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Wobser M, Ernestus K, Hamm H. Pädiatrische Dermatohistopathologie - Histologie von Dermatosen im Neugeborenen- und Säuglingsalter. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12651_suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wobser
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| | - Karen Ernestus
- Institut für Pathologie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
| | - Henning Hamm
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
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Wobser M, Ernestus K, Hamm H. Pediatric dermatohistopathology--histopathology of skin diseases in newborns and infants. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015; 13:535-48. [PMID: 26018366 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While neonatal skin physiology has been thoroughly examined using non-invasive techniques in recent years, only few systematic studies and review articles addressing the histopathology of neonatal skin have been published thus far. In most cases, histopathological findings of dermatoses in neonatal skin do not significantly differ from those seen in adult skin. Nevertheless, a comprehensive knowledge of embryonic and fetal skin development as well as the microanatomical structure of neonatal skin can contribute to a better understanding of various dermatoses of infancy. In the first part of this review article, we present the histopathological features of such skin diseases, which, though generally rare, almost exclusively appear during the first weeks of life due to distinctive structural and functional features of neonatal skin. The second part is dedicated to classic dermatoses of infancy and their histopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wobser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Würzburg University Hospital
| | - Karen Ernestus
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg
| | - Henning Hamm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Würzburg University Hospital
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Cytoplasmic plaque formation in hemidesmosome development is dependent on SoxF transcription factor function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43857. [PMID: 22962592 PMCID: PMC3433475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are composed of intricate networks of proteins, that are an essential attachment apparatus for the integrity of epithelial tissue. Disruption leads to blistering diseases such as epidermolysis bullosa. Members of the Sox gene family show dynamic and diverse expression patterns during development and mutation analyses in humans and mice provide evidence that they play a remarkable variety of roles in development and human disease. Previous studies have established that the mouse mutant ragged-opossum (Raop) expresses a dominant-negative form of the SOX18 transcription factor that interferes with the function of wild type SOX18 and of the related SOXF-subgroup proteins SOX7 and −17. Here we show that skin and oral mucosa in homozygous Raop mice display extensive detachment of epithelium from the underlying mesenchymal tissue, caused by tearing of epithelial cells just above the plasma membrane due to hemidesmosome disruption. In addition, several hemidesmosome proteins expression were found to be dysregulated in the Raop mice. Our data suggest that SOXF transcription factors play a role in regulating formation of cytoplasmic plaque protein assembly, and that disrupted SOXF function results in epidermolysis bullosa-like skin phenotypes.
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Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is classified into the three major subtypes depending on the level of skin cleavage within the epidermal keratinocyte or basement membrane zone. Tissue separation occurs within the intraepidermal cytoplasm of the basal keratinocyte, through the lamina lucida, or in sublamina densa regions of the basal lamina (basement membrane) in EB simplex, junctional EB, and dystrophic EB, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an effective method for determining the level of tissue separation and hemidesmosome (HD) and anchoring fibril morphology if performed by experienced operators, and has proven to be a powerful technique for the diagnosis of new EB patients. Recent advances in genetic and immunofluorescence studies have enabled us to diagnose EB more easily and with greater accuracy. This contribution reviews TEM findings in the EB subtypes and discusses the importance of observations in the molecular morphology of HD and basement membrane associated structures.
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Abstract
Hemidesmosomes are evolutionarily conserved attachment complexes linked to intermediate filaments that connect epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix. They provide tissue integrity and resistance to mechanical forces. Alterations in hemidesmosome structures are responsible for skin blistering, carcinoma invasion, and wound-healing defects. Valuable information about hemidesmosome assembly and disassembly has been obtained from in vitro cell culture studies. However, how these processes take place in vivo still remains elusive. Here, we discuss recent data about the formation and reorganization of hemidesmosomes in several in vivo model systems, particularly zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans, focusing on various factors affecting their dynamics. Mechanisms found in different organisms reveal that hemidesmosome formation and maintenance in vivo are carefully controlled by ECM protein folding, ECM-receptor expression and trafficking, and by post-translational modification of hemidesmosome components. These findings validate and extend the in vitro studies, and shed light on our understanding about hemidesmosomes across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, IGBMC, CNRS/ NSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France.
