1
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Study of meat content and frying process on the formation of polar heterocyclic aromatic amines in heated sausage samples: Optimization and method validation of three‐phase
EME
coupled with
RP‐HPLC. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Kataoka H. In-tube solid-phase microextraction: Current trends and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461787. [PMID: 33359971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) was developed about 24 years ago as an effective sample preparation technique using an open tubular capillary column as an extraction device. IT-SPME is useful for micro-concentration, automated sample cleanup, and rapid online analysis, and can be used to determine the analytes in complex matrices simple sample processing methods such as direct sample injection or filtration. IT-SPME is usually performed in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography using an online column switching technology, in which the entire process from sample preparation to separation to data analysis is automated using the autosampler. Furthermore, IT-SPME minimizes the use of harmful organic solvents and is simple and labor-saving, making it a sustainable and environmentally friendly green analytical technique. Various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been developed to improve its extraction efficiency by, for example, enhancing its sorption capacity and selectivity. In addition, IT-SPME methods have been widely applied in environmental analysis, food analysis and bioanalysis. This review describes the present state of IT-SPME technology and summarizes its current trends and future perspectives, including method development and strategies to improve extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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3
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4
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Jillani SMS, Alhooshani K. Yttria‐based sol–gel coating for capillary microextraction online coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2435-2443. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalid Alhooshani
- Department of ChemistryKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran Saudi Arabia
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5
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Jillani SMS, Alhooshani K. Urea functionalized surface-bonded sol-gel coating for on-line hyphenation of capillary microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1543:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Application of micro-solid-phase extraction for the on-site extraction of heterocyclic aromatic amines in seawater. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1610-1617. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Armenta S, de la Guardia M. Green chromatography for the analysis of foods of animal origin. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Gibis M. Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Cooked Meat Products: Causes, Formation, Occurrence, and Risk Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:269-302. [PMID: 33371602 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Meat products are sources of protein with high biological value and an essential source of other nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. Heating processes cause food to become more appetizing with changes in texture, appearance, flavor, and chemical properties by the altering of protein structure and other ingredients. During heat treatment, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are formed due to the Maillard reaction. The HAAs are classified in at least 2 groups: thermic HAAs (100 to 300 °C) and pyrolytic HAAs (>300 °C). This review focuses on the parameters and precursors which affect the formation of HAAs: preparation, such as the marinating of meat, and cooking methods, including temperature, duration, and heat transfer, as well as levels of precursors. Additionally, factors are described subject to pH, and the type of meat and ingredients, such as added antioxidants, types of carbohydrates and amino acids, ions, fat, and other substances inhibiting or enhancing the formation of HAAs. An overview of the different analytical methods available is shown to determine the HAAs, including their preparation to clean up the sample prior to extraction. Epidemiological results and human daily intake of HAAs obtained from questionnaires show a relationship between the preference for very well-done meat products with increased HAA levels and an enhanced risk of the incidence of cancer, besides other carcinogens in the diet. The metabolic pathway of HAAs is governed by the activity of several enzymes leading to the formation of DNA adducts or HAA excretion and genetic sensitivity of individuals to the impact of HAAs on human cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gibis
- Dept. of Food Physics and Meat Science, Inst. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Univ. of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Cudjoe E, Pawliszyn J. Optimization of solid phase microextraction coatings for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry determination of neurotransmitters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1341:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Kataoka H, Inoue T, Saito K, Kato H, Masuda K. Analysis of heterocyclic amines in hair by on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 786:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Spietelun A, Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1667-85. [PMID: 23273266 DOI: 10.1021/cr300148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Spietelun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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12
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Polyethylene glycol-coated solid-phase microextraction fibres for the extraction of polar analytes—A review. Talanta 2011; 87:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Bashiri Juybari M, Mehdinia A, Jabbari A, Yamini Y. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Drop Followed by Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector for Determination of Some Pesticides in Water Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/451712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) followed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) was developed for determination of some pesticides in the water samples. Some important parameters, such as type and volumes of extraction and disperser solvent and salt effect on the extraction recovery of analytes from aqueous solution were investigated. