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Van Hale R, Schofield M, Connor M, Barker R, Frew R. Stable isotope measurements to differentiate sources of monofluoroacetate in a blackmail case. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:839-847. [PMID: 30779226 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stable isotope ratios can provide a 'fingerprint' to enable differentiation of sources of monofluoroacetate (MFA), hence providing a means to eliminate potential sources of MFA in a blackmail case involving the contamination of milk. METHODS The stable isotopic compositions (δ2 H, δ13 C and δ18 O values) of a library of 43 samples of MFA were determined and multivariate models constructed to differentiate samples of different composition. The data from the MFA library were compared with those obtained from MFA extracted from contaminated milk powder (the case samples). The isotopic composition of the extracted samples was measured on dichloroaniline derivatives. RESULTS A wide range of values was found for δ2 H, δ13 C and δ18 O of the MFA samples, much greater than the analytical repeatability between subsamples. Stable isotope data, therefore, provide a means of distinguishing samples of MFA. Of the 43 MFA samples tested, all but 6 could be eliminated as potential sources of the contamination, i.e. they had a distinctly different isotopic composition such that they must have had different histories and/or origins. CONCLUSIONS Stable isotope measurements of bulk and derivatized MFA provide an effective means of discriminating MFA samples. Three of the library samples that could not be differentiated from the case samples were directly connected to the suspect, and this evidence contributed to the suspect's admission of guilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Van Hale
- Isotrace Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Schofield
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Wellington Forensic Service Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Richard Barker
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Russell Frew
- Isotrace Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Isolation of the anionic toxin monofluoroacetate from a decontamination foam matrix. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Santos-Barbosa JM, Lee ST, Cook D, Gardner DR, Viana LH, Ré N. A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Detection and Quantitation of Monofluoroacetate in Plants Toxic to Livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1428-1433. [PMID: 28132508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monofluoroacetate (MFA) is a potent toxin that occurs in over 50 plant species in Africa, Australia, and South America and is responsible for significant livestock deaths in these regions. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the analysis of MFA in plants based on the derivatization of MFA with n-propanol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form propyl fluoroacetate was developed. This method compared favorably to a currently employed high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method for the analysis of MFA in plants. The GC-MS method was applied to the analysis of MFA in herbarium specimens of Fridericia elegans, Niedenzuella stannea, N. multiglandulosa, N. acutifolia, and Aenigmatanthera lasiandra. This is the first report of MFA being detected in F. elegans, N. multiglandulosa, N. acutifolia, and A. lasiandra, some of which have been reported to cause sudden death or that are toxic to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Santos-Barbosa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Avenida Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Luis Henrique Viana
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Avenida Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Nilva Ré
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Avenida Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Bessaire T, Tarres A, Goyon A, Mottier P, Dubois M, Tan WP, Delatour T. Quantitative determination of sodium monofluoroacetate "1080" in infant formulas and dairy products by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1885-92. [PMID: 26366530 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1087057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A fast and easy-to-use confirmatory liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based-method was developed for the analysis of the pesticide sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA, also called "1080") in infant formulas and related dairy products. Extraction of the compound encompassed sample reconstitution and liquid-liquid extraction under acidic conditions. Time-consuming solid-phase extraction steps for clean-up and enrichment and tedious derivatisation were thus avoided. Resulting sample extracts were analysed by electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode. Quantification was performed by the isotopic dilution approach using (13)C-labelled MFA as internal standard. The procedure was validated according to the European document SANCO/12571/2013 and performance parameters such as linearity (r(2) > 0.99), precision (RSD(r) ≤ 9%, RSD(iR) ≤ 11%) and recovery (96-117%) fulfilled its requirements. Limit of quantifications (LOQ) was 1 µg kg(-1) for infant formulas and related dairy products except for whey proteins powders with a LOQ of 5 µg kg(-1). Method ruggedness was further assessed in another laboratory devoted to routine testing for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessaire
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Tarres
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mottier
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thierry Delatour