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Desmosomes in developing human epidermis. Dermatol Res Pract 2010; 2010:698761. [PMID: 20592759 PMCID: PMC2879547 DOI: 10.1155/2010/698761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes play important roles in the cell differentiation and morphogenesis of tissues. Studies on animal models have greatly increased our knowledge on epidermal development while reports on human developing skin are rare due to the difficult accessibility to the samples. Although the morphology of periderm cells and the process how the epidermis develops very much resemble each other, the timetable and the final outcome of a mature human epidermis markedly differ from those of murine skin. Even the genetic basis of the junctional components may have profound differences between the species, which might affect the implementation of the data from animal models in human studies. The aim of this review is to focus on the development of human skin with special emphasis on desmosomes. Desmosomal development is mirrored in perspective with other simultaneous events, such as maturation of adherens, tight and gap junctions, and the basement membrane zone.
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Equine laminitis: Ultrastructural lesions detected in ponies following hyperinsulinaemia. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:671-7. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x407648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nourian AR, Baldwin GI, van Eps AW, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: ultrastructural lesions detected 24-30 hours after induction with oligofructose. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:360-4. [PMID: 17722730 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x177448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The pathology of equine laminitis has been well-documented 48 h after dosing with oligofructose when clinical lameness and lamellar disintegration is well advanced. Further analysis of the earliest lesions, by collecting lamellar samples at the first sign of foot lameness after oligofructose dosing is required in order to increase understanding of the disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate lamellar epidermal hemidesmosome damage and basement membrane dysadhesion by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). METHODS Eight clinically normal, mature Standardbred horses were divided randomly into 2 groups of 4. The treatment group were dosed with oligofructose (10 g/kg bwt) and subjected to euthanasia when shifting weight from one foot to other commenced and at the first sign of lameness during walking and turning. This occurred at 24 h in 3 horses and 30 h in one. The sham treatment control group were dosed with water and subjected to euthanasia after 48 h. Lamellar tissues of the front feet were harvested and processed for ultrastructural study using TEM. RESULTS Examination by TEM showed excessive waviness of the basement membrane zone and pointed tips of some secondary epidermal lamellae, an ultrastructural lesion typical of laminitis. The average number of hemidesmosomes/microm of basement membrane was decreased and their distance from the centre of the lamina densa of the basement membrane was increased. CONCLUSIONS Laminitis lesions are detectable 24 h after oligofructose administration. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Hindgut events occurring in the first 24 h after dosing have begun the destruction of the hoof lamellar interface. Prevention and treatment strategies should precede lameness if they are to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Nourian
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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Liu PY, Phillips GE, Kempf M, Cuttle L, Kimble RM, McMillan JR. Cyanoacrylate glue as an alternative mounting medium for resin-embedded semithin sections. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2009; 59:87-90. [PMID: 19666907 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfp040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available generic Superglue (cyanoacrylate glue) can be used as an alternative mounting medium for stained resin-embedded semithin sections. It is colourless and contains a volatile, quick-setting solvent that produces permanent mounts of semithin sections for immediate inspection under the light microscope. Here, we compare the use of cyanoacrylate glue for mounting semithin sections with classical dibutyl phthalate xylene (DPX) in terms of practical usefulness, effectiveness and the quality of the final microscopic image.
