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Kristl A, Caf M, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Complex Protein Retention Shifts with a Pressure Increase: An Indication of a Standard Partial Molar Volume Increase during Adsorption? Anal Chem 2022; 94:13350-13358. [PMID: 36124423 PMCID: PMC9535627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Studies of protein adsorption on reversed-phase and ion
exchange
stationary phases demonstrated an increase in retention with increasing
pressure, which is interpreted as a standard partial molar volume
decrease during the transition of the protein from a mobile to a stationary
phase. Investigation of the pressure effect on the retention of lysozyme
and IgG on a cation exchange column surprisingly revealed a negative
retention trend with the increase of pressure. Further investigation
of this phenomenon was performed with β-lactoglobulin, which
enabled adsorption to be studied on both cation and anion exchange
columns using the same mobile phase with a pH of 5.2. The same surface
charge and standard partial molar volume in the mobile phase allowed
us to examine only the effect of adsorption. Interestingly, a negative
retention trend with a pressure increase occurred on an anion exchange
column while a positive trend was present on a cation exchange column.
This indicates that the interaction type governs the change in the
standard partial molar volume during adsorption, which is independent
of the applied pressure. Increasing the protein charge by decreasing
the pH of the mobile phase to 4 reversed the retention trend (into
a negative) with a pressure increase on the cation exchange column.
A further decrease of the pH value resulted in an even more pronounced
negative trend. This counterintuitive behavior indicates an increase
in the standard partial molar volume during adsorption with the protein
charge, possibly due to intermolecular repulsion of adsorbed protein
molecules. While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated, presented
results demonstrate the complexity of ion exchange interactions that
can be investigated simply by changing the column pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova ulica 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.,Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Maja Caf
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.,COBIK, Mirce 21, Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Kristl A, Lokošek P, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of pressure on the retention of macromolecules in ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:89-99. [PMID: 30926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shorter analysis times and greater resolving power are contributing factors for transfer of separation methods from an HPLC to a UHPLC system when performing analysis in biopharmaceutical or clinical research. The effect of pressure on separations in reversed phase chromatography is well described, however such investigations on ion exchange columns were previously not conducted. In this study we describe the effect of pressure on retention properties of proteins, oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA in ion exchange chromatography. Different column inlet pressures were obtained by coupling restriction capillaries with column outlet and performing separations at a constant temperature and mobile phase flow rate. Macromolecules were separated in isocratic mode as well as with various linear gradients of salt concentration at a constant pH value. The measured retention time increase was up to 80% for isocratic and 20% for gradient separations for a 500 bar increase in pressure. The effect of pressure was validated on a separate instrument after few months from initial experiments. The influence of pressure on retention properties seems to be dependent on the size, shape and flexibility of the macromolecule and causes different retention shifts when separating a sample with diverse analytes. Such changes in retention time can sometimes exceed the criteria set by European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) for the allowable method adjustment and are thus considered to be a result of a different separation method. Therefore, the pressure effect that follows method transfer from HPLC to UHPLC conditions should not be neglected even for gradient separations in ion exchange chromatography, as the resulting retention change may cause revalidation of the separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Lokošek
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
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4
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McCalley DV. The impact of pressure and frictional heating on retention, selectivity and efficiency in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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The influence of stationary phase on pressure-induced retention, selectivity and resolution changes in RP-LC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5557-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Evaluation of recent very efficient wide-pore stationary phases for the reversed-phase separation of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. New trends in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separations of therapeutic peptides and proteins: theory and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:9-27. [PMID: 22475515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical field, there is considerable interest in the use of peptides and proteins for therapeutic purposes. There are various ways to characterize such complex samples, but during the last few years, a significant number of technological developments have been brought to the field of RPLC and RPLC-MS. Thus, the present review focuses first on the basics of RPLC for peptides and proteins, including the inherent problems, some possible solutions and some directions for developing a new RPLC method that is dedicated to biomolecules. Then the latest advances in RPLC, such as wide-pore core-shell particles, fully porous sub-2 μm particles, organic monoliths, porous layer open tubular columns and elevated temperature, are described and critically discussed in terms of both kinetic efficiency and selectivity. Numerous applications with real samples are presented that confirm the relevance of these different strategies. Finally, one of the key advantages of RPLC for peptides and proteins over other historical approaches is its inherent compatibility with MS using both MALDI and ESI sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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8
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Euerby MR, James M, Petersson P. Practical implications of the ?Tanaka? stationary phase characterization methodology using ultra high performance liquid chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Makarov A, LoBrutto R, Karpinski P, Kazakevich Y, Christodoulatos C, Ganguly AK. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND LIOPHILIC MOBILE PHASE ADDITIVES ON RETENTION OF SMALL MOLECULES AND PROTEINS USING REVERSED-PHASE ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.601494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Makarov
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | - Rosario LoBrutto
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | - Paul Karpinski
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | | | | | - A. K. Ganguly
- c Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson , Hoboken , New Jersey , USA
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10
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Nováková L, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Practical method transfer from high performance liquid chromatography to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography: The importance of frictional heating. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7971-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Comparison of the mass transfer in totally porous and superficially porous stationary phases in liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1307-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Further investigations of the effect of pressure on retention in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Neue UD, Hudalla CJ, Iraneta PC. Influence of pressure on the retention of sugars in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 33:838-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Investigation of the validity of the kinetic plot method to predict the performance of coupled column systems operated at very high pressures under different thermal conditions. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3895-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Fallas MM, Neue UD, Hadley MR, McCalley DV. Investigation of the effect of pressure on retention of small molecules using reversed-phase ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:195-205. [PMID: 18845303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of inlet pressure on the retention of a series of low molecular weight acids, bases and neutrals, was investigated at constant temperature in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a commercial ultra-high-pressure system (Waters UPLC instrument). For neutral compounds, relatively small increases in retention factor of up to approximately 12% for a pressure increase of 500bar were noted; the largest values were obtained for polar solutes, or solutes of higher molecular weight. Ionisable acids and bases gave much larger increases in retention with pressure, in some cases as high as 50% for a pressure increase of 500bar. Thus, such compounds could show increases in retention factor approaching 100% over the pressure range available in the commercial UPLC instrument. Due to these differential increases, significant selectivity effects can be obtained for mixtures of different types of solute merely by changing the pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane M Fallas
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Colón LA, Cintrón JM, Anspach JA, Fermier AM, Swinney KA. Very high pressure HPLC with 1 mm id columns. Analyst 2004; 129:503-4. [PMID: 15152325 DOI: 10.1039/b405242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations and experimental data indicate that very high pressure HPLC can be performed using 1 and 1.5 mm id columns, and contrary to previous beliefs, the frictional heating generated does not appear to be detrimental to the separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Colón
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NS Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA.
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17
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Felinger A, Boros B, Ohmacht R. Effect of pressure on retention factors in HPLC using a non-porous stationary phase. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02494114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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