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent: 1-undecanol, 15.0 μL; disperser solvent: acetone, 1.0 mL, and without salt addition), the preconcentration factors were obtained ranged from 802 to 915 for analytes. The linear ranges were from 0.05 to 100 μg L−1, and detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.008 μg L−1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs%, ) were between 3.2% and 6.7%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of target analytes in the tap, sea, and river water samples, and satisfactory recoveries were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Bashiri Juybari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1969764499, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Department of Marine Living Resources, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography, Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ali Jabbari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1969764499, Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Alaejos MS, Afonso AM. Factors That Affect the Content of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Cha HJ, Kim NH, Jeong EK, Na YC. Analysis of Heterocyclic Amines in Human Urine Using Multiple Solid-Phase Extraction by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.8.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Iwasaki M, Kataoka H, Ishihara J, Takachi R, Hamada GS, Sharma S, Le Marchand L, Tsugane S. Heterocyclic amines content of meat and fish cooked by Brazilian methods. J Food Compost Anal 2010; 23:61-69. [PMID: 20383312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic amine (HCA) concentrations were measured in meat and fish samples cooked by pan-frying, grilling and churrasco (Brazilian barbecue) to various levels of doneness in accordance with the cooking methods most commonly used in Brazil. HCAs were extracted by the Blue-rayon absorption method and measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) were sharply increased in very well-done meats and fish. HCA levels varied somewhat across cooking methods: levels of PhIP (ng/g) in very well-done, non-marinated samples were particularly high for churrasco (31.8 in the exterior of the sample), compared to lower levels for grilled (16.3), and pan-fried beef (0.58). On comparison across foods, chicken contained higher HCA levels than other non-marinated samples. For example, PhIP levels (ng/g) in very well-done pan-fried foods were 34.6 for chicken with the skin, 0.58 for beef, 7.25 for pork, 2.28 for sardines, and 7.37 for salmon cooked with the skin. HCA levels were lower in marinated meats and fish than in non-marinated samples, except for pan-fried salmon. This study provides valuable information which will allow the estimation of dietary HCA exposure using an epidemiologic questionnaire and the investigation of the association of HCA intake with cancer risk in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Kataoka H, Ishizaki A, Nonaka Y, Saito K. Developments and applications of capillary microextraction techniques: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 655:8-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Ma Q, Chen M, Shi ZG, Feng YQ. Preparation of a poly(N
-isopropylacrylamide-co
-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary and its application for in-tube solid-phase microextrac-tion coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2592-600. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Ionic liquid-mediated sol–gel coatings for capillary microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5449-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Determination of aflatoxins in food samples by automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4416-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Kataoka H, Itano M, Ishizaki A, Saito K. Determination of patulin in fruit juice and dried fruit samples by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3746-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Janoszka B, Błaszczyk U, Damasiewicz-Bodzek A, Sajewicz M. Analysis of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in pan-fried pork meat and its gravy by liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Lee JH, Back YM, Lee KG, Shin HS. Comparison of Different Solid-Phase Extraction Methods for the Analysis of Heterocyclic Amines from Pan-Fried Pork Meat. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2008. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2008.28.5.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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24
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Liu XY, Ji YS, Zhang HX, Liu MC. Highly sensitive analysis of substituted aniline compounds in water samples by using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as an in-tube solid-phase microextraction medium. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1212:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Sanz Alaejos M, Ayala J, González V, Afonso A. Analytical methods applied to the determination of heterocyclic aromatic amines in foods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 862:15-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Fang L, Kulkarni S, Alhooshani K, Malik A. Germania-Based, Sol−Gel Hybrid Organic−Inorganic Coatings for Capillary Microextraction and Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9441-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250
| | - Sameer Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250
| | - Khalid Alhooshani
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250
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27
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Zheng MM, Lin B, Feng YQ. Hybrid organic–inorganic octyl monolithic column for in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to capillary high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1164:48-55. [PMID: 17675044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An octyl-functionalized hybrid silica monolithic column was developed for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to perform on-line preconcentration coupled to capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (microHPLC) analysis. A hybrid silica monolithic column functionalized with octyl groups was conveniently synthesized by a two-step acid/base-catalyzed hydrolysis/co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and n-octyltriethoxysilane (C8-TEOS). The size of through-pores as well as the carbon content can be adjusted by changing the ratio of TEOS to C8-TEOS in the polymerization mixture. The extraction characteristics of the monolithic column prepared under optimized fabrication conditions were studied by using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as the analytes. The sample volume that could be injected into the system was increased up to 1mL with simultaneous increase of column efficiency, when hybrid silica monolithic column was used as a precolumn. Good linear calibration curves (R>0.999) were obtained, and the limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N=3) for the analytes were found to be between 2.4 and 8.1ng/mL with a UV absorbance detector, which are 299-456 times lower than those obtained without preconcentration. The column-to-column RSD values were 1.3-8.0% for recoveries of PAHs investigated.