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Lourenço SV, Kamibeppu L, Fernandes JD, Sotto MN, Nico MMS. Relationship of adhesion molecules expression with epithelial differentiation markers during fetal skin development. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:731-7. [PMID: 18430044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadherins and integrins are important for maintenance of tissue integrity and in signal transduction during skin development. Distribution of these molecules in human skin development was investigated and associated with markers of differentiation, cytokeratins (CK) and involucrin (INV). METHODS Using immunohistochemistry expression of E- and P-cadherins, integrins beta-1 and -4, CK10, CK14 and INV was assessed in skin fragments of 10 human fetuses (gestational weeks ranged from 4 to 24, all weighing up to 500 g). RESULTS At initial phases of development, integrins beta-1 and -4 and E- and P-cadherins were present on epithelial cell membranes in all layers. CK14 and CK10 were expressed in all epithelial layers and INV weakly detected in the superficial layer. In more advanced stages, integrins were detected in all layers, but a marked polarized expression was seen in basal layer. E-cadherin was detected in all layers, but the cornified stratum and P-cadherin were observed in the lower layers. CK14 was expressed in basal layer, CK10 in suprabasal stratum and INV was observed in cornified layer. CONCLUSIONS Cadherins and integrins are essential for skin development, being spatially and temporally regulated. Their expression is related with the expression of maturation markers of the epidermis.
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McMillan JR, Akiyama M, Rouan F, Mellerio JE, Lane EB, Leigh IM, Owaribe K, Wiche G, Fujii N, Uitto J, Eady RAJ, Shimizu H. Plectin defects in epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2007; 35:24-35. [PMID: 16967486 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD, MIM 226670) is caused by plectin defects. We performed mutational analysis and immunohistochemistry using EBS-MD (n = 3 cases) and control skeletal muscle to determine pathogenesis. Mutational analysis revealed a novel homozygous plectin-exon32 rod domain mutation (R2465X). All plectin/HD1-121 antibodies stained the control skeletal muscle membrane. However, plectin antibodies stained the cytoplasm of type II control muscle fibers (as confirmed by ATPase staining), whereas HD1-121 stained the cytoplasm of type I fibers. EBS-MD samples lacked membrane (n = 3) but retained cytoplasmic HD1-121 (n = 1) and plectin staining in type II fibers (n = 3). Ultrastructurally, EBS-MD demonstrated widening and vacuolization adjacent to the membrane and disorganization of Z-lines (n = 2 of 3) compared to controls (n = 5). Control muscle immunogold labeling colocalized plectin and desmin to filamentous bridges between Z-lines and the membrane that were disrupted in EBS-MD muscle. We conclude that fiber-specific plectin expression is associated with the desmin-cytoskeleton, Z-lines, and crucially myocyte membrane linkage, analogous to hemidesmosomes in skin.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/pathology
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Child
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/pathology
- Cytoplasm/ultrastructure
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/pathology
- Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Desmosomes/metabolism
- Desmosomes/pathology
- Desmosomes/ultrastructure
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex/complications
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex/metabolism
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex/pathology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscular Dystrophies/complications
- Muscular Dystrophies/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophies/pathology
- Mutation/genetics
- Plectin/analysis
- Plectin/genetics
- Plectin/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J R McMillan
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Abstract
The epidermal basement membrane is a specialized structure localized between the epidermis and the dermis. Recent studies have elucidated the biological roles of the basement membrane and its pathophysiological involvement in bullous diseases. To understand the functions of the basement membrane, it is essential to have clear and precise information regarding the ultrastructural molecular organization of the epidermal basement membrane. Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful technique and the only method available for the clarification of the ultrastructural localization or orientation of molecules. This review summarizes the latest information regarding the molecular organization of the epidermal basement membrane as determined by immunoelectron microscopy as well as the blistering diseases that occur in the epidermal basement membrane zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Masunaga
- Fundamental Research Laboratories, KOSE Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The development of melanocytic nevi is a multifactorial and heterogeneous biologic process that involves prenatal and postnatal steps. As a consequence, there are two main perspectives to nevi: that of a hamartoma and that of a benign tumor. In this review, dermatopathological studies on congenital and acquired nevi, including studies on age-related and location-dependent changes, are analyzed. These studies have lead to different hypothetical concepts on the evolution of individual lesions. In the light of findings from experimental embryology and stem cell biology, we discuss the histogenesis of nevi with special reference to the temporospatial sequence of melanocyte-basement membrane interactions and hair follicle genesis. Regarding the mechanisms of postnatal nevus development, epidemiological studies demonstrate the importance of constitutional and environmental influences, especially ultraviolet light. Possible molecular pathways of solar nevogenesis involve ultraviolet-induced alterations of the cellular microenvironment (eg, changes in the expression of cytokines and melanocyte adhesion molecules). Recent results and future directions of clinical and experimental research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Krengel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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McMillan JR, Akiyama M, Nakamura H, Shimizu H. Colocalization of multiple laminin isoforms predominantly beneath hemidesmosomes in the upper lamina densa of the epidermal basement membrane. