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Cavanagh R, Shubber S, Vllasaliu D, Stolnik S. Enhanced permeation by amphiphilic surfactant is spatially heterogenous at membrane and cell level. J Control Release 2022; 345:734-743. [PMID: 35367276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the context of increased interest in permeability enhancement technologies to achieve mucosal delivery of drugs and biologics, we report our study on effects of the amphiphilic surfactant at cell membrane and cell population levels. Our results show that modulation in membrane order and fluidity initially occurs on insertion of individual surfactant molecules into the outer leaflet of membrane lipid bilayer; a process occurring at concentrations below surfactant's critical micellar concentration. The surfactant insertion, and consequent increase in membrane fluidity, are observed to be spatially heterogenous, i.e. manifested as 'patches' of increased membrane fluidity. At the cell population level, spatially heterogeneous activity of surfactant is also manifested, with certain cells displaying high permeability amongst a 'background' population. We propose that this heterogeneity is further manifested in a broad profile of intracellular and nuclear exposure levels to a model drug (doxorubicin) observed in cell population. The study points to heterogeneous nature of surfactant effects at cell membrane and cells in population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cavanagh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Saif Shubber
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Snjezana Stolnik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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2
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Voinova M, Repin N, Sokol E, Tkachuk B, Gorelik L. Physical Processes in Polymeric Filters Used for Dialysis. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E389. [PMID: 30960373 PMCID: PMC6473866 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The key physical processes in polymeric filters used for the blood purification include transport across the capillary wall and the interaction of blood cells with the polymer membrane surface. Theoretical modeling of membrane transport is an important tool which provides researchers with a quantification of the complex phenomena involved in dialysis. In the paper, we present a dense review of the most successful theoretical approaches to the description of transport across the polymeric membrane wall as well as the cell⁻polymer surface interaction, and refer to the corresponding experimental methods while studying these phenomena in dialyzing filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Voinova
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Industrial and Biomedical Electronics, Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute, National Technical University, 61002 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Nikolay Repin
- Department of Cryomorphology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Evgen Sokol
- Department of Industrial and Biomedical Electronics, Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute, National Technical University, 61002 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Bogdan Tkachuk
- Department of Hemodialysis, Municipal Noncommercial Enterprise of Kharkiv Regional Council "Regional Medical Clinical Center of Urology and Nephrology n.a. V.I. Shapoval", 61037 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Leonid Gorelik
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Pajnič M, Drašler B, Šuštar V, Krek JL, Štukelj R, Šimundić M, Kononenko V, Makovec D, Hägerstrand H, Drobne D, Kralj-Iglič V. Effect of carbon black nanomaterial on biological membranes revealed by shape of human erythrocytes, platelets and phospholipid vesicles. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:28. [PMID: 25886274 PMCID: PMC4391140 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the effect of carbon black (CB) agglomerated nanomaterial on biological membranes as revealed by shapes of human erythrocytes, platelets and giant phospholipid vesicles. Diluted human blood was incubated with CB nanomaterial and observed by different microscopic techniques. Giant unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (GUVs) created by electroformation were incubated with CB nanomaterial and observed by optical microscopy. Populations of erythrocytes and GUVs were analyzed: the effect of CB nanomaterial was assessed by the average number and distribution of erythrocyte shape types (discocytes, echinocytes, stomatocytes) and of vesicles in test suspensions, with respect to control suspensions. Ensembles of representative images were created and analyzed using computer aided image processing and statistical methods. In a population study, blood of 14 healthy human donors was incubated with CB nanomaterial. Blood cell parameters (concentration of different cell types, their volumes and distributions) were assessed. RESULTS We found that CB nanomaterial formed micrometer-sized agglomerates in citrated and phosphate buffered saline, in diluted blood and in blood plasma. These agglomerates interacted with erythrocyte membranes but did not affect erythrocyte shape locally or globally. CB nanomaterial agglomerates were found to mediate attractive interaction between blood cells and to present seeds for formation of agglomerate - blood cells complexes. Distortion of disc shape of resting platelets due to incubation with CB nanomaterial was not observed. CB nanomaterial induced bursting of GUVs while the shape of the remaining vesicles was on the average more elongated than in control suspension, indicating indirect osmotic effects of CB nanomaterial. CONCLUSIONS CB nanomaterial interacts with membranes of blood cells but does not have a direct effect on local or global membrane shape in physiological in vitro conditions. Blood cells and GUVs are convenient and ethically acceptable methods for the study of effects of various substances on biological membranes and therefrom derived effects on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manca Pajnič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Drašler
- Group of Nanobiology and Nanotoxicology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Vid Šuštar
- Lymphocyte Cytoskeleton Group, Institute of Biomedicine/Pathology, BioCity, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6B, Turku, SF-20520, Finland.
| | - Judita Lea Krek
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Roman Štukelj
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Metka Šimundić
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Veno Kononenko
- Group of Nanobiology and Nanotoxicology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Darko Makovec
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Henry Hägerstrand
- Department of Biosciences, BioCity, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo/Turku, SF-20520, Finland.
