1
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Farsang E, Lukács D, József S, Horváth K. Effect of time-invariant pressure gradients on peak formation and efficiency in ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1704:464135. [PMID: 37302250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In chromatography, pressure can affect the retention factors of compounds significantly. In liquid chromatography, this effect is primarily related to the change in the molecular volume of solute during adsorption that is remarkably high for large biomolecules such as peptides and proteins. As a result, the migration velocities of chromatographic bands vary spatially through the column affecting the degree of band broadening. In this work, based on theoretical considerations, chromatographic efficiencies are studied under pressure-induced gradient conditions. The retention factor and migration velocity of different components are examined, and it is shown that components with the same retention time can have different migration patterns. The width of the initial band after injection is affected by the pressure gradient, providing significantly thinner initial bands for compounds with higher pressure sensitivity. In addition to classical band broadening phenomena, the influence of pressure gradients on band broadening is remarkable. The positive velocity gradient leads to extra band broadening. Our results clearly demonstrate that the zones are significantly wider at the end of the column if the change of molar volume of solute during adsorption is large. If the pressure drop is increasing, this effect becomes more significant. In the same time, the high release velocity of the bands somewhat counteracts the extra band broadening effect, however, it can not offset it perfectly. As a result, the separation efficiency of large biomolecules is decreased significantly due to the chromatographic pressure gradient. Under UHPLC conditions, the extent of apparent efficiency loss can reach up to 50% compared to the intrinsic efficiency of the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Farsang
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Diána Lukács
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Simon József
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; MS Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Centre for Structural Science, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Horváth
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
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2
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Fekete S, Lauber MA. Theoretical study on solute migration and band broadening occurring in pressure-enhanced liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463872. [PMID: 36804800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Upon recently studying the use of pressure gradients during liquid chromatography (LC), it was noted that pressure differentials across a column can have a significant impact on peak shape, not just retention as has been noted several times before. Theoretical models and thought experiments were performed here to more carefully study these effects. Two situations have been elucidated. The first is one that reflects a protein reversed phase separation wherein solute retention increases with pressure. In this condition, it has been found that a positive pressure gradient will result in band broadening while a negative pressure gradient will help yield sharper peaks. The second case that has come to be better appreciated is when solute retention decreases with pressure, which can occur in protein ion exchange (IEX) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). In this situation, a positive pressure gradient will conversely result in peak sharpening, and a negative pressure gradient will introduce band broadening. These observations have facilitated making new fundamental understandings on pressurized separations which has in turn made it possible to begin envisioning new ways of and reasons for applying pressure enhanced LC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- Waters Corporation, located in CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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3
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Kristl A, Caf M, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Complex Protein Retention Shifts with a Pressure Increase: An Indication of a Standard Partial Molar Volume Increase during Adsorption? Anal Chem 2022; 94:13350-13358. [PMID: 36124423 PMCID: PMC9535627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Studies of protein adsorption on reversed-phase and ion
exchange
stationary phases demonstrated an increase in retention with increasing
pressure, which is interpreted as a standard partial molar volume
decrease during the transition of the protein from a mobile to a stationary
phase. Investigation of the pressure effect on the retention of lysozyme
and IgG on a cation exchange column surprisingly revealed a negative
retention trend with the increase of pressure. Further investigation
of this phenomenon was performed with β-lactoglobulin, which
enabled adsorption to be studied on both cation and anion exchange
columns using the same mobile phase with a pH of 5.2. The same surface
charge and standard partial molar volume in the mobile phase allowed
us to examine only the effect of adsorption. Interestingly, a negative
retention trend with a pressure increase occurred on an anion exchange
column while a positive trend was present on a cation exchange column.
This indicates that the interaction type governs the change in the
standard partial molar volume during adsorption, which is independent
of the applied pressure. Increasing the protein charge by decreasing
the pH of the mobile phase to 4 reversed the retention trend (into
a negative) with a pressure increase on the cation exchange column.