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 54:109-18. [PMID: 16174790 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6701.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple laminin isoforms including laminins 5 (alpha3 beta3 gamma2), 6 (alpha3 beta1 gamma1), 10 (alpha5 beta1 gamma1), and possibly laminins 7 (alpha3 beta2 gamma1) and 11 (alpha5 beta2 gamma1) are present in the epidermal basement membrane. However, only the precise epidermal ultrastructural localization of laminin 5 (alpha3 beta3 gamma2) has been elucidated. We therefore determined the precise expression and ultrastructural localization of the alpha5, beta1, beta2, and gamma1 chains in the epidermis. The expression of laminin chains in skin samples was analyzed from patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB, n=15) that harbor defects in specific hemidesmosome (HD)-associated components. The expression of the alpha5, beta1, and gamma1 chains (present in laminins 10/11) and beta2 chain (laminins 7/11) was unaffected in all intact (unseparated) skin of EB patients including Herlitz junctional EB with laminin-5 defects (n=6). In the basement membrane of human epidermis, the alpha5, beta1, beta2, and gamma1 chains were expressed but also localized to the dermal vessels. Immunogold electron microscopy of normal human epidermis localized the alpha5, beta1, beta2, and gamma1 chains to the upper lamina densa, with between 84% and 92% of labeling restricted to beneath the HDs, similar to laminin 5 (n> or =200 gold particles per sample, sample number n=4) but distinct from collagen IV labeling (with only 63% labeling beneath HDs, p<0.001). Taken together, the majority of the alpha5beta1/beta2gamma1 laminin chains are located beneath HDs. This suggests that laminin-10-associated chains have specific functions or molecular interactions beneath HDs in the epidermal basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R McMillan
- Creative Research Initiative Sousei, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Reipert S, Fischer I, Wiche G. High-pressure cryoimmobilization of murine skin reveals novel structural features and prevents extraction artifacts. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:419-25. [PMID: 15217362 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryoimmobilization by high-pressure freezing (HPF) and subsequent freeze substitution has been proven as an effective method to preserve tissues. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that a comprehensive morphological and ultrastructural preservation of mouse skin throughout all its layers can be achieved in this way. Using conditions limiting tissue-extraction during freeze substitution, we could prevent the massive interdigitation of cell membranes, the loss of tubular structures of the Golgi complex, the aggregation of keratin to electron-dense bundles, the formation of round-shaped keratohyalin aggregates, the dispersion of locally organized ribosomes, the excessive aggregation of material at hemidesmosomal plaques, the massive extraction of material from the basement membrane and the adjacent dermal region, and the dissociation of components of the dermal matrix. Taken together, HPF in combination with freeze substitution emerges as a highly sensitive tool for morphological and ultrastructural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Reipert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Dr Bohrgasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Evans MDM, Taylor S, Dalton BA, Lohmann D. Polymer design for corneal epithelial tissue adhesion: pore density. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 64:357-64. [PMID: 12522823 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A porous polymer is required to sustain corneal epithelial tissue on the anterior surface of an implantable contact lens (corneal onlay). Porosity creates topography on the polymer surface and, if defined, this can be manipulated to elicit a particular tissue response. Previous work identified pores of 100-nm diameter to be the critical size of a discontinuity in a polymer surface to facilitate the migration, stratification, and sustained adhesion of corneal epithelial tissue. Now we address the issue of pore density. Corneal epithelial tissue was grown for 21 days on nonporous polycarbonate and polycarbonate track-etched with pores 100-nm diameter with pore densities ranging from 0.27 and 14.4% of the total polymer surface area. Histology was used to score epithelial structure, and electron microscopy was used to quantitate the formation of adhesive structures (basal lamina and hemidesmosomes) at the tissue-polymer interface. Data showed that epithelial tissue stratified and epithelial adhesive structures formed on polycarbonate surfaces with pore densities between 0.52 and 14.4% inclusive. This means that epithelial tissue can be maintained on a polymer where up to 14.4% of the surface is dedicated to small discontinuities in the form of pores 100-nm diameter. These figures can be used to specify the design of a polymer for applications requiring epithelial cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D M Evans
- CRC for Eye Research and Technology, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia 2052.