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28
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Lord HL. Strategies for interfacing solid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:2-13. [PMID: 17178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are equally applicable to both volatile and non-volatile analytes, but the progress in applications to gas-phase separations has outpaced that of liquid-phase separations. The interfacing of SPME to gas chromatographic equipment has been straight-forward, requiring little modification of existing equipment. The requirement of solvent desorption for non-volatile or thermally labile analytes has, however, proven challenging for interfacing SPME with liquid-phase separations. Numerous options to achieve this have been described in the literature over the past decade, with applications in several different areas of analysis. To date, no single strategy or interface device design has proven optimal. During method development analysts must select the most appropriate interfacing technique among the options available. Out of these options three general strategies have emerged: (1) use of a manual injection interface tee; (2) in-tube SPME; and (3) off-line desorption followed by conventional liquid injection. In addition, there has been interest in coupling SPME directly to electrospray ionisation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) for mass spectrometry. Several examples of each of these strategies are reviewed here, and an overview of their use and application is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lord
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, W. Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8N 3Z5.
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29
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Ridgway K, Lalljie SPD, Smith RM. Sample preparation techniques for the determination of trace residues and contaminants in foods. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:36-53. [PMID: 17313955 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of trace residues and contaminants in complex matrices, such as food, often requires extensive sample extraction and preparation prior to instrumental analysis. Sample preparation is often the bottleneck in analysis and there is a need to minimise the number of steps to reduce both time and sources of error. There is also a move towards more environmentally friendly techniques, which use less solvent and smaller sample sizes. Smaller sample size becomes important when dealing with real life problems, such as consumer complaints and alleged chemical contamination. Optimal sample preparation can reduce analysis time, sources of error, enhance sensitivity and enable unequivocal identification, confirmation and quantification. This review considers all aspects of sample preparation, covering general extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet and pressurised liquid extraction, microextraction techniques such as liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and more selective techniques, such as solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The applicability of each technique in food analysis, particularly for the determination of trace organic contaminants in foods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Ridgway
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
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30
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Mitani K, Fujioka M, Uchida A, Kataoka H. Analysis of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid in food samples by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1146:61-6. [PMID: 17306277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method for the determination of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid in food samples was developed using a fully automated method consisting of in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). These compounds were separated within 5min by HPLC using an ODS-3 column and 5mM ammonium formate/acetonitrile (10/90, v/v). Electrospray ionization conditions in the negative ion mode were optimized for MS detection of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid. The optimum in-tube SPME conditions were 20draw/eject cycles of 40microL of sample using a Supel Q PLOT capillary column as an extraction device. The extracted compounds were easily desorbed from the capillary by passage of the mobile phase, and no carryover was observed. Using the in-tube SPME LC/MS method, good linearity of the calibration curve (r>0.9998) was obtained in the concentration range from 0 to 50ng/mL, and the detection limits (S/N=3) of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid were 2.9 and 2.1pg/mL, respectively. The in-tube SPME method showed above 75-fold greater sensitivity than the direct injection method (5microL injection). This method was applied successfully to analysis of food samples without interference peaks. The recoveries of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid spiked into liquid samples were above 79%, and the relative standard deviations were below 6.6%. These compounds were detected at ng/mL or ng/g levels in various liquid or solid food samples contacted with paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitani
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
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32
