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Pascale R, Acquavia MA, Onzo A, Cataldi TRI, Calvano CD, Bianco G. Analysis of surfactants by mass spectrometry: Coming to grips with their diversity. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021. [PMID: 34570373 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are surface-active agents widely used in numerous applications in our daily lives as personal care products, domestic, and industrial detergents. To determine complex mixtures of surfactants and their degradation products, unselective and rather insensitive methods, based on colorimetric and complexometric analyses are no longer employable. Analytical methodologies able to determine low concentration levels of surfactants and closely related compounds in complex matrices are required. The recent introduction of robust, sensitive, and selective mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has led to the rapid expansion of the surfactant research field including complex mixtures of isomers, oligomers, and homologues of surfactants as well as their chemically and biodegradation products at trace levels. In this review, emphasis is given to the state-of-the-art MS-based analysis of surfactants and their degradation products with an overview of the current research landscape from traditional methods involving hyphenate techniques (gas chromatography-MS and liquid chromatography-MS) to the most innovative approaches, based on high-resolution MS. Finally, we outline a detailed explanation on the utilization of MS for mechanistic purposes, such as the study of micelle formation in different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria A Acquavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Onzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Hansen SH, Damhus T, Brask J. Rapid and Simple Identification and Quantification of Components in Detergent Formulations by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svend Høime Hansen
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryRigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital 3‐01‐1 Blegdamsvej 9, DK‐2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ture Damhus
- Novozymes A/S Biologiens vej 2, DK‐2800 Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jesper Brask
- Novozymes A/S Biologiens vej 2, DK‐2800 Lyngby Denmark
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Clément Y, Gaubert A, Bonhommé A, Marote P, Mungroo A, Paillard M, Lantéri P, Morell C. Raman spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometric methods: A new approach for detergent deformulation. Talanta 2019; 195:441-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Development and validation of an analytical procedure for quantitation of surfactants in dishwashing detergents using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 194:778-785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gaubert A, Clement Y, Bonhomme A, Burger B, Jouan-Rimbaud Bouveresse D, Rutledge D, Casabianca H, Lanteri P, Bordes C. Characterization of surfactant complex mixtures using Raman spectroscopy and signal extraction methods: Application to laundry detergent deformulation. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Reichel C. Practicing IEF-PAGE of EPO: the impact of detergents and sample application methods on analytical performance in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2011; 2:603-19. [PMID: 21204292 DOI: 10.1002/dta.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic techniques, namely isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are key techniques used for confirming the doping-related abuse of recombinant erythropoietins and analogs. IEF-PAGE is performed on horizontal slab-gels with samples applied to the surface of the gel. Different sample application techniques can be employed, but application pieces and applicator strips are most frequently used. However, defective application pieces cause lane streaking during IEF of erythropoietin (EPO), which is especially pronounced in the acidic region of the gel. The effect is due to an incompatibility of the substance used for enhancing the wettability of the cellulose-based commercial product and is batch-dependent. A detailed mass spectrometric study was performed, which revealed that defective sample application pieces (bought between 2007 and 2010) contained a complex mixture of alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, and alkyl sulfates (e.g. SDS). Anionic detergents, like the sulfates contained in these application pieces, are in general incompatible with IEF. Alternative application techniques proved partly useful. While homemade pieces made of blotting paper are a good alternative, the usage of applicator strips or shims is hampered by the risk of leaking wells, which lead to laterally diffused samples. Casting IEF-gels with wells appears to be the best solution, since sustained release of retained proteins from the application pieces can be avoided. Edge effects do not occur if wells are correctly filled with the samples. The evaluation of EPO-profiles with defects is prohibited by the technical document on EPO-analytics (TD2009EPO) of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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Saraiva SA, Abdelnur PV, Catharino RR, Nunes G, Eberlin MN. Fabric softeners: nearly instantaneous characterization and quality control of cationic surfactants by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:357-362. [PMID: 19127530 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A tiny droplet of typical samples of fabric softeners from different commercial brands placed on a smooth paper surface was subjected to easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS). With no need for sample-preparation or pre-separation procedures, EASI-MS and EASI-MS/MS identify nearly instantaneously the main surfactants and the homologous series employed in their formulations. Adulterated and low quality samples containing no or less efficient softeners are also easily recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio A Saraiva
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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KOIKE R, JO S, AZUMA M, WAKISAKA T. Precise and Simultaneous Determination of Surfactants by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Using an Internal Standard. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2005. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo KOIKE
- Analytical Research Center, Kao Corporation
| | - Shoichi JO
- Analytical Research Center, Kao Corporation
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KOIKE R, JO S, AZUMA M, WAKISAKA T. Precise and rapid determination of anionic and cationic surfactants by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance using an internal standard. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo KOIKE
- Kao Corporation, Analytical Research Center
| | - Shoichi JO
- Kao Corporation, Analytical Research Center
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Chen R, Yu X, Li L. Characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) esters using low energy collision-induced dissociation in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:888-897. [PMID: 12148812 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method of characterizing polyglycol esters, an important class of industrial polymer, has been developed using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI ITMS). The fragmentation behavior of polyglycol esters is found to be different from that of polyglycols whose functional end groups are linked to the polymer chain via ether bonds (i.e., polyglycol ethers). The fragmentation pattern of an oligomer ion generated by low-energy collision-induced dissociation is strongly dependent on the type of cation used for ionization. It is shown that structural information on the polymer chain and end groups is best obtained by examining the fragment ion spectra of oligomers ionized by ammonium, alkali, and transition metal ions. The application of this method is demonstrated in the analysis of two surfactants based on fatty acid methyl ester ethoxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Chen R, Li L. Lithium and transition metal ions enable low energy collision-induced dissociation of polyglycols in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:832-839. [PMID: 11444606 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has the potential to be widely used as a tool for polymer structural characterization. However, the backbones or molecular chains of many industrial polymers including functional polyglycols are often difficult to dissociate in tandem mass spectrometers using low energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). We present a method that uses Li+ and transition metal ions such as Ag+ as the cationization reagents for electrospray ionization in an ion trap mass spectrometer. It is shown that lithium and transition metal polyglycol adduct ions can be readily fragmented with low energy CID. Comparative results from different cationization reagents in their abilities of producing both MS spectra and CID spectra are shown. This method opens the possibility of using conventional and readily available low energy CID tandem MS to study polyglycol structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Hanton
- Air Products and Chemicals, Incorporated, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18195, USA
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Chen R, Tseng AM, Uhing M, Li L. Application of an integrated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry approach to characterizing complex polyol mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2001; 12:55-60. [PMID: 11142361 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(00)00200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyols are being used in a wide range of industrial applications including surfactants and precursors for grafted polymers. The characterization of polyols is of significance in correlating compositions and structures with their properties. We illustrate two real world examples where traditional analytical methods including GPC and NMR failed to reveal compositional differences, but the combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS), and MS/MS can produce compositional information required for problem solving. The first example involves failure analysis of four ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EO/PO) copolymer products. The results from the mass spectrometry analysis unequivocally demonstrate that one of the samples has a small variation in copolymer composition, leading to its abnormal activity. The second example is in the area of deformulation of complex polyol mixtures. Two samples displaying similar properties and activities were found to be two different polyol blends. One of the samples is a more cost-effective product. These examples demonstrate that MALDI, ESI MS, and MS/MS should be seriously considered as an integrated component of an overall polyol characterization program in product failure analysis and deformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Kawauchi A. Nonsolvent quantitation of anionic surfactants and inorganic ingredients in laundry detergent products. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-997-0219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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