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Arita K, Akiyama M, Tsuji Y, McMillan JR, Eady RAJ, Shimizu H. Changes in gap junction distribution and connexin expression pattern during human fetal skin development. J Histochem Cytochem 2002; 50:1493-500. [PMID: 12417615 DOI: 10.1177/002215540205001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular channels composed of connexin subunits that mediate cell-cell communication. The functions of gap junctions are believed to be associated with cell proliferation and differentiation and to be important in maintaining tissue homeostasis. We therefore investigated the expression of connexins (Cx)26 and 43, the two major connexins in human epidermis, and examined the formation of gap junctions during human fetal epidermal development. By immunofluorescence, Cx26 expression was observed between 49 and 96 days' estimated gestational age (EGA) but was not present from 108 days' EGA onwards. Conversely, Cx43 expression was observed from 88 days' EGA onwards. Using electron microscopy, the typical structure of gap junctions was observed from 120 days' EGA. The number of gap junctions increased over time and they were more common in the upper layers, within the periderm and intermediate keratinocyte layers rather than the basal layer. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed Cx43 labeling on the gap junction structures after 105 days' EGA. Formation of gap junctions increased as skin developed, suggesting that gap junctions may play an important role in fetal skin development. Furthermore, the changing patterns of connexin expression suggest that Cx26 is important for early fetal epidermal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Arita
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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18
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Malminen M, Peltonen S, Koivunen J, Peltonen J. Functional expression of NF1 tumor suppressor protein: association with keratin intermediate filaments during the early development of human epidermis. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2002; 2:10. [PMID: 12199909 PMCID: PMC126231 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2002] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF1 refers to type 1 neurofibromatosis syndrome, which has been linked with mutations of the large NF1 gene. NF1 tumor suppressor protein, neurofibromin, has been shown to regulate ras: the NF1 protein contains a GTPase activating protein (GAP) related domain which functions as p21rasGAP. Our studies have previously demonstrated that the NF1 protein forms a high affinity association with cytokeratin 14 during the formation of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes in cultured keratinocytes. METHODS The expression of NF1 protein was studied in developing human epidermis using western transfer analysis, indirect immunofluorescence, confocal laser scanning microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. RESULTS The expression of NF1 protein was noted to be highly elevated in the periderm at 8 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) and in the basal cells at 8-14 weeks EGA. During this period, NF1 protein was associated with cytokeratin filaments terminating to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. NF1 protein did not display colocalization with alpha-tubulin or actin of the cytoskeleton, or with adherens junction proteins. CONCLUSIONS These results depict an early fetal period when the NF1 tumor suppressor is abundantly expressed in epidermis and associated with cytokeratin filaments. This period is characterized by the initiation of differentiation of the basal cells, maturation of the basement membrane zone as well as accentuated formation of selected cellular junctions. NF1 tumor suppressor may function in the regulation of epidermal histogenesis via controlling the organization of the keratin cytoskeleton during the assembly of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malminen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Peltonen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Koivunen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Peltonen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Whittock NV, McLean WH. Genomic organization, amplification, fine mapping, and intragenic polymorphisms of the human hemidesmosomal tetraspanin CD151 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:425-30. [PMID: 11181065 