A further decrease of the pH value resulted in an even more pronounced
negative trend. This counterintuitive behavior indicates an increase
in the standard partial molar volume during adsorption with the protein
charge, possibly due to intermolecular repulsion of adsorbed protein
molecules. While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated, presented
results demonstrate the complexity of ion exchange interactions that
can be investigated simply by changing the column pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova ulica 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.,Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Maja Caf
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.,COBIK, Mirce 21, Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia
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4
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Fekete S, Fogwill M, Lauber MA. Pressure-Enhanced Liquid Chromatography, a Proof of Concept: Tuning Selectivity with Pressure Changes and Gradients. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7877-7884. [PMID: 35607711 PMCID: PMC9178557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Many chromatographers
have observed that the operating pressure
can dramatically change the chromatographic retention of solutes.
Small molecules show observables changes, yet even more sizable effects
are encountered with large biomolecules. With this work, we have explored
the use of pressure as a method development parameter to alter the
reversed-phase selectivity of peptide and protein separations. An
apparatus for the facile manipulation of column pressure was assembled
through a two-pump system and postcolumn flow restriction. The primary
pump provided an eluent flow through the column, while the secondary
pump provided a pressure-modulating flow at a tee junction after the
column but ahead of a flow restrictor. Using this setup, we were able
to quickly program various constant pressure changes and even pressure
gradients. It was reconfirmed that pressure changes impact the retention
of large molecules to a much greater degree than small molecules,
making it especially interesting to consider the use of pressure to
selectively separate solutes of different sizes. The addition of pressure
to bring the column operating pressure beyond 500 bar was enough to
change the elution order of insulin (a peptide hormone) and cytochrome
C (a small serum protein). Moreover, with the proposed setup, it was
possible to combine eluent and pressure gradients in the same analytical
run. This advanced technique was applied to improve the separation
of insulin from one of its forced degradation impurities. We have
referred to this method as pressure-enhanced liquid chromatography
and believe that it can offer unseen selectivity, starting with peptide
and protein reversed-phase separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- Waters Corporation, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fogwill
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Matthew A Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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5
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Kristl A, Lukšič M, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of Pressure Increase on Macromolecules' Adsorption in Ion Exchange Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4527-4534. [PMID: 32075366 PMCID: PMC7307832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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In this study a new
method for evaluating the pressure effect on
separations of oligonucleotides and proteins on an anion exchange
column was developed. The pressure rise of up to 500 bar was attained
by coupling restriction capillaries to the column outlet to minimize
differences in pressure over the column. Using pH transient measurements
it was demonstrated that no shift in ion exchange equilibria occurs
due to a pressure increase. Results from isocratic and gradient separations
of oligonucleotides (model compounds) were evaluated by stoichiometric
displacement and linear gradient elution model, respectively. Both
elution modes demonstrated that for smaller oligonucleotides the number
of binding sites remained unchanged with pressure rise while an increase
for large oligonucleotides was observed, indicating their alignment
over the stationary phase. From the obtained model parameters and
their pressure dependencies, a thermodynamic description was made
and compared between the elution modes. A complementary pattern of
a linear increase of partial molar volume change with a pressure rise
was established. Furthermore, estimation of the pressure effect was
performed for bovine serum albumin and thyroglobulin that required
gradient separations. Again, a raise in binding site number was found
with pressure increase. The partial molar volume changes of BSA and
Tg at the maximal investigated pressure and minimal salt concentration
were −31.6 and −34.4 cm3/mol, respectively,
indicating a higher rigidity of Tg. The proposed approach provides
an insight into the molecule deformation over a surface at high pressures
under nondenaturing conditions. The information enables a more comprehensive
UHPLC method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Lukšič
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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6
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The correctness of van ’t Hoff plots in chiral and achiral chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Kristl A, Lokošek P, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of pressure on the retention of macromolecules in ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:89-99. [PMID: 30926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shorter analysis times and greater resolving power are contributing factors for transfer of separation methods from an HPLC to a UHPLC system when performing analysis in biopharmaceutical or clinical research. The effect of pressure on separations in reversed phase chromatography is well described, however such investigations on ion exchange columns were previously not conducted. In this study we describe the effect of pressure on retention properties of proteins, oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA in ion exchange chromatography. Different column inlet