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Group of Nanobiology and Nanotoxicology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
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4
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Muñoz S, Sebastián JL, Sancho M, Alvarez G. Elastic energy of the discocyte-stomatocyte transformation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:950-6. [PMID: 24192054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to calculate the membrane elastic energy for the different shapes observed in the discocyte-stomatocyte sequence. This analysis can provide a better quantitative understanding of the hypothesis put forward over the last decades to explain how red blood cells produce and maintain their typical shape. For this purpose, we use geometrical models based on parametric equations. The energy model considered for the elastic properties of RBC membrane includes the local and nonlocal resistance effects of the bilayer to bending. In particular, the results confirm the discocyte as the lowest energy value configuration among the sets of different red blood cell deformations considered in the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muñoz
- Departamento de Física Aplicada III, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L Sebastián
- Departamento de Física Aplicada III, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sancho
- Departamento de Física Aplicada III, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G Alvarez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada III, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Zeni C, Bovolenta MR, Stagni A. Occurrence of echinocytosis in circulating RBC of black bullhead, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque), following exposure to an anionic detergent at sublethal concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2002; 57:217-224. [PMID: 11932002 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The shape of the erythrocytes can be altered by a great variety of chemical agents, such as many detergents due to their amphiphilic nature. The present study examines the effect of an anionic detergent on the shape of mature, circulating catfish red blood cells. Experimental exposure to sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate dissolved in the water of aquaria at two sublethal concentrations (1.5 and 3 ppm), for a maximum of 15 days, induced morphological changes of normal erythrocyte shape to echinocytic form. These changes were evaluated at 5, 10 and 15 days after the start of treatment, using scanning electron microscopy. The crenated erythrocytes from animals exposed to detergent appeared either with border irregularities or undulations, without distinct spicules, or with numerous short spikes. Statistical analysis, applied to the data obtained from counting altered cells in the various experimental groups, showed no significant difference between the 1.5 ppm-treated animals at the three times and the controls, whereas a significant difference was observed between 3 ppm-treated animals compared to the controls, showing significance of action of the higher dose employed at the three times. These data suggest latent erythrocyte damage. The results are discussed in the light of the extensive bibliography concerning evaginating amphiphilic compounds and the mechanisms involved in echinocyte formation, taking into account the marked differences existing between the nucleated red blood cells of fish and those biconcave, unnucleated of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zeni
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Section of Comparative Anatomy, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Mukhopadhyay R, Lim H W G, Wortis M. Echinocyte shapes: bending, stretching, and shear determine spicule shape and spacing. Biophys J 2002; 82:1756-72. [PMID: 11916836 PMCID: PMC1301974 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the shapes of human red blood cells using continuum mechanics. In particular, we model the crenated, echinocytic shapes and show how they may arise from a competition between the bending energy of the plasma membrane and the stretching/shear elastic energies of the membrane skeleton. In contrast to earlier work, we calculate spicule shapes exactly by solving the equations of continuum mechanics subject to appropriate boundary conditions. A simple scaling analysis of this competition reveals an elastic length Lambda(el), which sets the length scale for the spicules and is, thus, related to the number of spicules experimentally observed on the fully developed echinocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6 Canada.