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CD151 is a member of the tetraspanin family that is involved in cellular processes including cell adhesion. The protein is expressed in a variety of tissues including vascular endothelium and epidermis, and has been shown to be a component of hemidesmosomes. Mutations in genes encoding other hemidesmosomal proteins give rise to a range of human disorders, characterized by fragility of the skin and/or mucous membranes. It is, therefore, plausible that inherited or acquired mutations in the gene encoding CD151 may be fundamental to the integrity and maturation of basal cell keratinocytes. To aid mutation analysis, we have characterized the intron-exon organization of the CD151 gene which comprises 8 exons spanning approximately 4.3 kb, and have developed a comprehensive PCR-based mutation detection strategy. In addition, to aid linkage analysis of CD151 in genetic disease we have fine-mapped the gene by radiation-hybrid methodology to 11p15.5, and detected a number of intragenic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Whittock
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom.
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20
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Gache Y, Romero-Graillet C, Spadafora A, Lépinard C, Descamps P, Bardon CB, Ortonne JP, Meneguzzi G. A novel homozygous mutation affecting integrin alpha6 in a case of junctional epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia detected in utero by ultrasound examination. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:914-6. [PMID: 9804362 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kuster JE, Guarnieri MH, Ault JG, Flaherty L, Swiatek PJ. IAP insertion in the murine LamB3 gene results in junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Mamm Genome 1997; 8:673-81. [PMID: 9271670 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The laminin-5 molecule functions in the attachment of various epithelia to basement membranes. Mutations in the laminin-5-coding genes have been associated with Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (HJEB), a severe and often lethal blistering disease of humans. Here we report the characterization of a spontaneous mouse mutant with an autosomal recessive blistering disease. These mice exhibit sub-epithelial blisters of the skin and mucosal surfaces and abnormal hemidesmosomes lacking sub-basal dense plates. By linkage analysis the genetic defect was localized to a 2-cM region on distal Chromosome (Chr) 1 where a laminin-5 subunit gene, LamB3, was previously localized. LamB3 mRNA and laminin-5 protein were undetectable by Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemical methods, respectively. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the LamB3 genetic defect resulted from disruption of the coding sequence by insertion of an intracisternal-A particle (IAP) at an exon/intron junction. These findings suggest a role for laminin-5 in hemidesmosome formation and indicate that the LamB3(IAP) mutant is a useful mouse model for HJEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Kuster
- Division of Genetic Disorders, Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, New York 12201-2002, USA
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Smith FJ, Eady RA, Leigh IM, McMillan JR, Rugg EL, Kelsell DP, Bryant SP, Spurr NK, Geddes JF, Kirtschig G, Milana G, de Bono AG, Owaribe K, Wiche G, Pulkkinen L, Uitto J, McLean WH, Lane EB. Plectin deficiency results in muscular dystrophy with epidermolysis bullosa. Nat Genet 1996; 13:450-7. [PMID: 8696340 DOI: 10.1038/ng0896-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report that mutation in the gene for plectin, a cytoskeleton-membrane anchorage protein, is a cause of autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy associated with skin blistering (epidermolysis bullosa simplex). The evidence comes from absence of plectin by antibody staining in affected individuals from four families, supportive genetic analysis (localization of the human plectin gene to chromosome 8q24.13-qter and evidence for disease segregation with markers in this region) and finally the identification of a homozygous frameshift mutation detected in plectin cDNA. Absence of the large multifunctional cytoskeleton protein plectin can simultaneously account for structural failure in both muscle and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, UK
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