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Oliferova LA, Statkus MA, Tsisin GI, Wang J, Zolotov YA. On-line coupling of sorption preconcentration to liquid-chromatographic methods of analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Hu W, Hu B, Jiang Z. On-line preconcentration and separation of Co, Ni and Cd via capillary microextraction on ordered mesoporous alumina coating and determination by inductively plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Anal Chim Acta 2006; 572:55-62. [PMID: 17723461 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an ordered mesoporous alumina coating was prepared and applied to capillary microextraction (CME) of trace Co, Ni and Cd for the first time. The coated capillary was used for on-line coupling CME with inductively plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of trace metals of Co, Ni and Cd. The porous structure of Al2O3 coating was examined by SEM and TEM. The effects of the extraction parameters including pH, sample flow rate and volume, elution solution and interfering ions on the recovery of analytes have been investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection were 0.33, 1.5 and 1.4 ng L(-1) for Co, Ni and Cd, respectively, with a preconcentration factor of 10 times. The precisions for all investigated elements were 2.7, 4.1 and 2.5% (c=0.05 ng L(-1), n=7), for Co, Ni and Cd, respectively, and the sample frequency was 8 h(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of trace metals in water, rice and urine samples with the recovery of 94-105%. In order to validate the proposed method, two certified reference materials of GBW 0913 human urine and NIES No.10-b rice flour were analyzed, and the determination values are in good agreement with the certified values. The ordered mesoporous Al2O3 coated capillary can be used more than 20 times without decreasing the extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Cárdenes L, Martín‐Calero A, Ayala JH, González V, Afonso AM. Experimental Design Optimization of Solid‐Phase Microextraction Conditions for the Determination of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500477217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Mitani K, Fujioka M, Kataoka H. Fully automated analysis of estrogens in environmental waters by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1081:218-24. [PMID: 16038212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of five estrogens, estrone, 17beta-estradiol, estriol, ethynyl estradiol, and diethylstilbestrol, was developed using a fully automated method consisting of in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). These estrogens were separated within 8 min by HPLC using an XDB-C8 column and 0.01% ammonia/acetonitrile (60/40, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Electrospray ionization conditions in the negative ion mode were optimized for MS/MS detection of the estrogens. The optimum in-tube SPME conditions were 20 draw/eject cycles of 40 microL of sample using a Supel-Q PLOT capillary column as an extraction device. The extracted compounds were easily desorbed from the capillary by passage of the mobile phase, and no carryover was observed. Using the in-tube SPME LC/MS/MS method, good linearity of the calibration curve (r > or = 0.9996) was obtained in the concentration range from 10 to 200 pg/mL for all compounds examined. The limits of detection (S/N= 3) of the five estrogens examined ranged from 2.7 to 11.7 pg/mL. The in-tube SPME method showed 34-90-fold higher sensitivity than the direct injection method (5 microL injection). This method was applied successfully to the analysis of environmental water samples without any other pretreatment and interference peaks. Several surface water and wastewater samples were collected from the area around Asahi River, and estriol was detected at 35.7 pg/mL in the effluent of a sewage treatment plant. The recoveries of estrogens spiked into river waters were above 86%, except for estriol, and the relative standard deviations were below 0.9-8.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitani
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
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Alhooshani K, Kim TY, Kabir A, Malik A. Sol–gel approach to in situ creation of high pH-resistant surface-bonded organic–inorganic hybrid zirconia coating for capillary microextraction (in-tube SPME). J Chromatogr A 2005; 1062:1-14. [PMID: 15679137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel zirconia-based hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel coating was developed for capillary microextraction (CME) (in-tube SPME). High degree of chemical inertness inherent in zirconia makes it very difficult to covalently bind a suitable organic ligand to its surface. In the present work, this problem was addressed from a sol-gel chemistry point of view. Principles of sol-gel chemistry were employed to chemically bind a hydroxy-terminated silicone polymer (polydimethyldiphenylsiloxane, PDMDPS) to a sol-gel zirconia network in the course of its evolution from a highly reactive alkoxide precursor undergoing controlled hydrolytic polycondensation reactions. A fused silica capillary was filled with a properly designed sol solution to allow for the sol-gel reactions to take place within the capillary for a predetermined period of time (typically 15-30 min). In the course of this process, a layer of the evolving hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel polymer got chemically anchored to the silanol groups on the capillary inner walls via condensation reaction. At the end of this in-capillary residence time, the unbonded part of the sol solution was expelled from the capillary under helium pressure, leaving behind a chemically bonded sol-gel zirconia-PDMDPS coating on the inner walls. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, and aldehydes were efficiently extracted and preconcentrated from dilute aqueous samples using sol-gel zirconia-PDMDPS coated capillaries followed by thermal desorption and GC analysis of the extracted solutes. The newly developed sol-gel hybrid zirconia coatings demonstrated excellent pH stability, and retained the extraction characteristics intact even after continuous rinsing with a 0.1 M NaOH solution for 24 h. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of a sol-gel zirconia-based hybrid organic-inorganic coating as an extraction medium in solid phase microextraction (SPME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alhooshani