pressures were obtained by coupling restriction capillaries with column outlet and performing separations at a constant temperature and mobile phase flow rate. Macromolecules were separated in isocratic mode as well as with various linear gradients of salt concentration at a constant pH value. The measured retention time increase was up to 80% for isocratic and 20% for gradient separations for a 500 bar increase in pressure. The effect of pressure was validated on a separate instrument after few months from initial experiments. The influence of pressure on retention properties seems to be dependent on the size, shape and flexibility of the macromolecule and causes different retention shifts when separating a sample with diverse analytes. Such changes in retention time can sometimes exceed the criteria set by European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) for the allowable method adjustment and are thus considered to be a result of a different separation method. Therefore, the pressure effect that follows method transfer from HPLC to UHPLC conditions should not be neglected even for gradient separations in ion exchange chromatography, as the resulting retention change may cause revalidation of the separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Lokošek
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
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8
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Prauda I, Bartó E, Felinger A. Influence of pressure on the retention of resorcinarene-based cavitands. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1535:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Retention modeling and retention time prediction in gas chromatography and flow-modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: The contribution of pressure on solute partition. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:101-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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McCalley DV. The impact of pressure and frictional heating on retention, selectivity and efficiency in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Lambert N, Kiss I, Felinger A. Mass-transfer properties of insulin on core–shell and fully porous stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Estimation of the effects of longitudinal temperature gradients caused by frictional heating on the solute retention using fully porous and superficially porous sub-2μm materials. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Fekete S, Horváth K, Guillarme D. Influence of pressure and temperature on molar volume and retention properties of peptides in ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:65-71. [PMID: 24011508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, pressure induced changes in retention were measured for model peptides possessing molecular weights between ∼1 and ∼4kDa. The goal of the present work was to evaluate if such changes were only attributed to the variation of molar volume and if they could be estimated prior to the experiments, using theoretical models. Restrictor tubing was employed to generate pressures up to 1000bar and experiments were conducted for mobile phase temperatures comprised between 30 and 80°C. As expected, the retention increases significantly with pressure, up to 200% for glucagon at around 1000bar compared to ∼100bar. The obtained data were fitted with a theoretical model and the determination coefficients were excellent (r(2)>0.9992) for the peptides at various temperatures. On the other hand, the pressure induced change in retention was found to be temperature dependent and was more pronounced at 30°C vs. 60 or 80°C. Finally, using the proposed model, it was possible to easily estimate the pressure induced increase in retention for any peptide and mobile phase temperature. This allows to easily estimating the expected change in retention, when increasing the column length under UHPLC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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14
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Fallas MM, Tanaka N, Buckenmaier SMC, McCalley DV. Influence of phase type and solute structure on changes in retention with pressure in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1297:37-45. [PMID: 23688686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of pressure on the retention of several types of solute, including acids, bases and neutrals, was studied by the use of restriction capillaries added to the end of various monomeric and polymeric octadecylsilyl-modified 5μm particle size columns. Although it appeared that certain polymeric columns could give somewhat greater increases in retention with pressure, differences in behaviour between these different C18 columns were rather small. Differences in solute molecular size were most important in determining increases in retention with pressure. However, solute structure such as polarity and planarity were also influential. A prototype C30 column gave interesting selectivity changes between planar and non-planar solutes as a function of pressure. Considerable selectivity differences with pressure were shown when diverse mixtures of solutes were analysed. For the solutes studied, only minor effects of increased pressure on column efficiency and peak shape were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane M Fallas
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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15