- a Analytical Sciences Department, Nestlé Research Centre , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Lee ST, Cook D, Pfister JA, Allen JG, Colegate SM, Riet-Correa F, Taylor CM. Monofluoroacetate-containing plants that are potentially toxic to livestock. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7345-7354. [PMID: 24724702 DOI: 10.1021/jf500563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many plants worldwide contain monofluoroacetate and cause sudden death in livestock. These plants are primarily found in the southern continents of Africa, Australia, and South America, where they negatively affect livestock production. This review highlights past and current research investigating (1) the plants reported to contain monofluoroacetate and cause sudden death; (2) the mode of action, clinical signs, and pathology associated with poisoning by monofluoroacetate-containing plants; (3) chemical methods for the analysis of monofluoroacetate in plants; (4) the coevolution of native flora and fauna in Western Australia with respect to monofluoroacetate-containing plants; and (5) methods to mitigate livestock losses caused by monofluoroacetate-containing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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Nogueira VA, Peixoto TC, França TN, Caldas SA, Peixoto PV. Intoxicação por monofluoroacetato em animais. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O monofluoroacetato (MF) ou ácido monofluoroacético é utilizado na Austrália e Nova Zelândia no controle populacional de mamíferos nativos ou exóticos. O uso desse composto é proibido no Brasil, devido ao risco de intoxicação de seres humanos e de animais, uma vez que a substância permanece estável por décadas. No Brasil casos recentes de intoxicação criminosa ou acidental têm sido registrados. MF foi identificado em diversas plantas tóxicas, cuja ingestão determina "morte súbita"; de bovinos na África do Sul, Austrália e no Brasil. O modo de ação dessa substância baseia-se na formação do fluorocitrato, seu metabólito ativo, que bloqueia competitivamente a aconitase e o ciclo de Krebs, o que reduz produção de ATP. As espécies animais têm sido classificadas nas quatro Categorias em função do efeito provocado por MF: (I) no coração, (II) no sistema nervoso central (III) sobre o coração e sistema nervoso central ou (IV) com sintomatologia atípica. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma revisão crítica atualizada sobre essa substância. O diagnóstico da intoxicação por MF é realizado pelo histórico de ingestão do tóxico, pelos achados clínicos e confirmado por exame toxicológico. Uma forma peculiar de degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar das células epiteliais dos túbulos uriníferos contorcidos distais tem sido considerada como característica dessa intoxicação em algumas espécies. O tratamento da intoxicação por MF é um desafio, pois ainda não se conhece um agente capaz de reverte-la de maneira eficaz; o desfecho geralmente é fatal
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Vidal DTR, Augelli MA, Hotta GM, Lopes FS, do Lago CL. Determination of fluoroacetate and fluoride in blood serum by capillary zone electrophoresis using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:896-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hamelin EI, Mawhinney DB, Parry R, Kobelski RJ. Quantification of monofluoroacetate and monochloroacetate in human urine by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1045-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Noonan GO, Begley TH, Diachenko GW. Rapid quantitative and qualitative confirmatory method for the determination of monofluoroacetic acid in foods by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1139:271-8. [PMID: 17141253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid quantitative method and a qualitative confirmatory method for the determination of monofluoroacetic acid (MFA) in complex food matrices are presented. The quantitative method utilizes a water extraction, solid phase extraction clean-up and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for determination of MFA. This method showed a high degree of specificity, detecting MFA in all of the spiked samples, while none of the unfortified samples tested positive for MFA. Spike recoveries were high in all matrices analyzed, varying from 85 to 110%, and comparable at low (2mg/L) and high (20mg/L) spiking levels. Repeatability tests at the low spiking levels yielded RSDs of less than 5% for all matrices analyzed. The qualitative confirmatory method developed is conceptually different from the quantitative method, ensuring that both methods would not be subject to the same interferences. The method uses the formation of the hydrazide of MFA through derivatization with 2-nitrophenylhydrazine. This derivatization is well established for the determination of carboxylic acids, but this is the first application to the determination of MFA. The derivatization yield was matrix dependent, however the limit of detection (LOD) (0.8microg/L) was sufficient to confirm the presence of MFA in all spiked matrices. Repeatability tests at the low spiking levels yielded RSDs of approximately 7% for all matrices analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Noonan
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Koryagina NL, Savelieva EI, Khlebnikova NS, Goncharov NV, Jenkins RO, Radilov AS. Determination of fluoroacetic acid in water and biological samples by GC-FID and GC-MS in combination with solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1395-400. [PMID: 16941160 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure has been developed for determination of fluoroacetic acid (FAA) in water and biological samples. It involves ethylation of FAA with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid, solid-phase microextraction of the ethyl fluoroacetate formed, and subsequent analysis by GC-FID or by GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring mode. The detection limits for FAA in water, blood plasma, and organ homogenates are 0.001 microg mL(-1), 0.01 microg mL(-1), and 0.01 microg g(-1), respectively. The determination error at concentrations close to the detection limit was less than 50%. For analysis of biological samples, the approach has the advantages of overcoming the matrix effect and protecting the GC and GC-MS systems from contamination. Application of the approach to determination of FAA in blood plasma and organ tissues of animals poisoned with sodium fluoroacetate reveals substantial differences between the dynamics of FAA accumulation and clearance in rabbits and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda L Koryagina
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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