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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37
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Cárdenes L, Ayala JH, Afonso AM, González V. Solid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of heterocyclic aromatic amines. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1030:87-93. [PMID: 15043257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV diode array detection (DAD) for the analysis of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAs) is described. Four kinds of fiber coatings: Carbowax-templated resin (CW-TPR), Carbowax-divinylbenzene (CW-DVB), poly(dimethylsiloxane)-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) and polyacrylate (PA) were evaluated for extraction of nine most biologically active heterocyclic aromatic amines. Different parameters affecting to the microextraction and determination of HAs were studied, such as absorption and desorption time, desorption mode, composition of the solvent for desorption, pH, ionic strength, and percentage of methanol in the sample. To determine these amines in food samples a new simplified procedure is proposed, consisting of treatment of the sample with methanolic NaOH prior microextraction by CW-TPR fiber coating and HPLC-DAD determination. The advantages of this new method are the reduced amounts of time and organic solvents required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Cárdenes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain
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Barceló-Barrachina E, Moyano E, Puignou L, Galceran MT. Evaluation of reversed-phase columns for the analysis of heterocyclic aromatic amines by liquid chromatography—electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:45-59. [PMID: 15035996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), especially by the use of electrospray ionisation source (ESI), is currently used for the analysis of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAs) in complex samples. The present paper describes the study of the performance of different narrow-bore reversed-phase columns to achieve the best chromatographic separation for the determination of 16 HAs by LC-ESI-MS in food samples. Different parameters such as peak symmetry, resolution and number of theoretical plates have been evaluated for each column, using different chromatographic conditions. The column that provided the best results was TSK Gel Semi-Micro ODS-80TS of Tosohaas. Quality parameters have been established, obtaining good short-term precision in all cases (relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) lower than 7.7%) and low limits of detection (<13 pg injected in MS and <16 pg injected in MS/MS). The content of HAs in two beef extracts have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barceló-Barrachina
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Miniaturized sample preparation methods designed as the sample pretreatment for liquid phase separations, such as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been reviewed especially for the on-line coupling of the sample preparation process and the separation process. The development of the desorption interfaces for the effective combining of the sample preparation and subsequent liquid phase separations is briefly described along with the applications of the combined analytical systems to the analysis of complex sample mixtures such as biological and environmental matrices. Novel use of fine polymeric filaments as the extraction medium for microscale liquid phase separation methods are investigated and a comparison is made with other sample preparation techniques. Polymer coating onto the fibrous material is also introduced to further develop microscale sample preparation methods with improved extraction performance. Several other microscale sample preparation methods having a potential compatibility to the liquid phase separations are also described for future applications of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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Mitani K, Narimatsu S, Kataoka H. Determination of daidzein and genistein in soybean foods by automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 986:169-77. [PMID: 12597624 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)02014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An automated on-line method for the determination of the isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, was developed using in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (in-tube SPME-HPLC). In-tube SPME is a new extraction technique for organic compounds in aqueous samples, in which analytes are extracted from the sample directly into an open tubular capillary by repeated draw/eject cycles of sample solution. Daidzein, genistein and their glucosides tested in this study were clearly separated within 8 min by HPLC using an XDB-C8 column with diode array detection. In order to optimize the extraction of these compounds, several in-tube SPME parameters were examined. The glucosides daidzin and genistin were analyzed as aglycones after hydrolysis because the glucosides were not concentrated by in-tube SPME. The optimum extraction conditions for daidzein and genistein were obtained with 20 draw/eject cycles of 40 microl of sample using a Supel-Q porous layer open tubular capillary column. The extracted compounds were easily desorbed from the capillary by mobile phase flow, and carryover was not observed. Using the in-tube SPME-HPLC method, the calibration curves of these compounds were linear in the range 5-200 ng/ml, with a correlation coefficient above 0.9999 (n = 18), and the detection limits (S/N = 3) were 0.4-0.5 ng/ml. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of soybean foods without interference peaks. The recoveries of aglycones and glucosides spiked into food samples were above 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurie Mitani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Toribio F, Moyano E, Puignou L, Galceran MT. Multistep mass spectrometry of heterocyclic amines in a quadrupole ion trap mass analyser. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:812-828. [PMID: 12203675 DOI: 10.1002/jms.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in an ion trap was studied by means of the infusion of methanolic solutions containing the compounds under assay, and using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as ion source. The MS(n) spectra obtained for compounds included in the same family, either aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIAs) or carbolines, were compared in order to propose fragmentation pathways for each HA. Moreover, labelled AIAs were used to establish the mechanisms. The protonated molecule was always obtained, but subsequent fragmentation was different for both families. In the case of AIAs, major product ions came from the fragmentation of the aminoimidazole moiety, thus the base peak in MS(2) corresponded to the loss of the methyl group, and losses of C(2)NH(3) and CN(2)H(2) were also observed. Further fragmentation occurred in the heterocyclic rings, mainly with losses of HCN and CH(3)CN. For carbolines, the most important product ions came from the loss of ammonia, except for harman and norharman, the loss of a methyl group for methylated carbolines or the loss of diverse fragments from the heterocyclic rings. In some cases, ion-molecule reactions into the ion trap were observed. For instance, for AalphaC or MeAalphaC one ion originating from these reactions corresponded to the base peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Toribio
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Bigham S, Medlar J, Kabir A, Shende C, Alli A, Malik A. Sol-gel capillary microextraction. Anal Chem 2002; 74:752-61. [PMID: 11866054 DOI: 10.1021/ac0109523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sol-gel capillary microextraction (sol-gel CME) is introduced as a viable solventless extraction technique for the preconcentration of trace analytes. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of sol-gel-coated capillaries in analytical microextraction. Sol-gel-coated capillaries were employed for the extraction and preconcentration of a wide variety of polar and nonpolar analytes. Two different types of sol-gel coatings were used for extraction: sol-gel poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and sol-gel poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). An in-house-assembled gravity-fed sample dispensing unit was used to perform the extraction. The analysis of the extracted analytes was performed by gas chromatography (GC). The extracted analytes were transferred to the GC column via thermal desorption. For this, the capillary with the extracted analytes was connected to the inlet end of the GC column using a two-way press-fit fused-silica connector housed inside the GC injection port. Desorption of the analytes from the extraction capillary was performed by rapid temperature programming (at 100 degrees C/min) of the GC injection port. The desorbed analytes were transported down the system by the helium flow and further focused at the inlet end of the GC column maintained at 30 degrees C. Sol-gel PDMS capillaries were used for the extraction of nonpolar and moderately polar compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones), while sol-gel PEG capillaries were used for the extraction of polar compounds (alcohols, phenols, amines). The technique is characterized by excellent reproducibility. For both polar and nonpolar analytes, the run-to-run and capillary-to-capillary RSD values for GC peak areas remained under 6% and 4%, respectively. The technique also demonstrated excellent extraction sensitivity. Parts per quadrillion level detection limits were achieved by coupling sol-gel CME with GC-FID. The use of thicker sol-gel coatings and longer capillary segments of larger diameter (or capillaries with sol-gel monolithic beds) should lead to further enhancement of the extraction sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Bigham
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa 33620-5250, USA
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Chapter 32 New polymeric extraction materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Pawliszyn J. Chapter 13 Solid phase microextraction. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR FIELD AND LABORATORY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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45