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, McCalley DV, Guillarme D. The effect of pressure and mobile phase velocity on the retention properties of small analytes and large biomolecules in ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012. [PMID: 23182282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A possible complication of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is related to the effect of pressure and mobile phase velocity on the retention properties of the analytes. In the present work, numerous model compounds have been selected including small molecules, peptides, and proteins (such as monoclonal antibodies). Two instrumental setups were considered to attain elevated pressure drops, firstly the use of a post-column restrictor capillary at low mobile phase flow rate (pure effect of pressure) and secondly the increase of mobile phase flow rate without restrictor (i.e. a combined effect of pressure and frictional heating). In both conditions, the goal was to assess differences in retention behaviour, depending on the type or character of the analyte. An important conclusion is that the effect of pressure and mobile phase velocity on retention varied in proportion with the size of the molecule and in some cases showed very different behaviour. In isocratic mode, the pure effect of pressure (experiments with a post-column restrictor capillary) induces an increase in retention by 25-100% on small molecules (MW<300 g/mol), 150% for peptides (~1.3 kDa), 800% for insulin (~6 kDa) and up to >3000% for myoglobin (~17 kDa) for an increase in pressure from 100 bar up to 1100 bar. The important effect observed for the isocratic elution of proteins is probably related to conformational changes of the protein in addition to the effect of molecular size. Working in gradient elution mode, the pressure related effects on retention were found to be less pronounced but still present (an increase of apparent retention factor between 0.2 and 2.5 was observed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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16
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Evaluation of recent very efficient wide-pore stationary phases for the reversed-phase separation of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. New trends in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separations of therapeutic peptides and proteins: theory and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:9-27. [PMID: 22475515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical field, there is considerable interest in the use of peptides and proteins for therapeutic purposes. There are various ways to characterize such complex samples, but during the last few years, a significant number of technological developments have been brought to the field of RPLC and RPLC-MS. Thus, the present review focuses first on the basics of RPLC for peptides and proteins, including the inherent problems, some possible solutions and some directions for developing a new RPLC method that is dedicated to biomolecules. Then the latest advances in RPLC, such as wide-pore core-shell particles, fully porous sub-2 μm particles, organic monoliths, porous layer open tubular columns and elevated temperature, are described and critically discussed in terms of both kinetic efficiency and selectivity. Numerous applications with real samples are presented that confirm the relevance of these different strategies. Finally, one of the key advantages of RPLC for peptides and proteins over other historical approaches is its inherent compatibility with MS using both MALDI and ESI sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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18
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Makarov A, LoBrutto R, Karpinski P, Kazakevich Y, Christodoulatos C, Ganguly AK. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND LIOPHILIC MOBILE PHASE ADDITIVES ON RETENTION OF SMALL MOLECULES AND PROTEINS USING REVERSED-PHASE ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.601494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Makarov
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | - Rosario LoBrutto
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | - Paul Karpinski
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | | | | | - A. K. Ganguly
- c Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson , Hoboken , New Jersey , USA
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19
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Nováková L, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Practical method transfer from high performance liquid chromatography to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography: The importance of frictional heating. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7971-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Comparison of the mass transfer in totally porous and superficially porous stationary phases in liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1307-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Further investigations of the effect of pressure on retention in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Neue UD, Hudalla CJ, Iraneta PC. Influence of pressure on the retention of sugars in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 33:838-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Fallas MM, Neue UD, Hadley MR, McCalley DV. Investigation of the effect of pressure on retention of small molecules using reversed-phase ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:195-205. [PMID: 18845303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of inlet pressure on the retention of a series of low molecular weight acids, bases and neutrals, was investigated at constant temperature in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using a commercial ultra-high-pressure system (Waters UPLC instrument). For neutral compounds, relatively small increases in retention factor of up to approximately 12% for a pressure increase of 500bar were noted; the largest values were obtained for polar solutes, or solutes of higher molecular weight. Ionisable acids and bases gave much larger increases in retention with pressure, in some cases as high as 50% for a pressure increase of 500bar. Thus, such compounds could show increases in retention factor approaching 100% over the pressure range available in the commercial UPLC instrument. Due to these differential increases, significant selectivity effects can be obtained for mixtures of different types of solute merely by changing the pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane M Fallas
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Katti AM, Hopper C, Tarfulea NE. Experimental and Empirical Characterization of Reversed Phase Media. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802631428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Katti
- a Department of Chemistry , Purdue University Calumet , Hammond, Indiana, USA
| | - C. Hopper
- a Department of Chemistry , Purdue University Calumet , Hammond, Indiana, USA
| | - N. E. Tarfulea
- b Department of Mathematics , Purdue University Calumet , Hammond, Indiana, USA
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