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Iglic A, Kralj-Iglic V, Bozic B, Bobrowska-Hägerstrand M, Isomaa B, Hägerstrand H. Torocyte shapes of red blood cell daughter vesicles. Bioelectrochemistry 2000; 52:203-11. [PMID: 11129244 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-4598(00)00103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The shape of the newly described torocyte red blood cell endovesicles induced by octaethyleneglycol dodecylether (C12E8) is characterized. A possible explanation for the origin and stability of the observed torocyte endovesicles is suggested. Three partly complementary mechanisms are outlined, all originating from the interaction of C12E8 molecules with the membrane. The first is a preferential intercalation of the C12E8 molecule into the inner membrane layer, resulting in a membrane invagination which may finally close, forming an inside-out endovesicle. The second is a preference of the C12E8-induced membrane inclusions (clusters) for small local curvature which would favour torocyte endovesicle shape with large regions of small or even negative membrane mean curvatures, the C12E8 membrane inclusion being defined as a complex composed of the embedded C12E8 molecule and some adjacent phospholipid molecules which are significantly distorted due to the presence of the embedded C12E8 molecule. The preference of the C12E8 inclusions for zero or negative local curvature may also lead to the nonhomogeneous lateral distribution of the C12E8 inclusions resulting in their accumulation in the membrane of torocyte endovesicles. The third possible mechanism is orientational ordering of the C12E8-induced inclusions in the regions of torocyte endovesicles with high local membrane curvature deviator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iglic
- Laboratory of Applied Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Hägerstrand H, Danieluk M, Bobrowska-Hägerstrand M, Iglic A, Wróbel A, Isomaa B, Nikinmaa M. Influence of band 3 protein absence and skeletal structures on amphiphile- and Ca(2+)-induced shape alterations in erythrocytes: a study with lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) and human erythrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1466:125-38. [PMID: 10825437 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphiles which induce either spiculated (echinocytic) or invaginated (stomatocytic) shapes in human erythrocytes, and ionophore A23187 plus Ca(2+), were studied for their capacity to induce shape alterations, vesiculation and hemolysis in the morphologically and structurally different lamprey and trout erythrocytes. Both qualitative and quantitative differences were found. Amphiphiles induced no gross morphological changes in the non-axisymmetric stomatocyte-like lamprey erythrocyte or in the flat ellipsoidal trout erythrocyte, besides a rounding up at higher amphiphile concentrations. No shapes with large broad spicula were seen. Nevertheless, some of the 'echinocytogenic' amphiphiles induced plasma membrane protrusions in lamprey and trout erythrocytes, from where exovesicles were shed. In trout erythrocytes, occurrence of corrugations at the cell rim preceded protrusion formation. Other 'echinocytogenic' amphiphiles induced invaginations in lamprey erythrocytes. The 'stomatocytogenic' amphiphiles induced invaginations in both lamprey and trout erythrocytes. Surprisingly, in trout erythrocytes, some protrusions also occurred. Some of the amphiphiles hemolyzed lamprey, trout and human erythrocytes at a significantly different concentration/membrane area. Ionophore A23187 plus Ca(2+) induced membrane protrusions and sphering in human and trout erythrocytes; however, the lamprey erythrocyte remained unperturbed. The shape alterations in lamprey erythrocytes, we suggest, are characterized by weak membrane skeleton-lipid bilayer interactions, due to band 3 protein and ankyrin deficiency. In trout erythrocyte, the marginal band of microtubules appears to strongly influence cell shape. Furthermore, the presence of intermediate filaments and nuclei, additionally affecting the cell membrane shear elasticity, apparently influences cell shape changes in lamprey and trout erythrocytes. The different types of shape alterations induced by certain amphiphiles in the cell types indicates that their plasma membrane phospholipid composition differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hägerstrand
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Abo/Turku, Finland.
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Iglic A, Kralj-Iglic V, Majhenc J. Cylindrical shapes of closed lipid bilayer structures correspond to an extreme area difference between the two monolayers of the bilayer. J Biomech 1999; 32:1343-7. [PMID: 10569713 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The shapes of extreme area difference between the outer and the inner layer (deltaA) of the closed lipid bilayer structures at fixed membrane area (A) and fixed volume (V) are determined by stating and analytically solving a variational problem for axisymmetric shapes. It is shown that the spheres with at most two different radii and the cylinder are the solutions of this variational problem. The cylinder ended by a hemisphere on each end is the shape combined from these solutions and is therefore, itself the shape of the extreme deltaA at fixed V and A. The related cylindrical shapes of stearoyl-oleoyl-phosphocholine vesicles are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iglic
- Laboratory of Applied Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Iglic A, Hägerstrand H. Amphiphile-induced spherical microexovesicle corresponds to an extreme local area difference between two monolayers of the membrane bilayer. Med Biol Eng Comput 1999; 37:125-9. [PMID: 10396854 DOI: 10.1007/bf02513278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that an increase of the area difference between the outer and the inner membrane lipid layers of the skeleton-free membrane segment as a result of exogenously added amphiphilic molecules results in budding of the segment. The process reaches its final point when the segment attains the shape of the local maximal area difference, corresponding to formation of a spherical microexovesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iglic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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