbowax-templated resin coating. Amphetamine, norephedrine and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) were used as model compounds. On the basis of the results obtained, a new method is presented based on the derivatization of the analytes in solution followed by SPME of the OPA-NAC derivatives formed. The proposed conditions have been applied to determine the compounds of interest at low ppm levels (<or=10 microg/ml) in aqueous and urine samples. Data on the linearity, reproducibility, sensitivity and selectivity are given. The utility of the described procedure for the quantification of amphetamine, norephedrine and MDA enantiomers in different kind of samples is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cháfer-Pericás
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Verd�-Andr�s J, Camp�ns-Falc� P, Herr�ez-Hern�ndez R. Enantioselective Analysis of Amphetamine-Related Designer Drugs in Body Fluids Using Liquid Chromatography and Solid-Phase Derivatization. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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