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Saito Y, Kawazoe M, Imaizumi M, Morishima Y, Nakao Y, Hatano K, Hayashida M, Jinno K. Miniaturized sample preparation and separation methods for environmental and drug analyses. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:7-17. [PMID: 11817732 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized extraction and separation media have been successfully developed from precisely controlled technologies. In this article, recent developments in these high performance analytical methods, such as miniaturized sample preparation methods and the coupling of these techniques with microscale separation systems, have been reviewed, along with some applications to environmental and biological analysis. The advantage of the miniaturization is not only for the environmental compatibility but also for the developments of the high performance analytical systems. Down-sizing also makes it possible to investigate and introduce various compounds and materials as novel media (such as tailor-made materials and devices) in separation science. As a typical example of the novel miniaturized sample preparation system, the applications of fibrous materials for microcolumn liquid-phase separation methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
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46
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Kataoka H, Ise M, Narimatsu S. Automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of bisphenol A, alkylphenols, and phthalate esters in foods contacted with plastics. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020101)25:1/2<77::aid-jssc77>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Janoszka B, Blaszczyk U, Warzecha L, Strózyk M, Damasiewicz-Bodzek A, Bodzek D. Clean-up procedures for the analysis of heterocyclic aromatic amines (aminoazaarenes) from heat-treated meat samples. J Chromatogr A 2001; 938:155-65. [PMID: 11771835 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine optimum conditions for the isolation and quantitation of five most biologically active aminoazaarenes [2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)]. Some multistep procedures based on ultrasonic extraction, Soxhlet extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) were tested in order to choose the optimum isolation conditions for aminoazaarenes from fried meat samples spiked with known amounts of standards. According to the tested methods the qualitative-quantitative analysis was performed on the unspiked sample of pork roasted in typical household conditions. The qualitative-quantitative analysis of the aminoazaarenes was performed by a HPLC method. A HPLC Hewlett-Packard HP 1090 liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV diode array detector (DAD) was used. Chemically bonded HPLC columns C8 and TSK-gel ODS 80-T(M) were used under gradient elution conditions. A two-component mixture containing triethylamine-phosphate buffer (pH 3.2 and 3.3) and acetonitrile was used as a mobile phase. The results of the studies showed that a solid-phase extraction procedure using diatomaceous earth (Extrelut, 20 ml), propylsulphonic acid (PRS, 500 mg) and octadecylsilane (C18, 500 mg) columns was the quickest and simplest one. Recoveries of the aminoazaarenes, spiked and isolated from meat samples by the chosen SPE procedure, were as follows: IQ 85%, MeIQ 50%, MeIQx 46%, 4,8-DiMeIQx 62%, PhIP 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Janoszka
- Medical University of Silesia, Department of Chemistry, Zabrze, Poland
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48
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Saito Y, Imaizumi M, Nakata K, Takeichi T, Kotera K, Wada H, Jinno K. Fibrous rigid-rod heterocyclic polymer as the stationary phase in packed capillary gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Wu J, Pawliszyn J. Polypyrrole-coated capillary coupled to HPLC for in-tube solid-phase microextraction and analysis of aromatic compounds in aqueous samples. Anal Chem 2001; 73:55-63. [PMID: 11195512 DOI: 10.1021/ac000885x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based on a polypyrrole (PPY)-coated capillary was investigated for the extraction of aromatic compounds from aqueous solutions. The PPY-coated capillary was coupled on-line to HPLC that was programmed with an autosampler to achieve automated in-tube SPME and HPLC analysis. Three groups of aromatics, including both polar and nonpolar compounds, were examined. The results demonstrated that the PPY coating had a higher extraction efficiency than the currently used commercial capillary coatings, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and polar aromatics due to the increasing pi-pi interactions, interactions by polar functional groups, and hydrophobic interactions between the polymer and the analytes. In addition to the functional groups in the PPY coating, which contributed to the higher extraction efficiency and selectivity toward analytes, the coating's porous surface structure,which was revealed by electron microscopy experiments, provided a high surface area that allowed for high extraction efficiency. It was found that the extraction efficiency and selectivity could be tuned by changing the coating thickness. The preliminary study of the extraction mechanism indicated that analytes were extracted onto the PPY coating mainly by an adsorption mechanism. The method was used for the extraction and analysis of both polar and nonpolar aromatics in aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Wu J, Mester Z, Pawliszyn J. Speciation of organoarsenic compounds by polypyrrole-coated capillary in-tube solid phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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